English For Math 1 Citra Nur Fadzri Yati/1001125036/Math 3E

CUBE (Hexahedron)
A. Properties of Cube a cube is called Hexahedron because It is composed of six square faces that meet each other at right angles.
It has composed of six shape and each side, there are ABCD, EFGH, ADEH, BCGF, DCGH and ABFE. H F D A B E G A cube has 12 edges there are ; AB, BC, CD, AD, AE, BF, EF, EH, DH, HG, CG, FG. Each edge is the same size.

It has eight verticles and make right angles there are point A, B, C, D, E,
CF, G, H.

There are Space Diagonal DBHF, CDEF,ACGE, EHBC

B. There are total of 11 distinct nets for the cube

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C.

Surface Area of cube

We will need to calculate the surface area with edge length a is : S = 6a2{S = six a square} Lets find the surface area of this cube :

a = 5cm

S = 6a {S equivalent six a square} = 6x(5 cm) {S equivalent five centimeter square} = 6x25 cm {S equivalent six times twenty five centimeter square} = 150 cm {S equivalent is one hundred fifty centimeter square D. Volume of Cube The formula to find volume of cube with edge length a is : V = a {volume is a cubic}

Lets find the Volume of this cube !

a = 10cm

V = a {volume is a cubic} V = (10x10x10) cm {Volume is ten times ten times ten centimeter cubic} V = 1000 cm {Volume is one thousand centimeter cubic}

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Cartesian Coordinates
A. Definition of "Cartesian" ... ?

Cartesian coordinates can be used to pinpoint where you are on a map or graph. They are called Cartesian because the idea was developed by the mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes who was also known as Cartesius. He is also famous for saying "I think, therefore I am". Using Cartesian Coordinates you mark a point on a graph by how far along and how far up it is: The point (12 5{twelve, five}) is 12{twelve} along, and 5{five} units up. B. X and Y Axis The X Axis runs horizontally through zero The Y Axis runs vertically through zero units

Axis: The reference line from which distances are measured. The plural of Axis is Axes, and is pronounced ax-eez And you can remember which is which by:

Example:
Point (6,4){six, four} is 6{six} units along (in the x direction), and

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4{four} units up (in the y direction) So (6,4) {six, four} means: Go along 6 and then go up 4 then "plot the dot". C. Direction As x increases, the point moves further right. When x decreases, the point moves further to the left. As y increases, the point moves further up. When y decreases, the point moves further down. D. Abscissa and Ordinate You may hear the words "Abscissa" and "Ordinate" ... they are just the x and y values:

Abscissa: the horizontal ("x") value in a pair of coordinates: how far along the point is Ordinate: the vertical ("y") value in a pair of coordinates: how far up or down the point is

E. What About Negative Values of X and Y? Just like with the Number Line, you can also have negative values. Negative: start at zero and head in the opposite direction:

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So, for a negative number:

go backwards for x go down for y

For example (-6,4) {six, four} means: go back along the x axis 6 then go up 4. And (-6,-4) {six, four} means: go back along the x axis 6 then go down 4.

F.

Four Quadrants

When we include negative values, the x and y axes divide the space up into 4 pieces: Quadrants I, II, III and IV (They are numbered in a counter-clockwise direction)

In Quadrant I both x and y are positive, but ...

in Quadrant II x is negative (y is still positive), in Quadrant III both x and y are negative, and in Quadrant IV x is positive again, while y is negative.

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Like this: Quadrant X Y (horizontal) (vertical) Positive Negative Positive Positive (-2,-1) III Negative Negative {negative two, negative three} IV Positive Negative Example (3,2) {three, two}

I II

Note: The word Quadrant comes form quad meaning four. For example, four babies born at one birth are called quadruplets, a four-legged animal is a quadruped. and a quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon. G. Dimensions: 1, 2, 3 {one, two, three}and more ... Think about this: 1 {first} The number line can only go : Left-right So any position need just one number

2 {second}

Cartesian coordinates can go : Left-right and Up-down How do we locate a spot in the real world ? We need to know: left-right, up-down and forward-backward so any position needs two numbers

3 {third}

3 {three} Dimensions, In fact, this idea can be continued into four dimensions and more - I just can't work out how to illustrate that for you! Cartesian coordinates can be used for locating points in 3{three} dimensions as in this example:

that is three numbers, or 3 dimensions!

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Here the point (2, 4, 5) {two, four, five} is shown in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates.

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Percentages (%)
A. Definition "Percent" comes from the latin Per Centum. The latin word Centum means 100 (a hundred), for example a Century is 100{a hundred} years. B. When you say "Percent" you are really saying "per 100 {a hundred}" 1. So 50% {fifty percent} means 50 {fifty} per 100 {a hundred} 50%{fifty percent} of this box is green

2. And 25% {twenty five percent} means 25{twenty five} per 100{a hundred} (25% {twenty five percent} of this box is green) C. Using Percent 2. Because "Percent" means "per 100" {per a hundred} you should think "this should always be divided by 100{a hundred}" 3. So 75% {seventy five percent} really means 75/100{Seventy per a hundred} 4. And 100% {a hundred percent is} is 100/100 {a hundred by a hundred}, or exactly 1 (100%{a hundred percent} of any number is just the number, unchanged) 5. And 200% is 200/100, or exactly 2 (200% of any number is twice the number) D. Percent can also be expressed as a Decimal or a Fraction As a percentage 50% A Half can be written... As a decimal 0.5 E. Examples As a fraction

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1. Calculate 25% of 80 {twenty five percent of eighty}

25% = 25/100 {twenty five percent is twenty five per a hundred} (25/100) 80 = 20{twenty five per a hundred times eighty is twenty} So 25% of 80 is 20 {twenty five of eighty is twenty}

2. 15%{fifteen percent} of 200{two hundred} apples were bad. How many apples were bad?
15% = 15/100{fifteen percent is fifty per a hundred} (15/100) 200 = 15 2 = 30 apples{fifteen by a hundred times two hundred is fifteen times two is thirty} 30{thirty} apples were bad

3. A Skateboard is reduced 25% {twenty five percent} in price in a sale. The old price was Rp 100.000 {a hundred of thousand rupiah}. Find the new price
First, find 25% of Rp 100.000 {twenty five percent of a hundred thousand rupiah}: 25% = 25/100 {twenty five percent is twenty five per a hundred} (25/100) Rp 100.000 = Rp 25.000 {twenty five per a hundred times a hundred of thousand rupiah is Twenty five thousand rupiah} 25% of Rp 100.000 is Rp 25.000 {twenty five percent of a hundred of thousand rupiah is twenty five thousand rupiah}

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So the reduction is Rp 25.000 {twenty five thousand rupiah} Take the reduction from the original price Rp100.000 Rp 25.000 = Rp 75.000 (a hundred of thousand rupiah minus twenty five thousand rupiah is seventy five thousand rupiah} The Price of the Skateboard in the sale is Rp 75.000{seventy five thousand rupiah} F. Percent vs Percentage "Percentage" is the "result obtained by multiplying a quantity by a percent". So 10 {ten}percent of 50{fifty} apples is 5{five} apples: the 5{five} apples is the percentage. But in practice people use both words the same way.

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Factoring in Algebra
A. Factors Numbers have factors: {two times three is six}

And expressions (like x2+4x+3) {x square plus four x plus three} also have factors: {bracket x plus three bracket x plus one is x square plus four x plus three} B. Factoring Factoring (called "Factorising" in the UK) is the process of finding the factors: Factoring: Finding what to multiply together to get an expression. It is like "splitting" an expression into a multiplication of simpler expressions. Example : factor 3y+9{three y plus nine} Both 3y{three y} and 9{nine} have a common factor of 3{three}:

3y = 3 y {three times y} 9 = 3 3 {three times three}

So you can factor the whole expression into: 3y+9 = 3(y+3) {three y plus nine is three bracket y plus three} So, 3y+9 {three y plus nine}has been "factored into" 3{three} and y+3{y plus three}

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C. Common Factor In the previous example we saw that 3y{three y} and 9{nine} had a common factor of 3 But, to make sure that you have done the job properly you need to make sure you have the highest common factor, including any variables Example: factor 3y2+12y {three y square plus twelve y} Firstly, 3{three} and 12{twelve} have a common factor of 3{three}. So you could have : square plus four y} But we can do better! 3y2{three y square} and 12y{twelve y} also share the variable y. Together that makes 3y{three y}:

3y2+12y = 3(y2+4y) {three y square plus twelve y is three bracket y

3y2 = 3y y {three y square is three y times three y} 12y = 3y 4 {twelve y is three y times four}

So you can factor the whole expression into: 3y2+12y = 3y(y+4) {three y square plus twelve y is three y bracket y plus four} D. Experience Helps The more experience you get, the easier it becomes. Example: Factor 4x2 9 {four x square minus nine}

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But if you know your Special Binomial Products you might see it as the "difference of squares":

Because 4x2 {four x square} is (2x)2 {bracket two x square}, and 9{nine} is (3)2{three square}, so we have: 4x2 - 9 = (2x)2 - (3)2 {four x square minus nine is bracket two x square minus three square} And that can be produced by the difference of squares formula: (a+b)(a-b) = a2 - b2 {bracket a plus b bracket a minus b is a square minus b squar} Where "a" is 2x{two x}, and "b" is 3{three}. So let us try doing that: (2x+3)(2x-3) = (2x)2 - (3)2 =, 4x2 - 9 {bracket two x, bracket two x minus three is bracket two x, square minus three square is four x square minus nine} So the factors of 4x2 9{four x square minus nine} are (2x+3){two x square plus three} and (2x-3){two x plus three}: Answer: 4x2 - 9 = (2x+3)(2x-3) {four x square minus nine is bracket two x plus three, bracket two x minus three} E. Advice The factored form is usually best. When trying to factor, follow these steps:

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"Factor out" any common terms See if it fits any of the identities, plus any more you may know Keep going till you can't factor any more

F. Remember these Identities Here is a list of common "Identities" (including the "difference of squares" used above). It is worth remembering these, as they can make factoring easier.

a2 - b2 {a square minus b square} a2 + 2ab + b2 {a square plus two b plus b square} a2 - 2ab + b2 a square minus two a b plus b square a3 + b3 a cube plus b cube a3 - b3 a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3 a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3

(a+b)(a-b) Bracket a plus b, bracket a minus b (a+b)(a+b) Bracket a plus b, bracket a plus b (a-b)(a-b) Bracket a minus b, bracket a minus b (a+b)(a2-ab+b2) Bracket a plus b, bracket a square minus two a b plus b square (a-b)(a2+ab+b2) (a+b)3 (a-b)3

= = = =

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Angle
A. Definition of Angle The angle is the set of two beam lines where the base of the two beam lines are allied

Given two intersecting lines or line segments, the amount of rotation about the point of angle between them. intersection (the vertex) required to bring one into correspondence with the other is called the

Angles are usually measured in degrees (denoted or sometimes gradian (denoted grad).

), radians (denoted rad, or without a unit),

The concept of an angle can be generalized from the circle to the sphere, in which case it is known as solid angle. The fraction of a sphere subtended by an object (its solid angle) is measured in steradians, with the entire sphere corresponding to 4 {four phi} steradians. B. Types of Angles 1. A full angle also called a perigon, is an angle equal to 2 {two phi} radians3600{three hundred sixty degree}. It is corresponding to the central angle of an entire circle. Four right angles or two straight angles equal one full angle. 2. A reflex angle is an angle of more than 1800 {a hundred eighty degree}

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3. A straight angle is an angle equal to 1800 radians

4. A right angle is an angle equal to half the angle from one end of a line segment to the other. A right angle is {phi divide by two} radians or 900 {ninty degree}.

5. acute angle The angle of magnitude smaller than 900{ninety hundred} and bigger than the 00 {zero hundred} ( 00 < <900 ) {zero degree last than alpha last than ninety degree}

C.

Parts of an angel 1. The corner point of an angle is called the vertex 2. And the two straight sides are called arms

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Pythagoras Theorem
A. Definition The longest side of the triangle is called the "hypotenuse", so the formal definition is: In a right angled triangle: the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
B. Formula of Pythagoras' Theorem

It is called "Pythagoras' Theorem" and can be written in one short equation: a2 + b2 = c2 If we know the lengths of two sides of a right angled triangle, we can find the length of the third side. (But remember it only works on right angled triangles!) : C. Example : a2 + b2 = c2 {a square plus b square is c square} 52 + 122 = c2 {five square plus twelve square is c square} 25 + 144 = c2 {twenty five plus a hundred forty four is c square} c2 = 169 {c square is a hundred sixty nine is c square} c = 169 {c is square root of a hundred sixty nine} c = 13 {c is thirteen}

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a2 + b2 = c2 {a square plus b square is c square} 92 + b2 = 152 {nine square plus b square is fifteen square} 81 + b2 = 225 {eighty one plus b square is two hundred twenty five} b2 = 225 81{b square is two hundred twenty five minus eighty one} b2 = 144 {b square is a hundred forty four}b = 144 {b is square root of a hundred forty four} b = 12 {b is twelve}

What is the diagonal distance across a square of size 1? a2 + b2 = c2 {a square plus b square is c square} 12 + 12 = c2 {one square plus one square is c square} c2 = 2 {c square is two} c = 2 = 1.4142... {c is square root of two =s one point four one ..}

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Exponents
A. Definition Exponents are also called Powers or Indices The exponent of a number says how many times to use the number in a multiplication. In this example: 82 = 8 8 = 64 {eight square is eight times eight is sixty four}

In words: 82 {eight square} could be called "8 {eight} to the second power", "8{eight} to the power 2{two}" or simply "8{eight} squared"

Example: 53 = 5 5 5 = 125 {five cubic is five times five times five is a hundred twenty five}

In words: 53{five cubed} could be called "5{five} to the third power", "5{five} to the power 3{three}" or simply "5{five} cubed"

Example: 24 = 2 2 2 2 = 16 {two power four is two times two times two times two is sixteen}

In words: 24 {two power four} could be called "2{two} to the fourth power" or "2{two} to the power 4{four}" or simply "2{two} to the 4th{fourth}"

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Exponents make it easier to write and use many multiplications Example: 96 {nine power six} is easier to write and read than 9 9 9 9 9 9 {nine times nine times nine times nine times nine times nine} You can multiply any number by itself as many times as you want using exponents. B. In General So, in general: an tells you to multiply a by itself, so there are n of those a's: C. Other Way of Writing It Sometimes people use the ^ symbol (just above the 6 on your keyboard), because it is easy to type. Example: 2^4 {two power four} is the same as 24{two power four}.

2^4 = 2 2 2 2 = 16 {two power four is two times two times two times two}.

D. Negative Exponents A negative exponent means how many times to divide one by the number. Example: 8-1 = 1 8 = 0.125 { eight power minus one is one divide by eight is zero point a hundred twenty five}. You can have many divides:

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Example: 5-3 = 1 5 5 5 = 0.008 {five power minus three is one by five by five by five s zero point zero zero eight}. But that can be done an easier way: 5-3 {five power minus three} could also be calculated like: 1 (5 5 5) = 1/53 = 1/125 = 0.008 {one divide by five times five times five is one divide b five power three is one by a hundred twenty five} E. In General That last example showed an easier way to handle negative exponents:

Calculate the positive exponent (an) Then take the Reciprocal (i.e. 1/an)

More Examples: Negative Exponent 4-2{four power minus two} 10

-3

Reciprocal of Positive Exponent = 1 / 42 {one by four power two} 1 / 103 {one by ten cubed} =

Answer 1/16 = 0.0625{ one by sixteen is zero point zero six two five} 1/1,000 = 0.001{ one by a thousand is zero point zero zero one}

F. What if the Exponent is 1, or 0? 1. If the exponent is 1, then you just have the number itself (example 91 = 9) 2. If the exponent is 0, then you get 1 (example 90 = 1) 3. But what about 00 ? It could be either 1 or 0, and so people say it is "indeterminate".

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G. Be Careful About Grouping To avoid confusion, use parentheses () in cases like this: (-2)2 = (-2) (-2) = 4 {bracket minus two square is minus two times minus two is four} -22 = -(22) = - (2 2) = -4 {minus two square is minus bracket two times two is minus four} (ab)2 = ab ab {bracket ab square is ab times ab} ab2 = a (b)2 = a b b {ab square is a times b square is a times b times b}

With () : Without () : With () : Without () :

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Decimals
A. Definition A decimal Number (based on the number 10) contains a Decimal Point. We sometimes say "decimal" when we mean anything to do with our numbering system, but a "Decimal Number" usually means there is a Decimal Point. B. Place Value To understand decimal numbers you must first know about place value.When we write numbers, the position (or "place") of each number is important. In the number 327{ Three Hundred Twenty Seven}:

the "7" {seven} is in the Units position, meaning just 7{seven} (or 7{seven} "1"s{first),

the "2"{two} is in the Tens position meaning 2{two} tens twenty), (or

and the "3"{three} is in the Hundreds position, meaning 3{three} hundreds. As we move left, each position is 10{ten} times bigger! From Units, to Tens, to

Hundreds. As we move left, each position is 10{ten} times bigger! From Units, to Tens, to Hundreds

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But what if we continue past Units? What is 10{ten} times smaller than Units?
1

/10 ths (Tenths) are!

But we must first write a decimal point, so we know exactly where the Units position is:

"three hundred twenty seven and four tenths" C. Decimal Point The decimal point is the most important part of a Decimal Number. It is exactly to the right of the Units position. Without it, we would be lost ... and not know what each position meant. Now we can continue with smaller and smaller values, from tenths, to hundredths, and so on, like in this example:

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D. Large and Small So, our Decimal System lets us write numbers as large or as small as we want, using the decimal point. Numbers can be placed to the left or right of a decimal point, to indicate values greater than one or less than one. 17.591 The number to the left of the decimal point is a whole number (17 for example)

As we move further left, every number place gets 10 times bigger.

The first digit on the right means tenths (1/10).

As we move further right, every number place gets 10 times smaller (one tenth as big).

E. Ways to think about Decimal Numbers

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1. as a Whole Number Plus Tenths, Hundredths, etc

You could think of a decimal number as a whole number plus tenths, hundredths, etc:

Example 1: What is 2.3 {two point three}?

On the left side is "2"{two}, that is the whole number part. The 3{three} is in the "tenths" position, meaning "3{three} tenths", or 3/10{three by ten}

So, 2.3 {two point three} is "2{two} and 3{three} tenths"

Example 2: What is 13.76 {thirteen point seventy six}?

On the left side is "13"{thirteen}, that is the whole number part. There are two digits on the right side, the 7{seven} is in the "tenths" position, and the 6{six} is the "hundredths" position

So, 13.76 {thirteen point seventy six} is "13{thirteen} and 7{Seven} tenths and 6 {six}hundredths"

2. as a Decimal Fraction Or, you could think of a decimal number as a Decimal Fraction. A Decimal Fraction is a fraction where the denominator (the bottom number) is a number such as 10, 100, 1000, {ten, a hundred, a thousand}etc (in other words a power of ten)

So "2.3" would look like this:

23 10 1376 100

And "13.76" would look like this:

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3. as a Whole Number and Decimal Fraction

Or, you could think of a decimal number as a Whole Number plus a Decimal Fraction.

So "2.3" would look like this: 2 and

3 10 76 100

And "13.76" would look like this: 13 and

Those are all good ways to think of decimal numbers.

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Cone
A. Definition In general, a cone is a pyramid with a circular cross section. A cone has a circular base and a vertex that is not on the base. Cones are similar in some ways to pyramids. They both have just one base and they converge to a point, the vertex. B. Cone Facts Notice these interesting things: It has a flat base It has one curved side Because it has a curved surface it is not a polyhedron.

And for reference: Surface Area of Base = r2 Surface Area of Side = r s Or Surface Area of Side = r (r2+h2) Volume = r2 (h/3)

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The pointy end of a cone is called the vertex or apex

The flat part is the base An object shaped like a cone is said to be conical

C. A Cone is a Rotated Triangle A cone is made by rotating a triangle! The triangle has to be a right angled triangle, and it gets rotated around one of its two short sides. The side it rotates around is the axis of the cone. D. Volume of a Cone vs Cylinder The volume formulas for cones and cylinders are very similar: The volume of a cylinder is: r2 h {phi times r square times height} r2 (h/3) {phi times r square times height by three}

The volume of a cone is:

So, the only difference is that a cone's volume is one third (1/3) {one by three} of a cylinder's. So, in future, order your ice creams in cylinders, not cones, you get 3{three} times more!

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E. Different Shaped Cones

F. Example : We will need to calculate the surface area and the volume of cone Area of the cone is rs {phi r s} Area of the base is r2 {phi r square} SA is rs + r2 {phi r s plus phi r square} {volume of cone is one by three phi r square times height}
Let's find the volume of this cone. We can substitute the values into the volume formula. When we perform the calculations, we find that the volume is 150.72 cubic centimeters.

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Triangle
1. Definiton Triangle is a flat build of 1800 {a hundred eighty degree} and the number of corners formed by connecting the three points that do not line up in one area. Types of Triangles: a. Same Side of the Triangle Triangle three sides the same length. The length AB = BC = AC {AB equal BC equal A = B = C = 600 {angle a equal angle B AC equal angle C is sixty degree} plus angle C is a hundred eighty degree}

A + B + C = 1800 {angle A plus angle B

b. Isosceles Triangle has two equal angles and two sides of the same. The point A = B The length AC = CB
0

{AC equal BC} {angle A equal angle B

A + B + C = 180 {angle A plus angle B plus angle C is a hundred eighty degree}

C

c. The elbows-angled triangle Triangle in which one of its corners 900 {ninety degree} A = 900 {a is ninety degree}
A B

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d. Any triangle - The three sides are not equal in length (AB AC BC) {AB not equal AC not - The three corners are not as large ( A B equal BC} - A + B + C = 1800 {angle A plus angle B plus angle C is a hundred eighty degree} C) {angle A not equal angle B not equal angle C}

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Source
1. http://www.mathsisfun.com 2. http://mathworld.wolfram.com 3. http://www.google.com/terjemahan 4. http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U4L4GL.html 5. http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/hexahedron.html 6. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cube.html 7. http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U4L4GL.html 8. http://math.about.com/od/formulas/ss/surfaceareavol_2.htm