BATCH & STEAM

DISTILLATION
DIFFERENTIAL DISTILLATION
BATCH DISTILLATION
DIFFERENTIAL
BECAUSE
EQUILIBRIUM
CHANGES AS THE
PROCESS PROCEEDS
BASIC COMPONENTS
IN THE SYSTEM
STILL
CONDENSER
DISTILLATE RECEIVER
DISTILLATE
RECEIVER
STILL
Q
R
CONDENSER
Q
C
BATCH DISTILLATION MODEL
MODEL FOR THIS PROCESS IS THE
RAYLEIGH EQUATION
INSTANTANEOUS MODEL:



INTEGRATING OVER FINITE SEPARATION:
( )
x y
dx
L
dL
ydL xdL Ldx xL d dL
A

=
= + = =
) 11 3 . 11 ( ) (
) 10 3 . 11 ( ln
2 1 2 2 1 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
+ =

= =
} }
avg
x
x
L
L
L L x L x L
x y
dx
L
L
L
dL
SOLUTION TO MODEL
EVALUATION OF THIS INTEGRAL
REQUIRES EQUILIBRIUM DATA, y = y(x)
IF DATA IS EMPIRICAL OR GRAPHICAL,
THEN GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IS USED
IF THERE IS A CORRELATION FUNCTION
FOR VLE, THEN ANALYTICAL
INTEGRATION IS POSSIBLE
SIMPLIFIED SOLUTIONS
USING MODIFIED RAOULTS LAW




THIS APPROACH CAN BE USED TO DESIGN
THE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE BATCH
DISTILLATION
Farschman, C. A.; Diwekar, U., Dual Composition Control in a Novel
Batch Distillation Column , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; (Article); 1998;
37(1); 89-96.
( )
} }

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= = =
u u

u
x
x
x
x
sys
sys
K x
dx
P
P
x
dx
L
L
Kx
P
P x
y
0 0
1
1
*
ln
*
0
SIMPLIFIED SOLUTIONS
SYSTEM WITH CONSTANT RELATIVE
VOLATILITY:

AB
A
A
B
B
B
B
AB
A
A
B
B
AB
A
A
B
A
AB
B
A
B
A
B B A A
B
A
B
A
B
A
AB
B
A
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
dn
n
dn
RESOLVING
n
n
dn
dn
dn dn
dn dn
dn y dn dn y dn VAPORIZED dn FOR
n
n
x
x
x
x
y
y
o
u u u u
o
o
o
o
1
0 0 0 0
ln ln
:
& :
(

= =
=
= =
= =
= =
}
BATCH DISTILLATION WITH
RECTIFICATION
USED TO IMPROVE SEPARATION
CONSTANT REFLUX
CONSTANT OVERHEAD COMPOSITION
Ivonne, R. D.; Vincent, G.;
Xavier, J., Heterogeneous
Entrainer Selection for the
Separation of Azeotropic and
Close Boiling Temperature
Mixtures by Heterogeneous
Batch Distillation, Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res.; (Article); 2001;
40(22); 4935-4950
BATCH DISTILLATION WITH
RECTIFICATION
HIGHER PRODUCT CONCENTRATION
INCLUDE MASS BALANCE FOR REFLUX FROM
CONDENSER BACK INTO THE RECTIFICATION
COLUMN








OPERATING LINE EQUATION:
D
L
R
R
x
x
R
R
V
Dx
x
V
L
y
n D
n
n
D
n
n
n
n
=
+
+
+
= + =
+ +
+
1 1
1 1
1
BATCH DISTILLATION WITH
RECTIFICATION
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
CONSTANT REFLUX
CONSTANT COMPOSITION
PERRYS, SECTION 13
DESIGN FOR BATCH WITH
RECTIFICATION
ADDING REFLUX TO BATCH DISTILLATION
SYSTEM THAT IS EQUIVALENT TO A
CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION
FEED BELOW THE BOTTOM TRAY
CONSTANT CHANGE OF OPERATING LINE
CAN BE ANALYZED USING CONTINUOUS
MODEL
A SERIES OF COLUMNS ARE CONSTRUCTED
BOTTOMS FROM ONE COLUMN BECOMES THE
FEED TO THE NEXT COLUMN
EACH COLUMN REPRESENTS A SHORT
INTERVAL OF TIME IN THE DISTILLATION
BATCH DISTILLATION MODEL
USES CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION MODELS
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
25_PERCENT
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
50_PERCENT
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
75_PERCENT
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
100_PERCENT
M1
INITIAL_CONC
25_LIQ 50_LIQ
75_LIQ FINAL_STILL
25_VAP
50_VAP
75_VAP
100_VAP
FINAL_DISTIL
STEAM DISTILLATION
DIRECT INJECTION
USED WHEN WATER CAN BE MIXED WITH THE SYSTEM
REPLACES THE REBOILER WITH DIRECT STEAM INJECTION
MAY HAVE A FEED AT THE TOP TRAY AND THEN
PROCESS BECOMES STEAM STRIPPING
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/01/images/
0003421.gif
STEAM DISTILLATION DESIGN
WHEN WATER IS INSOLUBLE IN THE
OTHER LIQUID
VAPOR PRESSURE OF EACH
COMPONENT IS NOT INFLUENCED BY
THE PRESENCE OF THE OTHER
FIND T
sys
BY TRIAL & ERROR
sys
B
B
sys
A
A
sys B A
P
P
y
P
P
y
P P P
* *
* *
= =
= +
STEAM DISTILLATION EXAMPLE
RECOVERY OF CHAMOMILE
http://www.chamomile.co
.uk/distframe.htm
CONDENSED STEAM
AND OIL ARE
INSOLUBLE.
OIL IS RECOVERED
USING
DECANTATION,
LIQUID-LIQUID
SEPARATOR.
STEAM STRIPPERS
TYPICAL CONFIGURATION WITH
RECTIFICATION
Yng Long Hwang, George
E. Keller, and James D.
Olson, Steam stripping for
removal of organic
pollutants from water. 1.
Stripping effectiveness and
stripper design,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.;
1992; 31(7) pp 1753 - 1759;
STEAM STRIPPING
AS APPLIED TO CRUDE COLUMNS IN OIL
REFINERIES
Ji, S.; Bagajewicz, M., On the Energy Efficiency of Stripping-Type Crude Distillation ,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; (Article); 2002; 41(23); 5819-5825
STEAM CONSUMPTION
STEAM RATE IN TERMS OF PARTIAL
PRESSURES




MINIMUM STEAM CONSUMPTION, IN
TERMS OF RELATIVE VOLATILITY
*
) (
B
B
B B
B
sys
B B
steam
B
steam
B B
steam B sys
B B
steam steam
B
steam
P
P
P
P
MW
MW
m
m
MW P
MW P P
MW P
MW P
m
m
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
q q
q

B
steam
B steam
B B
steam steam
B
steam
MW
MW
MW P
MW P
m
m
,
*
*
o = =