Integrated Capstone Design Project

Hamilton West Harbour Re-development

Prepared by Triple A Ultimate Design Group

Group Members: Marco Morcos (0746967) Jeffrey Nie (0755306) Yi Liu (0847832) Duo Huang (0864908) Jun Xing (0744657)

Date: March 12, 2012

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Letter of Transmittal

Dr. Brian Baetz Professor and Chair, Civil Engineering Dr. Michael Tait Associate Professor, Civil Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Dear Dr. Baetz, and Dr. Tait, Attached to this letter you will find Triple A's capstone project. Over the course of two terms we have learned about the various aspects of creating a truly sustainable development. We have applied a significant amount of knowledge acquired through current and past courses, combined with new knowledge gained through research and 4X06 lectures to create this project. Practical experience and methodology have become clearer for our group, and sharpened our minds towards sustainability. We feel that sustainable development is critical in the path of human development, and many of the required techniques are readily available. In closing, we believe that sustainable development techniques used in this report should be implemented and improved more often. The benefits of sustainable development will become more evident as resource depletion and environmental issues increase.

Sincerely,

Jeffrey Nie 0755306

Roy Xing 0744657

Yi Liu 0847832

Duo Huang 0864908

Marco Morcos 0746967

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Executive Summary

This report contains the results of a two term planning process for a sustainable development located in Hamilton's West Harbour area. The development consists of three sections: low-density neighbourhood, high-density condo complex, and a public buildings division. The entire development area is designed to be environmentally sustainable and great amount of effort is put to enhance the living quality of residents. Pedestrian friendliness and automobiles minimization are key features to all three areas. The three storey building uses locally available material and is designed to comply with all local codes. The existing area consists of mostly aged industrial sites; the proposed development plan completely transforms that into a modern, thriving, and sustainable development area. Material chosen as building materials are selected with various aspects and constraints. Energy and resource conservation are key features of the entire development and they are demonstrated through the material selection process, green roof, rainwater capture system, solar panels, porous pavement, and LEED designs. The public buildings area, much like the entire development is focused on offering a pedestrian friendly environment. A recreation centre, a library, a central park, and a large shopping mall are located within walking distance of a nearby office and low/high density areas. The low density area promotes a strong bond between neighbours with wide sidewalks and trails that run through the entire neighbourhood area. The high density area consists of low rise condos that offer a healthy community while providing beautiful views of the lake. The three storey building is designed in detail with every aspect taken into deep considerations. It is a mixed use building and is located on the southeast side of the development area. First storey is commercial; the second and third storeys are used for office and residential purposes respectively. The building is designed carefully while using the required building codes. This development will sustain a healthy population and will have the capacity to accommodate future adaptations such as population expansion and global warming. The development plan brings the entire community alive and is hopeful to transmit its spirit throughout the world

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 10 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ....................................................................... 13 1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 13 1.2 SCOPE AND LIMIT ......................................................................................................... 13 1.3 ADJOINING DEVELOPABLE AREAS .......................................................................... 14 1.4 VISION FOR THE PROJECT .......................................................................................... 15 1.5 DESIGN OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 16 1.6 PRELIMINARY PATTERN LANGUAGE...................................................................... 16 2 MATERIAL SELECTION ................................................................................................. 18 2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 18 2.2 PROPOSED CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION........................... 18 2.3 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WOOD, STEEL OR REINFORCED CONCRETE ........ 19 2.4 EXTERIOR CLADDING AND ROOF MATERIALS ..................................................... 21 2.4.1 Exterior Cladding ............................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Roof.................................................................................................................... 23 2.5 COVERINGS WALL, CEILING AND FLOOR............................................................ 25 2.6 WINDOWS AND DOORS ............................................................................................... 27 2.6.1 Windows ............................................................................................................ 27 2.6.2 Doors .................................................................................................................. 28 2.6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 29 3 PUBLIC BUILDINGS COMPONENT ............................................................................. 32 3.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 32 3.2 DEFINITION OF MAJOR BUILDINGS ......................................................................... 33 3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LAYOUT FOR PUBLIC SPACE HULLS.................................... 35 3.4 REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE .................................................................. 35 3.5 RINTERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SITE MODEL(1:500 SCALE)........................... 36
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3.6 KEY ELEMENTS FOR OUTDOOR FEATURES AND CONSIDERATION OF GREEN ROOF ELEMENTS................................................................................................................... 37 4 ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD COMPONENT ....................................................... 40 4.1 DESIRED COMPONENT PERCENTAGES ................................................................... 40 4.2 INSIGHTS......................................................................................................................... 42 4.3 REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE .................................................................. 43 5 HIGHER DENSITY COMPONENT................................................................................. 45 5.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 45 5.2 PROPOSED BUILDING MASSING AND OPEN SPACE ............................................. 45 5.3 REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE .................................................................. 45 5.4 KEY DESIGN DETAILS .................................................................................................. 46 5.5 LAYOUT FOR DAYLIGHT ORIENTATION ................................................................ 48 5.6 LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................................... 48 5.7 GREEN ROOF .................................................................................................................. 49 6 DESIGN FOR MOBILITY................................................................................................. 51 6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 51 6.2 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES ................................................. 51 6.3 CYCLIST MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES ......................................................... 53 6.4 TRANSIT ACCESS FROM ALL THREE ZONES .......................................................... 54 6.5 TRAFFIC CALMING AND PARKING PROVISION ..................................................... 55 7 ECONOMICS, SAFETY, HEALTH, ACCESS, RESILIENCE ..................................... 57 7.1 SAFETY OF VISITORS AND RESIDENTS ................................................................... 57 7.2 HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE ASPECTS FOR VISITORS AND RESIDENTS .. 58 7.3 CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE ACCESS FOR DISABLED PERSONS ............. 58 7.4 CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, POWER AVAILABILITY FLUCTUATIONS, PEAK OIL EFFECTS .................................................. 61 7.5 ECONOMICS ................................................................................................................... 62

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN ................................................................................................... 67 8.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 67 8.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION ......................................................................... 68 8.2.1 Preliminary Structural Design............................................................................ 68 8.2.2 Final Structural Design ...................................................................................... 69 8.3 DESIGN CRITERIA SUMMARY ................................................................................... 71 8.4 FIRE PROTECTION ........................................................................................................ 74 8.5 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR GRAVITY LOADS ...................................................... 74 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 Design Of Slab ................................................................................................... 75 Roof System ....................................................................................................... 76 Residential Floor Framing Plan ......................................................................... 78 Office Floor Framing Plan ................................................................................. 80

8.6 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR LATERAL LOAD ........................................................ 83 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3 8.6.4 Derivation of Wind Load ................................................................................... 84 Mass of each floor .............................................................................................. 86 Derivation of Seismic Load ............................................................................... 88 Lateral Bracing System Design ......................................................................... 89

8.7 CONNECTIONS DETAIL ............................................................................................... 93 8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3 8.7.4 8.7.5 8.7.6 Beam to Girder Connection ............................................................................... 93 Beam to Column Connection ............................................................................. 94 Girder to Column Connection ............................................................................ 94 Slab to Beam Connection................................................................................... 95 Column to Column Connection ......................................................................... 95 Connections to Braced Frame ............................................................................ 96

8.8 FOUNDATION DESIGN ................................................................................................. 96 8.8 GREEN BUILDING ELEMENTS .................................................................................... 98 8.8.1 8.8.2 8.8.3 8.8.4 Integrated Green Roof System ........................................................................... 98 Exterior Insulation And Finish Systems (EIFS) ................................................ 99 Double Glazed, Low Emissivity Glass Windows .............................................. 99 Light-Emitting Diodes (LED Lights) and Occupancy Sensors ....................... 100
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8.8.5

Solar Wall ........................................................................................................ 100

8.8.6 Vestibule at the main Entrance ........................................................................ 102 8.9 BUILDING ENVELOPE ................................................................................................ 103 8.9.1 Windows .......................................................................................................... 104 8.9.2 Exterior Doors .................................................................................................. 104 8.9.3 Exterior walls ................................................................................................... 105 8.9.4 Roof.................................................................................................................. 106 8.10 PHYSICAL MODELING ............................................................................................. 107 8.10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 107

8.10.2 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 107 8.10.3 Northridge Earthquake Results ...................................................................... 109 8.10.4 Lemo Pirate Earthquake Results .................................................................... 111

8.10.5 EI Centro Earthquake Results ........................................................................ 113 8.10.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 115 9 MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENT DESIGN .......................................... 117 9.1 GREEN ROOF WITH SOLAR PANELS AND RAINWATER CAPTURE.................. 117 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.4 9.1.5 9.1.6 Green Roof ....................................................................................................... 118 Rainwater Capture System ............................................................................... 119 Solar Panel Design ........................................................................................... 122 Savings ............................................................................................................. 122 Implementations ............................................................................................... 123

9.2 POROUS PAVEMENT .................................................................................................. 123 9.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 123

9.2.2 Definition ......................................................................................................... 123 9.2.3 Porous pavement selection ............................................................................... 124 9.2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 126 9.3 LEED GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM ............................................................ 126 9.3.1 Sustainable Sites .............................................................................................. 127

9.3.2 Energy And Atmosphere.................................................................................. 128

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ 133

10.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES SUMMARY .......................................................................... 133 10.2 SUMMARY OF KEY DESIGN FEATURES ............................................................... 134 10.3 DEVELOPED PATTERN LANGUAGE ..................................................................... 135 10.4 ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE NEXT DESIGN STAGE ......................... 136 10.5 LESSONS LEARNED .................................................................................................. 137 10.5.1 Jun Xing ......................................................................................................... 137

10.5.2 Jeffrey Nie ...................................................................................................... 138 10.5.3 Duo Huang ..................................................................................................... 140 10.1.4 Marco Morcos................................................................................................ 141

10.5.5 Yi Liu ............................................................................................................. 142 REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................ 144

APPENDIX A: SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

APPENDIX B: ARCHITECTURE DRAWINGS

APPENDIX C: STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Development Limit..................................................................................................... 13 Figure 1.2: Existing Land Use ...................................................................................................... 14 Figure 3.1: Public Building Sector Layout ................................................................................... 32 Figure 3.2: Public Building Sector Site Model-1.......................................................................... 36 Figure 3.3: Public Building Sector Site Model-2.......................................................................... 36 Figure 3.4: Public Building Component Landuse Percentage ...................................................... 37 Figure 4.1: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-1) .......................... 42 Figure 4.2: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-2) .......................... 43 Figure 5.1: Higher Density Component (Sketchup Model-1) ...................................................... 46 Figure 5.2: Higher Density Component Section A-A view (Sketchup Model-2)......................... 47 Figure 5.3: Typical Floor Layout of Apartment in Higher Density Sector .................................. 47 Figure 6.1: Mobility design........................................................................................................... 51 Figure 6.2: Sidewalk ramp for wheelchairs .................................................................................. 52 Figure 6.3: Sidewalks for NB,PB and HD sectors ........................................................................ 52 Figure 6.4: Pedestrian walking sightlines ..................................................................................... 53 Figure 6.5: Bike racks design........................................................................................................ 54 Figure 7.1: Sidewalk elevation difference requirement ................................................................ 59 Figure 7.2: Light cut-of angle requirement for visibility .............................................................. 60 Figure 7.3: Cash Flow Diagram .................................................................................................... 63 Figure 8.1: Architecture Model of Multi-use Building................................................................. 67 Figure 8.2: Preliminary Structural Design .................................................................................... 68 Figure 8.3: Typical Floor of Final Structural Design ................................................................... 69 Figure 8.4: Elevation View between Grid M and P (Dimensions: mm)....................................... 71 Figure 8.5: Slab Cross Section (Dimension: mm) ........................................................................ 75 Figure 8.6: Load Distribution on Roof Slab (Dimension: mm) .................................................... 76 Figure 8.7: Load Distribution on Residential Floor Slab (Dimension: mm) ................................ 78 Figure 8.8: Load Distribution on Office Floor Slab (Dimension: mm) ........................................ 80 Figure 8.9: Lateral-Load-Resisting System Plan View (dimension: mm) .................................... 83 Figure 8.10: Seismic Weights at Each Level According to NBCC2010 ...................................... 87
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Figure 8.11: BF1 and BF4 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000) ...................................... 90 Figure 8.12: BF1 and BF4 Axial Force Diagram (SAP2000) ...................................................... 90 Figure 8.13: BF2 and BF3 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000) ...................................... 91 Figure 8.14: BF2 and BF3 Axial Force Diagram ......................................................................... 91 Figure 8.15: Drift Due to Seismic Load........................................................................................ 92 Figure 8.16: Slab to Beam Connection ......................................................................................... 95 Figure 8.17: Bracing Frames Support Reactions .......................................................................... 97 Figure 8.18: Exterior Insulation and Finish System ..................................................................... 99 Figure 8.19: Low E Glass Windows ......................................................................................... 100 Figure 8.20: The Mechanism of Solar System (Conserval Engineering,2010) .......................... 101 Figure 8.21: Floor layout of office floor ..................................................................................... 102 Figure 8.22: Acceleration Response Diagram of 1 Bar Diameter Test ...................................... 108 Figure 8.23: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Northridge) ..................................................................... 109 Figure 8.24: Excitation of Earthquake (Northridge) ................................................................... 110 Figure 8.25: Excitation of (Ss Sg) (Northridge) ....................................................................... 110 Figure 8.26: Northridge Response Spectrum .............................................................................. 111 Figure 8.27: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Lemo Pirate Earthquake ) ............................................... 111 Figure 8.28: Excitation of Earthquake (Lemo Pirate Earthquake ) ............................................ 112 Figure 8.29: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (Lemo Pirate Earthquake) .................................................. 112 Figure 8.30: Lome Pireta Response Spectrum ............................................................................ 113 Figure 8.31: Excitation of Rigid Bar (EI Centro Earthquake) .................................................... 113 Figure 8.32: Excitation of Earthquake (EI Centro Earthquake) ................................................. 114 Figure 8.33: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (EI Centro Earthquake) ...................................................... 114 Figure 8.34: El Centro Earthquake Response Spectrum ............................................................. 115 Figure 9.1: Green Roof Element Design (Top View) dimension: mm ....................................... 117 Figure 9.2: Detailed Green Roof Cross Section A-A View (City Of Toronto, 2011) ................ 118 Figure 9.3: Example Of A Green Roof. (ESRI Canada Ltd, 2010) ............................................ 118 Figure 9.4: Section View of ground level between Grid F and K (Dimensions: mm) ............... 121 Figure 9.5: Typical Porous Pavement.(Drake. J, 2011) .............................................................. 124 Figure 9.6: Pervious Pavement Locations .................................................................................. 125
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Decision Criteria .......................................................................................................... 18 Table 2.2: Decision Matrix for Structural Members Selection ..................................................... 19 Table 2.3: Decision Matrix for Exterior Cladding Selection ........................................................ 22 Table 2.4: Decision Matrix for Roof Material Selection .............................................................. 24 Table 2.5: Decision Matrix for Wall Coverings Selection ........................................................... 26 Table 2.6: Decision Matrix for Ceiling Coverings Selection ....................................................... 26 Table 2.7: Decision Matrix for Floor Coverings Selection........................................................... 27 Table 2.8: Decision Matrix for Window Selection ....................................................................... 28 Table 2.9: Decision Matrix for Door Selection ............................................................................ 29 Table 2.10: Summary of material selection .................................................................................. 30 Table 3.1: Landuse and building heights of major buildings in PB sector ................................... 33 Table 3.2: Key components of PB sector...................................................................................... 37 Table 4.1: Neighbourhood Area Density ...................................................................................... 40 Table 4.2: Component Summary for Neighbourhood Area.......................................................... 42 Table 7.1: Initial Costs .................................................................................................................. 62 Table 7.2: Financial Statement of Annual Revenues .................................................................... 63 Table 7.3: Cost of Development ................................................................................................... 64 Table 7.4: Revenue of Development ............................................................................................ 65 Table 8.1: Material Selection Summary ....................................................................................... 70 Table 8.2: Floor Heights Summary............................................................................................... 71 Table 8.3: Specified Dead Loads on Roof .................................................................................... 72 Table 8.4: Specified Dead Load on Office and Residential Floor ................................................ 72 Table 8.5: Specified Live Loads Summary................................................................................... 73 Table 8.6: Beam Sizing Summary of Roof System ...................................................................... 77 Table 8.7: Girder Sizing Summary of Roof System ..................................................................... 77 Table 8.8: Beam Sizing Summary of Residential Floor ............................................................... 79 Table 8.9: Girder Sizing Summary of Residential Floor .............................................................. 79 Table 8.10: Beam Sizing Summary of Office Floor ..................................................................... 81 Table 8.11: Girder Sizing Summary of Office Floor .................................................................... 81
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Table 8.12: Column Sizing Summary........................................................................................... 82 Table 8.13: Wind Load Summary................................................................................................. 84 Table 8.14: Design Forces Due to Wind Torsion ......................................................................... 84 Table 8.15: South North Wind Load Distribution ........................................................................ 85 Table 8.16: West East Wind Load Distribution ............................................................................ 86 Table 8.17: Mass of Each Floor Summary ................................................................................... 87 Table 8.18: Seismic Load Summary ............................................................................................. 88 Table 8.19: Accidental Torsion Due to Seismic Load .................................................................. 88 Table 8.20: Design Forces Due to Seismic Torsion ..................................................................... 89 Table 8.21: Drift Limit Check ...................................................................................................... 92 Table 8.22: Beam to Girder Connection Detail ............................................................................ 93 Table 8.23: Beam to Column Connection Detail .......................................................................... 94 Table 8.24: Girder to Column Connection Detail ......................................................................... 94 Table 8.25: Bracing Connections Detail ....................................................................................... 96 Table 8.26: Material selection summary for building envelope ................................................. 103 Table 9.1: Annual Green Roof Rainwater Capture ..................................................................... 120 Table 9.2: Toilet/Urinal Annual Consumption ........................................................................... 121 Table 9.3: Three Storey Building Toilet/Urinal Counts ............................................................. 122 Table 9.4: Porous Pavements Comparison Chart ....................................................................... 124 Table 9.5: LEED Certification Scale .......................................................................................... 127 Table 9.6: LEED Criteria, Points, Explanation........................................................................... 128 Table 10.1: Areas Summary For Each Section ........................................................................... 134

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Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Introduction and Background

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Chapter 1

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The West Hamilton Harbour area mainly consists of remnant industrial buildings, brownfield sites, and some stable neighbourhoods. Public access to Hamilton Harbour has been limited due to safety and security purposes. However, the gradual increase in demand of waterfront lands in recent years compels the City of Hamilton to redevelop the West Hamilton Harbour waterfront area. The aim of this redevelopment plan is to improve the ecological, environmental and the recreational activities of the West Harbour area, enhance Hamiltons economy and further enrich social activities in the surrounding communities. The neighbourhood is to be carefully planned such that each area will satisfy the projected population density in various ways. The main components of this redevelopment project are the development of a higher-density residential area, an intermediate density residential neighbourhood, and a public area as shown in Figure 1.1. Furthermore, the project will encourage investors to start small businesses in all the different areas and will drive the city to improve public amenities. 1.2 SCOPE AND LIMIT

Figure 1.1: Development Limit 13

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Figure 1.2: Existing Land Use

According to observation during site visits, the current land uses in the proposed area consist of vacant land, green space, warehouses, residential houses and industrial facilities as shown in Figure 1.2. Due to the changes in economy, many industrial buildings are abandoned. Therefore, this area should no longer be used for industrial purposes. However, Hamilton Metal works Inc which is indicated as Existing Industrial Building in Figure 1.2 is still in operation, so negotiation about relocation need to be conducted in early stage of the project. 1.3 ADJOINING DEVELOPABLE AREAS In order to redevelop a vibrant, green and sustainable community in the West Harbour area, the City of Hamilton proposed the re-development. It is bound by the Canadian National Railway yard, Barton Street and Bay Street. The area is split up into three sections; the sections areas are estimated using Google Maps and they are the following: higher density residential development with approximate area of 6.97 hectares, neighbourhood development with approximate area of 6.7 hectares, and the public buildings development with approximate area of 12.2 hectares.
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After the site visit, opportunities for further development of each section were discovered. For the public buildings area, the industrial facilities which are still serviceable or functional can be saved and re-used, otherwise, they will be taken down. Additionally, commercial buildings, office buildings and shopping malls will be built in this section. For the neighbourhood and high density residential areas, large green spaces, various types of residential buildings, walk-able commutes to the workplace and waterfront will be considered in the design. On the north side, partial rail yard will be replaced with a modern Go station. It will not only ease the transportation to other cities, but will also encourage visitors to come to the West Hamilton Harbour. In order to promote a healthy and sustainable way of transportation in the proposed area, dedicated lanes for bicycles on the main roads and larger sidewalks around residential buildings and the neighbourhood will be added.

1.4

VISION FOR THE PROJECT In Hamilton, most waterfronts are occupied by various industries. Public access to

Hamilton West Harbour has been limited for a long period. The vision for Hamilton West Harbour re-development project is to have an urban area or a central park for the people to enjoy the waterfront. The people who will live in the West Harbour will enjoy a sustainable lifestyle and an amazing view of the waterfront. The people who will access the public buildings area in the West Harbour will find more modern elements and attractions; a completely new style of Hamilton will be provided. It is expected that the Hamilton West Harbour project will attract local residents and visitors from surrounding cities. Instead of viewing Hamilton as the industry city, Hamilton West Harbour re-development project will move Hamilton to be the sustainable city.

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1.5

DESIGN OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to develop the area that is sustainable and green: Environment Environmentally Friendly (no harmful waste deposit) Low carbon footprint Social Economic Cost feasible Energy efficiency Visitors and investors attraction 1.6 PRELIMINARY PATTERN LANGUAGE The following pattern language will apply to the public buildings area, neighbourhood area and higher density area. As the buildings get closer to the lake, their story limit will diminish to allow a good circulation of the lake breeze in the whole area. Maximum number of stories (3) will be used at the borders of the area and 1 story buildings will be facing the lake. These limits will be beneficial to the new areas as well as the existing areas in terms of sunlight, lake view and overall harmony. Some buildings will be made up of circular shapes for several reasons. Firstly, this design will allow the sunlight to reach all rooms of the buildings. Also, it is good for air circulation. Additionally, it is aesthetically pleasing as there are no sharp edges limiting the eye. All main entrances should be easily seen and identified. Preferably, they should be facing the streets. The existence of small balconies is aesthetically pleasing and it gives residents the opportunity to enjoy the fresh air and relaxing scenery. Also, it helps in the creation of a socially active area. Each building should have its own private garden, which will increase the growth of plants around buildings and create a welcoming street view. Roof gardens are extremely important and have a greater impact than private gardens. Small public parks will create a very social environment and help keep the sustainability of the new area. The existence of a variety of family/single dwellers will create a balance in the area in terms of social interaction.
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Mobility Easing and Pedestrian Friendly Safety, healthy Comfort (view of the lake, daylight, green spaces) Productive

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Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Material Selection

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Chapter 2

2 MATERIAL SELECTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter two focuses on the selection of the materials for the three-storey building in the public buildings component of the study area. Specific types of materials will be compared throughout the chapter in order to find the appropriate materials for the mixed use commercial building. Six criteria are chosen to evaluate all materials in all aspects. Initial and long term costs are examined for the overall cost points. Aesthetics will take into account the appearance of the material and how they integrate within the building. Local materials will be preferred then materials that requires long distance shipping for the accessibility/availability section. Material reuse and recycle is crucial in eliminating building waste and is evaluated. Energy efficiency of materials will be compared for its insulation, electricity reduction, and carbon footprint reduction.

2.2

PROPOSED CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION

The decision criteria that are used to describe what is preferred in a given material are given below:
Table 2.1: Decision Criteria

Criteria

Definition The price of the material The visual appeal of the material How readily accessible a material is How long the material lasts and the ease of maintenance The capability of the material to be reused or recycled Ability of the material to reduce energy usage How well does the material work in different scenarios
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability Recycle/Reuse Energy Efficiency Functionality

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Each criteria is given a mark from 1 to 10, 1 being the worst and 10 being the best. In each section, the criteria are weighted differently depending on the importance of the criteria relative to the section. After assigning a rank to each criteria for each material, a total score is calculated concluding which material will be selected. 2.3 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WOOD, STEEL OR REINFORCED CONCRETE
Table 2.2: Decision Matrix for Structural Members Selection

Material Selection for Structural Members Decision Criteria Cost (Short and long term) Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability Functionality Recycle/Reuse Energy Efficiency Total Score Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete is one of the most popular modern structural material. On average, its cost as a structural frame is slightly higher than steel frames (Nielsen, 2008). On the other hand, the total cost per meter square of a concrete frame is less than steel. First, concrete production requires the mixing of raw materials. Second, transportation and curing during construction requires an extra cost. Reinforced concrete has a reliable compressive strength, and its weakness under tensile forces can be compensated with steel reinforcement. While compressive strength is great feature, reinforced concrete is susceptible to corrosion and reaction with sulphates, chlorides, alkali silica, etc. Maintenance of concrete is relatively low because it has no nutrition for fungus and other organisms that feed on organic materials, but there could be occasional maintenance cost on sealing of cracks. At the end of the building life, concrete can be grinded to fill trails and pavements. Steel reinforcement can be easily reused for construction again. The
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Reinforced Concrete 5 7 10 8 7 7 6 67

Weight Steel 8 9 7 9 8 8.5 5 81.5 Masonry 7 8 6 8.5 9.5 5 6 74.5 Wood 4 7 9 6 4 6.5 8.5 57.3 2.5 0.5 0.5 2 2 1 1.5 10

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production of cement impacts the environment as it emits large amounts of carbon dioxide; the ratio of cement produced to carbon dioxide emitted is 1:2 (Rastra, 2007). Since concrete is such a common material, it is very possible to find locally mixed concrete which means a reduction in transportation costs and environmental impact. There are many concrete suppliers in the region such as Hamilton Concrete Inc, SCP Stamped Concrete Pros Inc., etc.

Wood Timbers cost is very unstable as it depends on the demand and the availability of wood, but it generally costs less than steel and reinforced concrete. Timber has a higher transportation cost than concrete because it is not common to be produced locally; local concrete companies are likely to waive off transportation cost as they are located in a short perimeter. In addition, the cost of wood depends on its need to be treated to meet fire protection code and coated to disable termites and fungus from feeding on it. Wood is easily cut and it is simple to work with; using nails instead of screws speeds up construction time but reduces strength. Since sound insulation is poor in between wood boards, extra sound insulation must be installed which will increase the cost. The initial raw materials cost of wood is not large, but the accumulated cost over periods of time due to required maintenance could be substantial. Wood also offers great opportunity for creativity as it can be easily cut into any desired shape. It is also an abundant material in Canada. The disadvantage is its organic material which attracts termites, moulds and rodents that can significantly affect the durability of the structure. Another disadvantage of wood is that it has very poor fire resistance. Wood has low ignition point and fire is easily spread to large areas in a short amount of time. In the meantime, wood can be reused in other buildings, flooring, or furniture. If it is not re-used, it is still biodegradable. Wood requires very insignificant amounts of energy for production as most of the energy production comes from the sun. Finally, not all lumber purchased is used for construction; there is always a small amount of leftover lumber from cutting and shaping.

Steel Steel is an expensive material requiring a high initial cost. After the steel is formed into the desired specification and shape, it is very easily transported due to its size. Building with steel
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leaves very minimal spare materials behind as everything is ordered in very specific dimensions and quantities. Because of the high compressive and tensile strength offered by steel and its ability to withstand harsh weather and temperature, it proves to be a very durable material, with rusting as its primary problem. Due to a high melting point of steel, it has a very high fire rating. Extra insulation is required with steel due to its high temperature conductivity. Steel is often recycled to continue to be used in construction after demolition. The major disadvantage with a steel frame is its ability to hold heat. Since steel has much higher heat conductivity than wood, it requires extra insulation and energy to keep the warm air in.

Masonry Masonry buildings are sturdy and long-lasting. Ordinary concrete blocks have very poor insulation properties and they often require a wall of insulation to meet the building codes standards. Construction of masonry is relatively simple but time consuming. A disadvantage of masonry is that due to the relative heavy weight of the masonry structure, it would need a large foundation to prevent settling and cracking. Masonry is available locally which minimizes transportation costs. Masonry is usually crushed like concrete to be reused in paving, granular fill, and aggregates, but it can also be reclaimed for other buildings. Masonry has very strong weather and fire resistance, requiring very little cost on maintenance. Due to the long-lasting feature of masonry buildings, it often has a high resale value because of the low maintenance costs. 2.4 EXTERIOR CLADDING AND ROOF MATERIALS

2.4.1 Exterior Cladding Exterior cladding materials form the skin of structures. The ideal wall cladding should be inexpensive, economically maintained, aesthetically pleasing, durable and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the ideal wall cladding should be highly resistant to weather damage and mechanical damage. However, since there is no perfect material for cladding, Table 2.3 gives a comparison of several exterior-cladding materials using the criteria introduced in previous

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sections, and the outcome of the comparison is that Exterior Insulation Finishing System (EIFS) is the most suitable material for this project.

Table 2.3: Decision Matrix for Exterior Cladding Selection

Decision Criteria Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability Functionality Recycle/Reuse Energy Efficiency Total Score Glass Cladding

Material Selection for Exterior Cladding Glass Vinyl Siding Metal EIFS Stone Veneer 4 8 5 6 4 9 7 8 8 8 5 7 8 8 6 7 8 8 7 9 7 7 7 7 8 4 2 8 6 4 8 2 7 9 7 69.5 68.5 73 72.5 74

Weight 1.5 3 0.5 2 2 0.5 0.5 10

The major advantages of using glass cladding are good appearance and energy efficiency. Glass cladding comes in a variety of different colors which can create nice patterns for the surface of the structure. In addition, glass is good for thermal insulation, waterproof and energy conservation. Since glass is not a good conductor of heat, it saves energy during air conditioning of structure. However, glass is an expensive material (about $80 ~ $150 per square meter) and it requires more maintenance costs than other materials. Finally, glass is dangerous in areas which have higher chances of earthquakes.

Vinyl Siding Vinyl siding is plastic exterior cladding for structures which is very durable and simple for maintenance. The disadvantages of vinyl siding are its poor performance in protecting the structure from extreme weather conditions (cold or heat), it is also not as recyclable as other materials, and vinyl siding releases toxic fumes when burning which is harmful to humans, animals, and the environment.

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Metal Cladding Metal cladding such as galvanized steel and aluminum provides a modern appearance of structures. The metal cladding can protect structures well from weather changes and it requires almost no maintenance. Another benefit of metal cladding is that it is easy to recycle and reuse, but it will be of a lower quality. However, the metal cladding can be relatively expensive ($30 ~ $100 per square meter) and the corrosion of metal cladding may cause damage of structures.

EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems) EIFS is a traditional cladding system. It provides great appearance as it is carved and moulded into a variety of different shapes. EIFS may cost more initially ($100 ~ $200 per square meter) but it requires very low maintenance costs. Since the system is an exterior insulation, it reduces air infiltration and hence decreases energy consumptions. However, the installation of EIFS can be technically challenging and professional skills are required when installing good quality EIFS cladding systems. Furthermore, moisture is difficult to escape once it gets behind the EIFS, which might cause failure of the EIFS and it is difficult to repair.

Stone Veneer The major benefit of stone veneer is that it is guaranteed to last long over time. It is easy to install and it can provide great appearance of the structure. Another benefit is that manufactured stone veneer is less expensive than the natural stone. On the other hand, it can easily break and scrape during manufacturing and construction processes due to its light and thin material. 2.4.2 Roof A roof primarily protects the structure against different weather conditions such as rain, sunlight, snow and wind. A roof should be insulated and should have good drainage to protect people from climate changes and damages that may be caused by large areas of water on the roof. In order to provide a relatively efficient roof system, there are some roof materials comparisons in Table 2.4 done using the criteria introduced in previous sections, and it comes out that Vegetation Blanket (Green Roof) is the best roof material for this project.

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Table 2.4: Decision Matrix for Roof Material Selection

Decision Criteria Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/ Availability Durability Functionality Recycle/Reuse Energy Efficiency Total Score Concrete Tile

Concrete Tile 4 5 9 9 8 4 5 68.5

Material Selection for Roof Vegetation Slate Metal Blanket Roofing 4 2 5 9 9 9 7 6 7 7 8 9 9 71 10 8 5 7 69 9 5 8 8 67

Asphalt Shingle 7 6 8 5 7 7 5 65

Weight 2 1 1 2 3 0.5 0.5 10

The advantages of concrete tile are its long lifespan, low maintenance cost, and good fire protection. There is also a large selection of colours and styles of concrete tiles which will provide good visual appearance for the structure. However, concrete is more expensive ($10 ~ $50 per square meter) than some other roofing materials. It is also relatively heavy, not good for cold areas and generally not used in re-roofing due to repair difficulties.

Vegetation Blanket (Green Roof) The major advantage of the vegetation blanket is that it provides substantial energy savings and requires almost no maintenance. The vegetation blanket also provides attractive appearance and it is simple to install. Furthermore, the vegetation blanket can uniformly drain and purify the rainwater. However, the initial cost of a green roof is relatively high ($100 ~ $200 per square meter). The vegetation blanket also has restrictions due to climate and weather conditions, and the heavy weight of this kind of roof will need stronger roof supports.

Slate Slate is a natural material which can be laid out in a variety of patterns to provide good appearance for structures. It is very durable and has good fire resistance. It is also environmentally friendly since it is recyclable and reusable. Slate is quite expensive compared to
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other roof materials ($10 ~ $80 per square meter) and it can be costly if it is not installed properly. Another disadvantage of slate is that slate is very heavy which will require a strong roof supporting system.

Metal Roofing Metal roofs are lightweight, durable and almost maintenance-free. They are energy efficient since metal reflects sunlight; and they are made from 60 percent to 65 percent recyclable materials which will offer environmental benefits. On the other hand, metal roof is expensive ($10 ~ $30 per square meter) and may have objectionable noises caused by falling rain. Furthermore, metal roof is not easy to install and it requires professional installation to reduce the noise effect.

Asphalt Shingle Asphalt shingle has a clean look at an affordable price ($1 ~ $10 per square meter), and it can be used for a wide temperature range. Other benefits of asphalt shingle are low maintenance and its high percentage of overlaps provides reliable waterproofing. It can also be easily recycled and reused. On the negative side, asphalt shingle can blow off under extreme weather conditions, such as high winds. It also may be damaged by heat. Another disadvantage of asphalt shingle is its low durability which is relatively shorter than other materials. 2.5 COVERINGS WALL, CEILING AND FLOOR

Coverings of wall, ceiling and floor are the skin of the internal space of a building, and they are strongly related to the occupants visual sensation and emotions. Therefore, aesthetics has the highest weight in this category, followed by material cost, durability and availability Moreover, the primary goal of this project is to build a green and sustainable community, so recycling, energy efficiency and carbon footprint are considered in this case. As shown inTable 2.5, masonry has the highest score among five regular alternatives because of its great appearance as wall coating and it can be provided in various colours and textures upon customers requests. Moreover, due to the varying use of the building, concrete and wood would
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also be good choices as wall covering. Comparing both to masonry, concrete is cheaper and easier to obtain, while wood is much more environmentally friendly and has a greater ability to be reused. Furthermore, tiles can be used for the walls in the washroom and kitchen because tile is less affected by ash, water, and fire.

Table 2.5: Decision Matrix for Wall Coverings Selection

Decision Criteria Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability Functionality Recycle/Reuse Energy Efficiency Total Score

Material Selection for Interior Wall Concrete Masonry Tile Wood Drywall 8 7 5 8 9 4 8 8 6 5 10 7 8 9 10 8 7 6 6 6 8 7 7 4 4 3 3 2 5 2 5 5 5 8 7 66 64.5 65.5 63.5 70

Weight 2 3 1 2 1 0.5 0.5 10

In order to provide a clean view and visual satisfaction, ventilation ducts and pipes under floor slab must be covered, suspended ceiling which is one of the most common construction techniques is strongly recommended. As shown inTable 2.6, vinyl plaster has the highest score because of its great appearance and durability. Additionally, vinyl plaster panels can be easily installed on the suspended frames. It needs much less maintenance than wood and tile, and the surface can be treated to allow the ceiling to project some sheen which makes the room more bright and inviting.
Table 2.6: Decision Matrix for Ceiling Coverings Selection

Decision Criteria Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability Functionality Recycle/Reuse Energy Efficiency Total Score

Alternative Material Selections for Ceiling Weight Wood vinyl plaster Metal Tile Drywall 8 8 6 5 9 2 6 7 6 7 5 3 9 9 7 8 10 1 6 7 8 6 6 2 4 5 7 7 4 1 5 6 8 2 2 0.5 8 6 3 5 7 0.5 65.5 65.5 61.5 63.5 10 71
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In general, there are hard floor coverings and soft floor coverings. Typical hard floor coverings are shown in Table 2.7; soft floor coverings such as carpet are more dependent on the customers preference and are not considered in this case. As shown in Table 2.7, bamboo flooring has the highest score. In comparison to other hard floor coverings, bamboo flooring is as attractive as terrazzo and as durable as concrete. Moreover, according to the healthcare report by US Environmental Protection Agency, bamboo flooring is actually very environmentally friendly and it is ranked to be one of the most sustainable flooring materials. (EPA Publication 909-F-07-001)

Table 2.7: Decision Matrix for Floor Coverings Selection

Decision Criteria Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability Functionality Recycle/Reuse Energy Efficiency Total Score

Alternative Material Selection for Floor Weight Concrete Bamboo Vinyl Laminate Terrazzo 8 6 8 8 5 2 4 8 7 6 8 3 10 4 9 9 7 1 8 8 7 6 7 2 7 7 5 4 7 1 4 9 6 5 3 0.5 5 9 6 8 4 0.5 65.5 71 65.5 65.5 10 72

2.6

WINDOWS AND DOORS

2.6.1 Windows In the building design, windows play a significant role as they primarily maintain the interior environment and provide residents with daylight. Additionally, two other important aspects are added to windows design, energy efficiency contribution and building decoration. Windows are available in a variety of materials including wood, aluminum, vinyl and fibreglass. Each material has its advantages and disadvantages, and they are compared in Table 2.8.

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Table 2.8: Decision Matrix for Window Selection

Decision Criteria Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability/Maintenance Functionality Energy Efficiency Total Score

Alternative Material Selections for Window Weight Wood Aluminum Vinyl Fibreglass 2 6 10 2 2 10 6 4 6 2 10 10 10 4 0.5 2 10 10 10 2 6 10 2 8 1.5 6 2 10 8 2 54 68 66 10 76

Although wood needs periodical maintenance, wood windows are architecturally appealing. Aluminum provides great strength, low maintenance cost and long term durability. In contrast, aluminum increases heat loses. Aluminum will transfer heat when you are trying to maintain cold in the summer and will lose heat when heat retention is needed during the winter. Vinyl not only can it be easily made into different shapes and styles, but also it offers good thermal protection. It requires low cost and low maintenance cost; however, the strength of vinyl is not enough in some cases. Fibreglass is relatively new and not widely available yet, therefore, it is more expensive. However, Fibreglass is excellent in insulation and they have an adequate strength.

After the comparison of these materials, a combination of aluminum and vinyl windows will be used for this three storey building. Vinyl will be applied whenever it is possible to lower the cost, provide good quality and enhance energy efficiency. Aluminum must be used for very large windows because of its rigidity. 2.6.2 Doors When it comes to choosing doors for this three storey building, cost, durability and energy efficiency will be the primary factors for selecting materials.

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Table 2.9: Decision Matrix for Door Selection

Decision Criteria Cost Aesthetics Accessibility/Availability Durability/Maintenance Functionality Energy Efficiency Total Score

Alternative Material Selection for Windows Weight Wood Aluminum Steel Fiberglass 2 6 10 2 2 10 8 2 8 2 8 10 10 2 0.5 8 10 8 10 2 8 10 10 10 1.5 6 2 8 8 2 68 72 72 10 76

According to the assessment matrix above, the total scores for the four kinds of materials are close to each other. Although wood doors will provide the authentic beauty of nature, good quality always comes with expensive price. Exposure to moisture and harsh weather is the biggest problem for exterior wood doors. Steel doors are the most common type in many cases. They are also one of the least expensive options and nearly maintenance free under normal conditions. Fiberglass doors are costly as they are not widely produced, but they have excellent isolation property like steel. Doors made from aluminum are popular options for exterior entrances because of the modern and beautiful appearance. A chemical process can strengthen and harden the surface of aluminum that is exposed to the air.

In conclusion, aluminum doors will most likely be used for exterior entrances in this three storey mix use building. For the interior doors, the other three materials are all exceptional choices depending on the different demands. Special mineral core will be used to help meet certain fire ratings for each door. 2.6 CONCLUSION

In order to obtain the most appropriate material selection for the development, a research-based approach combined with a decision analysis scoring methodology is used in this chapter. The matrix in each selection process was to look at all of the available alternatives numerically, and therefore assist in making decisions where dilemmas are present. The matrices
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were used as a reference to further provide reason for the choice of an alternative. A summary table of results from material selection is shown in Table 2.10
Table 2.10: Summary of material selection

Structural members Exterior cladding Roof Wall covering Ceiling covering Floor covering Windows Doors

Selection Steel EIFS Vegetation blanket Masonry Vinyl plaster Hardwood(bamboo) Vinyl Steel

Score(/100) 81.5 74 71 70 71 72 76 76

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Chapter 3
Public Buildings Component

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3 PUBLIC BUILDINGS COMPONENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Since the public buildings area is a place to be occupied by the public, open space was a great concern in the development of the overall layout. As it is also realized that public space is the core of any development, public space was laid out first then the buildings surrounded it. The redevelopment of Public Building Sector is to provide a positive working space where people can work, study, shopping, relax, and play sports. The entire area is designed with the idea that people will be traveling throughout this area on foot and will be able to achieve all necessary tasks without having to leave the area. Green Parking Lots 1 are placed in places to ease transportation as shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Public Building Sector Layout

Porous Pavement is used for all parking lots, more information about Porous Pavement is In section 9.2.3
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3.2 DEFINITION OF MAJOR BUILDINGS

Table 3.1: Landuse and building heights of major buildings in PB sector

Landuse Area (m2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mega Plaza Community Center Basketball Field Football Field Tennis court Total Parking Area Gas Station Office Building A Office Building B Office Building C 3-Storey Mixed Use Building Mega Plaza Fountain/Central Garden Outdoor Walkable Space Major Green Space Tim Hartons Restaurant & Hotel 5,245 840 4,679 2,400 14,823 1,351 1,629 3,892 1,205 950 14,831 12,867 21,798 31,534 396 3,430

Building Height (m)(# storey) 9(2) NA NA NA NA 6(1) 12(3) 8(2) 5(1) 12(3) 9(1) NA NA NA 6(1) 12(3)

The Mega plaza is a plaza that is composed of a variety of stores directed to all ages of people. Store categories include electronic and computer stores, book stores, fashion apparel and footwear, restaurants, photography, and many more. It is a place for people to relax and enjoy casual shopping.

Community Centre The community centre consists of two levels. First floor is for recreational uses such as swimming and playing hockey, while the second floor is the library. Its main purpose is to attract people from high density, public, and neighbourhood areas to use the facility. People who are tired of studying at the library can conveniently go downstairs for a swim or other sports or vice
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versa. As it is beside our theme circular garden, it would encourage the people who are visiting the garden to use the recreational facilities.

Office Building A, B, and C The public area will consist of three office buildings. Office buildings B and C are placed beside an area of restaurants for the convenience of people. All three office buildings are well within walking distance to the theme garden. Building A is conveniently located beside the community centre that would allow people to use the recreational facilities during breaks or after work.

Three Story building The three story building is located adjacent to the theme garden and the mega plaza. It is also within walking distances to nearby office buildings. The retail level will include a coffee shop/restaurant to compensate for people working and living upstairs, and the remaining space is to be used as a laundry shop. For design of residential floor, windows and balconies are facing towards south of the building to absorb maximum sunshine.

Parking Lots All parking lots are designed according to Toronto Design Guidelines for 'Greening' Surface Parking Lots (Toronto Urban Design, 2010), and Porous Pavement is used for all parking lots. Parking Lot A: 164 parking spaces available for the public Parking Lot B: 26 parking spaces available, reserved by officers of community center Parking Lot C: 60 parking spaces available, reserved by employee in Office Building C Parking Lot D: 90 parking spaces available, reserved by resident and officers in 3-storey building Parking Lot E: 206 parking spaces available for the public Bicycle Parking: 200 parking spaces are provided to promote healthy transportation

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3.3

DEVELOPMENT OF LAYOUT FOR PUBLIC SPACE HULLS

The central area containing the fountain will be of a great attraction to the plaza and community centre users. It is an area that is crossed by all occupants. Occupants from office buildings, plaza, parking lots, and community centre will have to cross the central public space hull to get from one point to the other as shown in Figure 3.1. It is expected that during pleasant weather, this area will be a main social area as it is shared between all users. In addition to the central hull, it was realized that there is a need for other minor hulls for specific users. Minor public space hulls were created adjacent to all of the buildings. Office buildings in the south have a shared public space, the community centre has a hull shared between people outdoors and indoors and the plaza has an additional public space connecting it to the higher density area. Furthermore, all of these minor public space hulls are connected to the central hull giving a sense of continuity to the area. The pleasantness of the seating, scenery and the social environment will be of an enormous attraction to the public.

3.4

REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE

As the user enters the public buildings area, they will be attracted to the focal points presented by the designer. Firstly, the circular public space hull centered in the area is a focal point existing to attract all occupants to it. Another major focal point is the plaza with its ultramodern shape inviting people from office buildings for a lunch, community centre users for a break and occupants of the two other components of the project for shopping and entertainment. The diminishing story limit gives the user a feeling of a limitless horizon and allows the central hull to intake the sunlight and the breeze of the lake. In addition, the circularity of the buildings gives a sense of continuity and flow to the area, allowing the air to circulate the entire component. As one continues to walk the area, the connectedness of the buildings will be felt, it is not a physical connection, but it is a connection created by the public space hulls. Finally, the small public parks scattered throughout the area will be filled with a social atmosphere capturing people coming out of the small dispersed parking lots and users exiting the buildings.
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3.5

RINTERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SITE MODEL(1:500 SCALE)

Figure 3.2: Public Building Sector Site Model-1

Figure 3.3: Public Building Sector Site Model-2 36

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3.6

KEY ELEMENTS FOR OUTDOOR FEATURES AND CONSIDERATION OF

GREEN ROOF ELEMENTS

The goal of the development of the public area is to enable human-environment interaction while enhancing entertainment, working environment, and other uses of the land. To further emphasize on sustainability, unused land will be developed into gardens, green islands, green spaces, parks, etc. With the development of such green spaces, it will promote a healthier community both physically and mentally. Key components of Public Building sector are shown in Table 3.2 and Figure 3.4.
Table 3.2: Key components of PB sector

Key components 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Outdoor Playground Total Parking Area Gas Station Fountain/central garden Outdoor walkable space Major Green Space Buildings

Landuse Area(m2) 7,919 14,823 1,351 12,867 21,798 31,534 31,578

Figure 3.4: Public Building Component Landuse Percentage 37

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The centre of the public area consists of a large circular green space with a fountain at its centre. To better encourage active living, the fountain will run from spring to fall, and be served as an outdoor skating arena during the winter. The surrounding circular garden will have a unique theme and name to attract tourists. To give an example, the theme could be designed as The Pacman, where vegetations shaped in the respective shapes for the game. To add more flavour to the theme, an opening signifying the mouth of the Pacman can be created at the circular garden to provide area for community gathering.

Green spaces are a common sight within the public area as shown in the models. To uplift the uses of these lands, benches and picnic tables are required within the green space. It allows proper resting for visitors while providing them with a chance to calm their minds. Advertisements containing environment protection messages and cartoons should be used on benches around the space. It will not only educate citizens some environmental initiatives but it also adds a modern look to the area. Green islands should be used on major roads, it would provide both a safety and environment feature to the public area.

Green roofs provide numerous benefits to the city such as energy reduction, aesthetics, heat island effect, storm water retention, Carbon Dioxide reduction, and air cleaning. It will be incorporated into the four major buildings within the public area: Community centre, office building A, B, and C. Intensive Green Roofs will be considered against Extensive Green Roof. To support the decision: since all buildings are new so the extra load from intensive roofs will be incorporated in building designs. Intensive green roof supports thicker vegetation and thus more energy efficiency and storm water interception for the building.

As the aim of the project is to turn the development land into the heart of the city, it is essential that the public area not only provide entertainment and commercial needs for citizens, but also environment awareness education.

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Chapter 4
Adjoining Neighbourhood Component

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4 ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD COMPONENT

4.1 DESIRED COMPONENT PERCENTAGES

The land use of urban neighbourhoods affects quality of life significantly. The urban neighbourhood area mainly consists of five components: structures, green spaces, pedestrian pathways, parking spaces and roads. The total area of this neighbourhood is about 18 acres, and Table 4.1 illustrates types and sizes of houses in this area. Semidetached houses account for half of the total units in the residential area because they provide a comfortable living space while reducing the extra space between houses. Building excessive detached units would reduce the population density and hinder the full potential use of many facilities nearby. Large amount of townhouses not only provides the eye with a compacted neighbourhood but also increases traffic flow and congestion problems. Thus having the mixed layout of the three types of house units would significantly enhance visual, safety, and sustainability aspects.

Table 4.1: Neighbourhood Area Density

House Type Semidetached Detached Townhouse

Dimension (per unit) 13 X 10 metres 16 X 9 metres 12.5 X 6 metres

Units per Structure 2 1 2

Total Units 96 47 38

Persons per Unit 3.22 3.3 3.1

Total Residents 309 155 117.8

Total area for structures (excluding parking spaces) is approximately 5.9 Acres. It accounts for 30% of the neighbourhood area. The structures in this area are mainly houses. There is also a church for residents living in or near this area. The minimum residential density requirement for a bus service in every half hour is 7 units per acre (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2010). In order to satisfy this requirement, a structure density of 10 units per acre has been assumed so that the residents living in this area could access bus services in close proximity.
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The green spaces in this area are composed of gardens and backyards for houses, trails, and over 70 percent of existing trees would remain after the development. The designed layout shows that every detached house and semidetached house has its own green space which can provide residents with gardens or yards to enrich the lives of people. Large backyards are desired to enable a healthy lifestyle while providing a stress free environment. There is also a large green area surrounding the church that would provide plentiful space for people to enjoy picnics, exercises, and gatherings. Total green space would total up to 40% of the area because most existing trees would be kept for trails and natural fencing.

The parking spaces are designed as individual parking lot for every semidetached or detached house and a large shared parking lot for residents living in townhouses. The purpose of a shared parking lot is to save space. The average parking (in cars) per unit for the neighbourhood area is expected to be 1.8, with semi and detached houses having two cars per unit while one car for townhouses. Therefore, parking would account for 15% of the total area.

The streets in this area are primarily designed for the comfort of residents. As can be seen in the layout, it is not very convenient to drive in this area since the area is bisected with the trail that prevents vehicular traffics. As a result, this would provide a more suitable environment for residents and pedestrians since there are not many vehicles moving on the street. Furthermore, the brown diagonal trail on the layout would promote casual walking and biking habits as it is very close to residents. It also goes through the entire area so that the residents are able to commute to church in a safe and easy manner. Roads do not play a big role in this area and it accounts for only 8% of the area.

Pedestrian pathways are highly valued in this design as the main purpose of the area is to provide a friendly and safe neighbourhood. Each road is to have sidewalks on each side along with green curbs to add more distance between pedestrians and vehicle traffic. The diagonal trail provides an extra walkway for pedestrians to commute in between areas. The pedestrian walkways account for 7% of total neighbourhood area.

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Table 4.2: Component Summary for Neighbourhood Area

Feature Buildings Green Spaces (including back and front yards) Parking Pedestrian Pathways Roads

Percentage (%) 30 40 15 7 8

4.2 INSIGHTS

A site model is shown in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2. The development area has a descending slope from south to north at the south-west corner. In order to accommodate the deep slope, the second row of townhouses from the south of the southern border would need to be slightly higher so that the first row would not block substantial vision. The advantage of the slope is that the forest and church located in the north part of the neighbourhood would become more visible to the townhouses, and some of the houses. Rainwater capture tanks and its respective system, or the potential to build them, is to be designed for every unit on the neighbourhood property.

Figure 4.1: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-1) 42

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Figure 4.2: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-2)

4.3 REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE As one enters the neighbourhood area, he/she would experience the quietness and peace offered by the unique layout of the residential properties. A layout allows cars to enter to park only and not to drive around, encouraging residents to walk or bike in their neighbourhood. This layout introduces safety into the neighbourhood allowing kids to use the roads for recreational purposes. Moreover, all houses have private gardens creating a sustainable and attractive neighbourhood, encouraging residents to spend more time outdoors socializing with their neighbours. In addition, the existence of the small public parks in between sets of houses is a great way to connect people together. Small balconies and main entrances facing the streets allow residents to keep an eye on their neighbourhood increasing its safety. Also, the connectedness of some of the residential properties gives the neighbourhood a sense of unity. One of the most important aspects of the neighbourhood is the household mix. The types of residential properties built into the area will allow the existence of a variety of family/single dwellers creating a social balance in the area. Furthermore, as residents walk around their neighbourhood, they will be fascinated by the number of trees scattered all over the area cleaning the air and allowing different species to co-exist with the residents. Finally, the storey limit established in the area will fill the neighbourhood with sunshine and a pleasant breeze from the lake.
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Chapter 5
HIGHER DENSITY COMPONENT

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5 HIGHER DENSITY COMPONENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is the basic design of the higher density area (6.97 acres). The layout of structures with detailed daylight orientation, landscaping, and proposed building massing are discussed in this chapter.

5.2 PROPOSED BUILDING MASSING AND OPEN SPACE

Building massing has a significant impact on the quality of life as well as the appearance of the area. The structures in the higher density area are low rise buildings (2.5 stories) and mainly apartment buildings. High-rise buildings do not exist in this area. The low-rise structures are neatly arranged along both sides of the trails. These buildings are distributed as one next to each other along the Stuart St., and mainly face towards East and West which will keep the apartments receiving daylights during the day, and further save energy. Every unit will have its own garden at the back of the buildings so that the street will have better visual effect. Although most of parking spaces will be underground, there will still have some sidewalk parking along both sides of the streets.

5.3 REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE

Entering the higher density area, the resident will sense the presence of an open united community. People will be filling the small public parks and private gardens available in the neighbourhood, giving it a social, safe and welcoming atmosphere. Walking around, it will be realized that the maximum height of a building is 2.5 stories, allowing the sun to shine through each part of the area and permitting the breeze from the lake to refresh the neighbourhood. The low story limit will also increase the sense of safety and security as people are closer to the ground and aware of the street activity. To further ensure a secure neighbourhood, small balconies will be facing the streets keeping an eye on the area. Some of the dwelling units will be
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connected to each other to increase social interaction. If a person flies over the area, they will be amazed by the presence of roof gardens over each building in the area. In addition to all of the green space, the non-existence of streets intersecting the neighbourhood will create a very sustainable society. All of the roads will be surrounding the area and cars will enter only to park in the small parking lots available by their dwelling units with no opportunity to drive around. Finally, the presence of people walking and biking around the area demanded the existence of connected trails in the neighbourhood.

5.4 KEY DESIGN DETAILS

Figure 5.1: Higher Density Component (Sketchup Model-1)

A site model of Higher Density Component is shown in Figure 5.1, and a section A-A view is shown in Figure 5.2. Moreover, a detailed floor layout of apartment is shown in Figure 5.3.

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Figure 5.2: Higher Density Component Section A-A view (Sketchup Model-2)

Figure 5.3: Typical Floor Layout of Apartment in Higher Density Sector 47

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5.5 LAYOUT FOR DAYLIGHT ORIENTATION

In the high density area, daylight orientation becomes one of the most important factors which need to be considered carefully. Daylight consists of direct sunlight and diffuse skylight. The diffuse skyline is almost the same from every direction, therefore, direct sunlight is the crucial ingredient for daylight orientation. Firstly, in North America, all the sunlight comes from south-east or south-west. This means the north side of houses barely gets any sunlight through the year. To deal with this issue, thin houses with wide faces will be constructed in the development area. Two wider walls facing east or west will provide the maximum sunlight during the year. Moreover, thin house style will let sunlight go through rooms much easily. Houses are relatively close to each other in the high density area, which might increase sunlight obstruction. In order to avoid obstruction, there will be two houses in a row separated by individual garden and rows are divided by streets. In this way, tremendous sunlight will be enjoyed by the people living in this high density area.

5.6

LANDSCAPE The high density area will enable a dense while clean and friendly living space for

residents. Increased density will not remove the "green" theme of the project. The high density space is designed such that every household is provided with their own backyard/garden. Each of the condos on the north side of the area will have multiple units each. Every unit has two floors, with the balcony facing the lake and parking lot facing south. Each separate unit will be provided with their own backyard.

Along the most north side of the area, an east west trail that runs parallel to the shoreline will be constructed for both transportation and healthy lifestyles. It branches out in the middle area and connects to the imposed trail in the neighbourhood area. This design greatly promotes walking and exercising for both high density and neighbourhood areas as people can benefit from outdoor living without having fears of vehicular traffic. The intersection of the main trail is the heart of the high density area. It is essentially a gathering place for weddings and music
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festivals. It will connect people together with magnificent view and style. Tall evergreen trees will be planned along the lake trails to act as a wind shield from the lake. Shorter trees and shrubs are more desired on the rest of the area.

5.7 GREEN ROOF Green roofs are to be implemented on all condos in the high density area. Intensive green roofs will reduce energy consumption and give a pleasant texture to the area. Since these condos are one of the biggest buildings in the neighbourhood area, and placing green roofs on it would reduce maintenance costs as it would be contracted to the same company. It would also add an aesthetic feature to the high density area.

Note: Detailed Integrated Green Roof System design is available in section 9.1 on page 117.

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Chapter 6
Design for Mobility

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6 DESIGN FOR MOBILITY

6.1 INTRODUCTION As peoples mobility is of great importance in any neighbourhood, an overview of the transportation system across all three areas in the development will be discussed in chapter 6. In depth design will be presented for each mode of transportation and a general picture of the impact of each mode on the others will be given. As Figure 6.1 shows, in order to promote a healthy and sustainable way of transportation in the proposed area, dedicated lanes for bicycles on the main roads and larger sidewalks around residential buildings and the neighbourhood will be added.

Figure 6.1: Mobility design

6.2

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES

Since sustainability is one of the top priorities in the Hamilton West Harbour Re-development project, pedestrian movement will be encouraged through all three areas. Wide sidewalks of width 1.7m will be implemented in all areas allowing 2 wheel chairs to pass each other easily. Ramps as shown in Figure 6.2 will be provided to ease movement of wheel chairs,
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disabled people, blind people with canes, kids in strollers etc. Sufficient clearances between sidewalks and roads will be part of all three areas as seen in Figure 6.3 for the protection of kids playing around & pedestrians, incorporating green pavements and planting trees. In addition to all of the details given for the ease of the pedestrian movement, a plan of the trails that connect all three areas is given in the general layout drawing in Figure 6.1.Finally to promote healthy and comfortable pedestrian walking sightlines will be taken into account as shown in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.2: Sidewalk ramp for wheelchairs

Figure 6.3: Sidewalks for NB,PB and HD sectors

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Figure 6.4: Pedestrian walking sightlines

6.3

CYCLIST MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES

In order to further encourage sustainable living, cyclist movement will be of great significance in the design of the transportation system. Dedicated bike lanes will be implemented on both sides of the street for collector roads as shown in the general layout given in the appendix. Bike lanes will have a width of 1.8m in the public buildings area and 1.5m in the high density area. No bike lanes will be provided in the neighbourhood area as roads are safe for cyclists. In the meantime, the trail connecting all three areas will be designed to be used by cyclists. Finally bike racks will be provided overall the development and they will be designed to be accessed easily as shown in Figure 6.5

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Figure 6.5: Bike racks design

6.4

TRANSIT ACCESS FROM ALL THREE ZONES

To speed transportation between all three areas and to connect the new development with the rest of Hamilton, a transit route is given in the general layout drawing in the appendix. The reason behind the U shape of the route is to compensate for the density. The route covers most of the public buildings and high density areas and is of good proximity to the neighbourhood area but not too close to protect its peacefulness and quietness. Transit shelters as shown in Figure 6.5 are provided along the transit route with an incorporated bike shelter to encourage residents to bike to bus stations and commute to their destinations.

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6.5

TRAFFIC CALMING AND PARKING PROVISION In order to facilitate cars movement in all of the three areas while keeping green

transportation a top priority, several traffic calming techniques will be implemented all around the development. Speed humps will be minimized as it should not be placed on emergency, transit and collector routes. All way stops will be minimized as well since drivers increase speed in between stops. One of the main techniques that will be implemented is minor horizontal deflection established by narrowing lanes. Also, appropriate signage will be available throughout the development for the safety of all residents. Finally, street parking, raised medians, chicanes, roundabouts, chockers and textured pavements will be part of the roads. They will be considered in next stage of design.

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Chapter 7
ECONOMICS, SAFETY, HEALTH, ACCESS, RESILIENCE

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7 ECONOMICS, SAFETY, HEALTH, ACCESS, RESILIENCE

7.1 SAFETY OF VISITORS AND RESIDENTS

The safety and security of all visitors and residents is the top priority in this new development. A set of measures will be outlined in this section to address safety issues that could arise in this diverse neighbourhood. Considering the safety and security of people on the streets various issues could be tackled. As shown in previous chapters streets in the three areas usually only outline the areas giving very minimal access to cars within each area. This aspect will ensure the safety of people from any car accidents and minimize the pedestrian car interaction. In addition, traffic calming techniques such as narrowing lanes and texturing pavements discussed in chapter 6 will make sure that pedestrian car interaction is safe. Bike lanes provided on the streets will ensure the safety of cyclists in addition to implementing bicycle traffic signals. Furthermore, the existence of busy open green space facing the streets guarantees the security of people from any acts of theft or harassment. Balconies and windows of buildings/houses, which are facing the street, will also serve as a mean of securing people on the street. Solar paneled light poles installed along the streets will encourage street occupancy and minimize crimes. In terms of peoples safety on sidewalks, rough surfaced concrete sidewalks will be implemented to prevent slippery conditions during snowfall. Moreover, most of the trails run through busy areas to ensure the security of pedestrians. Additionally, since green space is a focal point in each of the areas attracting pedestrians from different buildings to cross it or stay in it, the security of the people is guaranteed through the busyness of the public space. Finally, all buildings will follow the appropriate building and fire codes, providing sufficient fire exits and paths, installing security cameras to ensure the safety and security of all residents and visitors.

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7.2 HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE ASPECTS FOR VISITORS AND RESIDENTS

Since the number one attractive aspect of any community is the quality of life provided to the residents and visitors, a variety of methods are implemented to ensure the existence of a healthy balanced community. The major element affecting the quality of life in the development is the existence of green space providing people with sufficient amount of oxygen. Green space does not only affect the physical health of residents but it also affects the social health of this community as it encourages social interaction. Green space is also very pleasing to the eye, spreading a sense of happiness throughout the neighbourhood. In addition, the storey limit implemented on buildings ensures sufficient sunlight will enter the development benefiting plants and people. The existence of green roofs on many of the buildings is an additional contributor to the physical and social health of residents. Another contributor to the elimination of air and noise pollution is the discouragement of cars existence in the neighbourhood through the layout of streets and the provided transit stops with a bike shelter. Walking and cycling will encourage people to stop and have a talk with neighbours. Benches will also be scattered along sidewalks to provide convenience for pedestrians who need to rest. Moreover, most of the parking lots will include islands of green space slowing down cars and contributing to the air quality. Finally, one of the main aspects that affect the quality of life in the development is the layout of each area as it encourages healthy lifestyle through physical activities in the provided facilities, walking to work and shopping using a bicycle. 7.3 CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE ACCESS FOR DISABLED PERSONS In order to provide a friendly and convenient neighbourhood to every person, accessibility features are to be designed for disabled persons for maximum safety and quality of life. Accessibility features to be considered include routes, signage and signals, texture surfaces, waste bins, barriers, construction sites, ramps, and lighting.

Pedestrian routes are to be designed to provide safe, direct, and obstacle free access paths for people who rely on wheel chairs and are also visually impaired. Routes to main entrances are to be designed so they are easily accessible with wheelchairs. Ramps with smooth angle to
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accommodate wheelchairs are to be constructed for all pedestrian crossings. Curbs are to be constructed along the ramp to prevent wheel chair escape. As the design shown from previous chapter, sidewalks are 1.7 metres wide to allow two wheel chairs to travel side by side in opposite directions. To promote walking for elders and cane users, benches are to be set up along sidewalks at spacing such that it would satisfy a 10 minutes slow-walking interval. Sidewalks should be flat, rigid and free of large cracks. The maximum gradient should be 5% (Toronto accessibility guidelines 1.1.7). A maximum spacing of 6 mm (Toronto accessibility guidelines 1.1.7) between paving materials on sidewalks and a 13 mm grading difference should be used according to Toronto accessibility guidelines 1.1.7. Figure 7.1 clearly marks the requirements. (Figure 2 of 1.1.7 of Toronto accessibility guidelines). Trees should be maintained regularly, any obstruction branches that interfere with walking should be cut immediately. The lowest branch at the pedestrian routes should be at least 2.1 metres from the ground.

Figure 7.1: Sidewalk elevation difference requirement

To aid visually impaired/weak persons, all pedestrian signals are to have both a flashing and an audio signal. In order to provide a safe crossing for pedestrians, proper drainage and maintenance should be implemented so that excessive rain and melting snow are cleared in time to prevent accidents. Signal timing should be designed for a slow walking person. Proper signage with appropriate colour contrast and colour such as bright yellow/orange are to be used to aid the visually weak seniors. Signage from stores located at a close distance to the sidewalk should be hanged above 2.1 metres to accommodate tall pedestrians.

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Accessible parking spaces should be provided at a ratio of 1:25 (1.2 of Toronto accessibility guidelines), with a dimension of 3660 mm by 5385 mm to allow access for a wheelchair van.

As a warning to ramps, turns, or stairs, textured surface are to be installed in the area along critical points listed above to assist visually impaired cane users. If sidewalk repairs and other constructions are to occur, barriers should be placed such that it is cane detectable.

Waste and recycling bins should be secured such that it is easily accessible by physically disabled people. Bins are to accommodate the appropriate garbage flow and should be low enough for wheelchair and scooter users. They should be placed near benches, bus stops, and places where people stop and rest.

Lightings are very important during night time walking, especially for seniors with weak vision. Lighting posts should be high enough such that it would not create long shadows, which could become a blind spot against weak vision. Lighting should also be designed to reduce glare, and it should be placed such that it would not interfere with proper wheelchair and scooter movement. Proper lighting should be provided at a minimum height of 2.1 metres as shown on figure 7.2. (1.5 of Toronto accessibility guidelines.)

Figure 7.2: Light cut-of angle requirement for visibility

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7.4

CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, POWER AVAILABILITY FLUCTUATIONS, PEAK OIL EFFECTS In order to maximize resilience to climate change, power availability fluctuations, and peak

oil effects, the strategy used by in this project is reducing dependence on cars, creating a more vibrant city, and promoting mixing of housing and a diverse population. As global warming becomes more visible, effects such as temperature rise, excessive rain and drought are taken into consideration in the project.

According to U.S. Geological Survey (2000) data, U.S. buildings consume up to 40% of total primary energy use, 72% of electricity consumption, 39% of Carbon Dioxide emissions, and 13.6% potable water consumption. Therefore, green buildings play a very important role of effective resilience against mentioned factors. Water usage could be reduced by installing rain-water harvesting systems at all houses within the area. Each newly developed residential unit should be equipped with low-flow faucet heads. All new buildings will be built with

high insulating materials as identified in chapter 2. To further decrease energy reliability, all new buildings have been designed with the potential of using applicable green features such as solar panels and passive solar. Large buildings will incorporate loads of intense green roofs. Modern climate effects from global warming could lead to unexpected weather and thus proper storm water diverting would become an issue for a fast growing area. Green roofs help reducing such affects by intercepting rain. An energy store that sells green products such as reduced-flow faucet/shower heads, incandescent light bulbs, rainwater harvesting systems, etc. located within the high density neighbourhood area would greatly promote resource efficiency.

Transportation should be vibrant and not limited to cars only. All three neighbourhoods are designed with bicycle lanes and wide sidewalks. The transit system goes through the majority of the high density areas so there more options for travelling without driving. The neighbourhood is designed such that walking and biking is much more convenient than driving due to the location of roads and trails.

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The development area is designed with a mixed use of buildings that are connected together with convenient walk and bike paths. The main idea is to have buildings placed in such way that ordinary necessities can be obtained without driving.

7.5 ECONOMICS

Economics is one of many important parts of a sustainable design. The primary content of engineering economics is the evaluation of costs and benefits. In order to satisfy the revenue neutral development for the project, cost and revenue details are introduced in this section.

Costs There are three kinds of costs being considered in this section: fixed costs, variable costs, and semi variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that remain the same, regardless of the volume index. Variable costs are costs that change depending on the volume index. And semi-variable costs are a combination of fixed costs and variable costs.

Table 7.1 is the estimation of initial costs based on Local Government Policy and Regulatory Environment including materials, labour, and construction costs. The residential area in this table includes all the houses, townhouses, and low-rise buildings; the commercial area is mainly in the public building area of the project which consist of shopping malls, convenient stores, hospital, schools, office buildings, and so on; and the institutional area includes all public spaces such as streets, parking lots, and public green spaces. The total initial cost is calculated as 470 million dollars from this table. The initial cost will be spent only on the first year. The annual renovation cost changes with time and assumed as increasing linearly with a rate of 0.5%. The annual renovation is shown in Table 7.3.

Table 7.1: Initial Costs

Usage Residential Commercial Institutional

Area (ft2) 765,285 791,680 1,335,085

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Cost ($/ft2) 100 170 195

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Revenues Revenues are mainly from component percentages discussed in previous chapters and the development charges which are given in City of Hamilton Development Charge Information. The total annual revenue is estimated as 44.5 million dollars from Table 7.2. This revenue value is assumed increasing with a rate 0.5% annually.

Table 7.2: Financial Statement of Annual Revenues

Usage City Transit Education Total charge (without tax) Tax rate (%) Total charge (with tax) Final Cash Flow

Houses (per unit) 26,927 215 610 27,752 1.479 28,163

Residential Charges ($) Apartments 2+ Apartments bedrooms Bachelor & 1 (per unit) bedroom (per unit) 16,626 11,094 133 610 17,369 1.479 17,626 89 610 11,793 1.479 11,968

Town houses (per unit) 19,300 154 610 20,064 1.479 20,360

NonResidential (per ft2)

15.19 0.18 15.37 3.231 N.A

From Table 7.3 and Table 7.4, the total cost of 20 years is 1.68 billion dollars while the total revenue is 1.56 billion. This result is close to a revenue neutral development.

Figure 7.3: Cash Flow Diagram 63

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Table 7.3: Cost of Development

Year (n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Initial ($)

Renovation ($)

N (=20-n) 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

471,455,675 0 0 2,357,278 0 4,714,557 0 7,071,835 0 9,429,114 0 11,786,392 0 14,143,670 0 16,500,949 0 18,858,227 0 21,215,505 0 23,572,784 0 25,930,062 0 28,287,341 0 30,644,619 0 33,001,897 0 35,359,176 0 37,716,454 0 40,073,732 0 42,431,011 0 44,788,289 0 47,145,568 Total (in billion dollars)

Convert to Future value ($) 1,033,017,440 4,966,430 9,550,827 13,775,231 17,660,553 21,226,626 24,492,261 27,475,292 30,192,629 32,660,296 34,893,478 36,906,564 38,713,179 40,326,228 41,757,928 43,019,844 44,122,917 45,077,499 45,893,381 46,579,821 47,145,568 1.68

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Table 7.4: Revenue of Development

Year (n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Annual Revenue ($)

N (=20-n) 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

46,782,621 47,016,534 47,250,447 47,484,360 47,718,273 47,952,186 48,186,099 48,420,012 48,653,925 48,887,838 49,121,752 49,355,665 49,589,578 49,823,491 50,057,404 50,291,317 50,525,230 50,759,143 50,993,056 51,226,970 51,460,883 Total (in billion dollars)

Convert to Future value ($) 102,506,484 99,056,746 95,720,736 92,494,809 89,375,431 86,359,179 83,442,734 80,622,880 77,896,503 75,260,582 72,712,193 70,248,501 67,866,762 65,564,316 63,338,586 61,187,077 59,107,374 57,097,134 55,154,090 53,276,049 51,460,883 1.56

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Chapter 8
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

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8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
8.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

As part of the redevelopment in the Hamilton West Harbour area, the project consists of the structural design of a 3 storey mixed use building. Its location is chosen at the intersection of Barton Street and Bay Street based on the LEED rating system (Canada Green Building Council2). The ground floor will be used as retail, second floor will be offices, and third floor will be residential apartments. Total floor area is 2850m2 and 950m2 for each floor with dimension N-SE-W of 48m19.8m. Figure 8.1 shows an architecture model of the mixed use building. The design of the building consists of derivation of gravity loads, derivation of wind and seismic loads, and structure member sizing for critical beams, girders, columns, braced frames and connections according to the National Building Code of Canada 2010, CISC Steel Handbook 10th edition and CISC Limit States Design in Structural Steel 10th edition. Moreover, green building elements, building envelope, foundation design and physical modeling are also included in this chapter.

Figure 8.1: Architecture Model of Multi-use Building

Score evolution and explanation available in Section 9.3.1 Sustainable Sites on page 125
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8.2 8.2.1

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION Preliminary Structural Design

Figure 8.2: Preliminary Structural Design

Originally, the building and all of its elements was to be designed using reinforced concrete. As shown in Figure 8.2, columns are spaced at 3.6m vertically, and 4m horizontally. The main rationale behind this kind of building shape and position of line of symmetry is to have the maximum daylight by maximizing south facing wall area. Moreover, the building is designed to be narrow to allow daylight to penetrate through the building which then reduces the energy demand once the building is in operation. Concrete is chosen because it is easy to obtain and a variety of shapes can be formed using it. Also, steel would act as thermal bridge whereas concrete is less thermal conductive. Therefore, concrete is better than steel regarding the heat loss and energy efficiency of the building. However, due to the complexity of structure design related to non-symmetric building shape, this preliminary design is further discussed among the group and decided to be replaced by the following design.
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8.2.2

Final Structural Design Nowadays, structural solution for low rise buildings is often obtained by integrating two

different load resisting systems in the same structure. Both systems are connected together by means of floor structures, which provide a rigid diaphragm at each storey level. Since the first floor of multi-use building is used as retail, large open space is preferred. Comparing wood, masonry, concrete and steel, steel offers more usable space because of the longer spans and larger column spacing can be used. Most importantly, Steel is almost hundred percent recyclable without any loss of quality, whereas concrete is not completely recyclable. As a result, steel is chosen to be the material for the structural members. To ease construction and procurement process, shear wall is not considered in the design. Therefore, The 3-storey mixed use building is designed to be built with steel frame and bracing system.

Figure 8.3: Typical Floor of Final Structural Design

As shown in Figure 8.3, the cross-section of the building is designed to be symmetric about both the East West axis and the North South axis. Beams are spaced horizontally at 3.2m; girders
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are spaced vertically at 6.6m. For columns, horizontal spacing is 9.6m, and vertical spacing is 6.6m. Furthermore, W shaped structural steel sections are selected to be beams, girders and columns since their shape offers efficient resistance to bending moments and as column to carry axial loads.

Composite floor system is selected for all floor slabs. The system consists of a high strength profiled steel deck and a structural concrete slab with welded wire fabric and additional reinforcement when specified. Since the concrete slab acts as part of the beam to take compression, this leads to the reduction of total floor depth; this floor system is economical and efficient because the size of steel beams can be significantly reduced.

100mm thick hollow concrete block is selected to construct non-structural partition walls. Comparing it to wood, concrete block is more durable and energy efficient because the block acts as a reservoir to trap and store heat. Additionally, concrete block has good resistance to fire and noise. According to CISC Steel handbook, 100mm thick hollow concrete block has a density of 1.1 kPa which is less than that of solid bricks. As a result, 1.1 kPa is considered as specific dead load on the floor in the design criteria.
Table 8.1: Material Selection Summary3

Structural members Beam, girder and column Floor slab Roof Non-structural partition wall

Material W shape steel sections Concrete slab on profiled steel deck Conventional build up system 100mm thick hollow concrete block

For more information on material selection of covering, roofing, windows and doors please see Chapter 2:

Material Selection
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8.3

DESIGN CRITERIA SUMMARY Location: Hamilton, Ontario (Appendix C, NBCC2010) Snow Load (1/50 return year): Ss=0.9, Sr =0.4 Hourly Wind Pressure (1/50 return year): 0.46 kPa Importance Category: Normal (Table 4.1.2.1, NBCC2010) Storey Height Restrictions: minimum ceiling height is 2.1m (Table 9.5.3.1, NBCC2010)
Table 8.2: Floor Heights Summary

3rd(Residential) 2nd(Office) Ground(Retail)

Total floor height (mm) 3,500 3,500 5,000

Floor to ceiling height (mm) 2,850 2,850 4,350

Figure 8.4: Elevation View between Grid M and P (Dimensions: mm) 71

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Figure 8.4 shows an elevation of the building, along grid line 3 and between grid lines M and P, illustrating the floor heights. Elevations shown are top of slab. Specified Dead Loads - Roof: (CISC Steel Handbook, pg 7-56)

Table 8.3: Specified Dead Loads on Roof

Roof finish-3ply asphalt, no gravel Insulation Steel deck Ceiling Mechanical system Green roof Steel concrete composite slab Total

kPa 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.684 1.98 3.41

Specified Dead Loads - Office Floor and Residential Floor: (CISC Steel Handbook, pg 7-56)

Table 8.4: Specified Dead Load on Office and Residential Floor

Floor finish, hardwood (bamboo) Ceiling Ducts/pipes/wiring Non-structural partition wall Steel concrete composite slab Total

kPa 0.08 0.2 0.25 1.1 1.98 3.61

Detailed Calculation of Green roof dead load available in Appendix A on page A-37
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Specified Live Loads: (NBCC2010 Table 4.1.5.3)

Table 8.5: Specified Live Loads Summary

Roof Office Residential Service core, corridors and balcony

kPa 1 2.4 1.9 4.8

Live Load Reduction: 0.3+ (9.8/B), where B, tributary Area, is greater than 20m2, NBCC2010 4.1.5.8(3)

Serviceability Criteria: Max allowable deflection due to live load = L/300 (Steel Handbook Table D.1 pg 1-146) For beams: max allowable deflection = 6600/300 = 22mm For girders: max allowable deflection = 9600/300 = 32 mm

Drift limit:

The deflection criteria given in CISC CSA S16-09 Table D.1 states that lateral deflection should not exceed h/400 (12000mm/400 = 30mm)

Inter storey deflections limit for seismic (NBCC 2010 Section 4.1.8.13)

2nd (Office): 2.5% h = 0.025 x 5000 = 125 mm 3rd (Residential):2.5% h = 0.0025 x 3500 = 87.5 mm Roof: 2.5%h = 0.025 x 2500 = 87.5 mm Note: All the drift limit are checked in 8.6.4 Lateral bracing design using results from SAP2000
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8.4

FIRE PROTECTION Major occupancy: (NBCC 2010 Appendix A, A-3.1.2.1.)

Group E- Retails, Shops Group D-Offices Group C-Residential Apartments

Type of construction: non combustible Building height: 3 storeys (12 m) Building area=950 m2 /each floor Firefighting accessibility: facing 2 streets (Bay Street and Barton Street, Hamilton) From NBCC 2010 table 3.1.3.1 Minimum Fire-Resistance Rating of Fire separation = 2 hours

8.5

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR GRAVITY LOADS The gravity loads of 3-storey steel framed building comprise a simply supported system of

vertical columns interconnected by horizontal beams, which supports the composite floors and roofing. The loads on the lower lever columns will include the loads passed down through the columns above in addition to the loads from the slab the column is supporting. The gravity load combinations considered for the design are:

Case 2: 1.25DL+1.5L+0.5S Case 3: 1.25DL+1.5S+0.5L (Table 4.1.3.2 NBCC2010)

Case 3 is used for member sizing of roof design and Case 2 is used for member sizing of office and residential floor design. The vertical loads due to snow, dead and live loads are distributed to the columns through tributary areas.

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8.5.1 Design Of Slab Assumption: One way slab is used for the entire building. Composite Slab Selection: CD75-200(Galvanneal)5 Base steel = 0.914 mm, slab depth= 130mm, self-weight= 1.98 kPa Fire rating = 2 hours for slab with thickness of 130mm, fire protection requirement met.

Figure 8.5: Slab Cross Section (Dimension: mm)

CD75-200 Galvanneal is used for the slab of office floor, residential floor and roof. It is designed to carry maximum load combination according to the technical sheet and max deflections are checked respectively. Note: Sample calculation of slab design is available in Appendix A page A-1 Technical sheet is available in Appendix A.

Retrieved from Agway Metals Inc. http://www.agwaymetals.com/products_decking.asp

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8.5.2 Roof System

Figure 8.6: Load Distribution on Roof Slab (Dimension: mm)

Figure 8.6 shows the load distribution on the roof. Live load is 1 kPa, dead load=3.41 kPa, snow load=1.12 kPa, wind uplift load= -0.95 kPa6, and they are all uniformly distributed on the entire flat roof. As indicated with * sign Figure 6, Beam 1, Beam 2, Girder 1, Girder 2 are designed to carry maximum shear and moment according to their tributary areas.

Sample calculation of Snow Load and wind uplift load available in Appendix A Page A-2
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Location: Beam 1(B1*): Beam 2(B2*): Girder 1(G1*): Girder 2(G2*): on Axis A from Axis 3 to Axis 6 on the roof on Axis D from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the roof on Axis 8 from Axis G to Axis J on the roof on Axis 6 from Axis G to Axis J on the roof

Table 8.6: Beam Sizing Summary of Roof System

Beam 1 Beam 2

Max V(kN) Max M(kN.m) Selection Mr(kN.m) Vr(kN) Deflection(mm) 34.9 57.5 303 5.34 W310X21 89.1 69.1 114 380 7.14 W310X28 126

Table 8.7: Girder Sizing Summary of Roof System

Girder 1 Girder 2

Max V(kN) Max M(kN.m) Selection Mr(kN.m) Vr(kN) 70.8 224 W410X46 275 578 140 445 W530X66 484 928

Deflection(mm) 12.24 10.46

Table 8.6 and Table 8.7 show a summary of member sizing as well as the deflections due to live load only. Most economical sizes are picked from CISC Steel Handbook based on their moment capacity. Also, deflections are checked with maximum allowable deflections shown in design criteria summary. Moreover, a detailed roof framing plan is available in Appendix C, drawing Str-1. Note:

Sample calculation of Beam 1 design is available in Appendix A page A-3 Sample calculation of Beam 2 design is available in Appendix A page A-4 Sample calculation of Girder 1 design is available in Appendix A page A-13 Sample calculation of Girder 2 design is available in Appendix A page A-14
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8.5.3 Residential Floor Framing Plan

Figure 8.7: Load Distribution on Residential Floor Slab (Dimension: mm)

Figure 8.7 shows the load distribution on the 3rd floor slab. Shadowed area are associated with corridor and balconies, so the live load is 4.8 kPa, whereas the live load of unshadowed area is 1.9 kPa based on its occupancies. Also, dead load of 3.61 is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the floor. As indicated with * sign Figure 7, Beam 3, Beam 4, Beam 5, Beam 6, Girder 3, Girder 4 are designed to carry maximum shear and moment according to their tributary areas.

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Location: Beam 3(B3*): on Axis D from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 3rd floor slab Beam 4(B4*): on Axis G from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 3rd floor slab Beam 5(B5*): Beam 6(B6*): Girder 3(G3*): Girder 4(G4*): on Axis I from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 3rd floor slab on Axis A from Axis 3 to Axis 6 on the 3rd floor slab on Axis 6 from Axis G to Axis J on the 3rd floor slab on Axis 8 from Axis G to Axis J on the 3rd floor slab

Table 8.8: Beam Sizing Summary of Residential Floor

Beam 3 Beam 4 Beam 5 Beam 6

Max V(kN) 78.5 101 124 63.0

Max M(kN.m) 130 167 204 104

Selection W360X33 W360X33 W410X39 W310X28

Mr(kN.m) 168 168 227 126

Vr(kN) 396 396 480 380

Deflection(mm) 8.91 15.71 14.66 17.47

Table 8.9: Girder Sizing Summary of Residential Floor

Max V(kN) Max M(kN.m) Selection Mr(kN.m) Vr(kN) Deflection(mm) 816 1,300 21.56 Girder 3 257 W610X101 900 334 680 27.53 Girder 4 105 W460X52 338

Table 8.8 and Table 8.9 show a summary of member sizing for residential floor as well as the deflections due to live load only. Most economical sizes are picked from CISC Steel Handbook based on their moment capacity. Also, deflections are checked with maximum allowable deflections shown in design criteria summary. Moreover, a detailed residential floor framing plan is available in Appendix C, drawing Str-2.

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Note:

Sample calculation of Beam 3 design is available in Appendix A on page A-5 Sample calculation of Beam 4 design is available in Appendix A on page A-6 Sample calculation of Beam 5 design is available in Appendix A on page A-7 Sample calculation of Beam 6 design is available in Appendix A on page A-8 Sample calculation of Girder 3 design is available in Appendix A on page A-15 Sample calculation of Girder 4 design is available in Appendix A on page A-16

8.5.4 Office Floor Framing Plan

Figure 8.8: Load Distribution on Office Floor Slab (Dimension: mm)

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Figure 8.8 shows the load distribution on the 2nd floor slab. Shadowed area are associated with corridor, so the live load is 4.8 kPa, whereas the live load of unshadowed area is 2.4 kPa based on its occupancies. Also, dead load of 3.61 is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the floor. The following members are designed to carry maximum shear and moment according to their tributary areas.

Location: Beam 7(B7*): on Axis D from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 2nd floor slab Beam 8(B8*): on Axis G from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 2nd floor slab Beam 9(B9*): on Axis I from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 2nd floor slab Beam 10(B10*): on Axis A from Axis 3 to Axis 6 on the 2nd floor slab Girder 5(G5*): Girder 6(G6*): on Axis 6 from Axis G to Axis J on the 2nd floor slab on Axis 8 from Axis G to Axis J on the 2nd floor slab

Column 1: at intersection of Axis G and Axis 6 Column 2: at intersection of Axis G and Axis 8

Table 8.10: Beam Sizing Summary of Office Floor

Max V(kN) Beam 7 86.3 Beam 8 105 Beam 9 124 Beam 10 63.0

Max M(kN.m) 142 174 204 104

Selection W360X33 W410X39 W410X39 W310X28

Mr(kN.m) 168 227 227 126

Vr(kN) 396 480 480 380

Deflection(mm) 11.26 10.99 14.66 17.47

Table 8.11: Girder Sizing Summary of Office Floor

Girder 5 Girder 6

Max V(kN) Max M(kN.m) Selection Mr(kN.m) Vr(kN) Deflection(mm) 257 816 1,300 21.56 W610X101 900 90.1 286 680 20.10 W460X52 338
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Table 8.12: Column Sizing Summary

Column 1 Column 2

Cf(kN) 1,571 813

Selection W250X73 W200X52

Cr(KN) 1,680 928

Table 8.10, Table 8.11 and Table 8.12 show a summary of member sizing for office floor. Columns are assumed to carry axial load only, and they are the same height, which is equal to the floor height. Note that W250X73 is used for all columns for simplicity, and overdesign is assumed to be neglected in this project. Moreover, a detailed office floor framing plan is available in Appendix C, drawing Str-3. Note:

Sample calculation of Beam 7 design is available in Appendix A on page A-9 Sample calculation of Beam 8 design is available in Appendix A on page A-10 Sample calculation of Beam 9 design is available in Appendix A on page A-11 Sample calculation of Beam 10 design is available in Appendix A on page A-12 Sample calculation of Girder 5 design is available in Appendix A on page A-17 Sample calculation of Girder 6 design is available in Appendix A on page A-18 Sample calculation of Column 1 design is available in Appendix A on page A-19 Sample calculation of Column 2 design is available in Appendix A on page A-20

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8.6

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR LATERAL LOAD The lateral loads that are considered in this design are the wind loads and seismic loads.

The building acts as a cantilever member against both types of loading. Braced frames system is used to resist the lateral loads and to limit the drift within acceptable range which is specified in design criteria on page 71. As shown on Figure 8.9 , there are four braced frames indicated as BF1, BF2, BF3 and BF4, and they are designed to carry all the lateral loads. (CISC Steel Handbook, Cl 27.5)

Figure 8.9: Lateral-Load-Resisting System Plan View (dimension: mm)

BF1: on Axis 8 from Axis M and Axis P BF2: on Axis J from Axis 1 and Axis 3 BF3: on Axis G from Axis 6 and Axis 8 BF4: on Axis 1 from Axis A and Axis D
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Assume that all braced frames have identical stiffness. Centre of Rigidity: Xr = 24m , Yr = 9.9m ( Note that 10% distance will be accounted in the design of torsional moment) 8.6.1 Derivation of Wind Load For wind load, the force hits the outer walls of the building, and then is transferred to each floor slab system attached perpendicular to the outer walls. Ultimately, the force is transferred to four braced frames which in turn only resist lateral loads.
Table 8.13: Wind Load Summary

Level Roof 3rd 2nd

At (m ) 84.0 168.0 204.0

Ae (m ) 16.8 33.6 40.8

0.835At (kN) 70.1 140.3 170.3

0.601Ae (kN) 10.1 20.2 24.5

Eccentricity (m) 19.2 19.2 19.2

Factored Wind Load (kN) 80.2 160.5 194.8

Factored Torsion (kN) 193.9 387.8 470.9

Table 8.14: Design Forces Due to Wind Torsion

Level Roof 3rd 2nd

Moment (kN.m) 193.9 387.8 470.9

Design Forces (kN) BF1 BF2 BF3 -8 3 -3 -16 6 -6 -20 8 -8

BF4 8 16 20

Note Sample calculation available in Appendix A on page A-21

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Notional Load (P- Effect) Gravity begins to act on structural members when the frame or structure is laterally displaced by either seismic or wind loadings, which will cause a secondary effect (P- effect) of the forces and moments which in turn cause additional displacement. The P- effect reduces frame lateral resistance and stiffness which may lead to collapse. However, this three-story building is designed to be relatively stiff so that P- effects are minimal and are not very significant (the changes in displacements and member forces are less than 10%) which can be neglect. The drift is presented in section 8.6.4 on page 92.

Distribution of Wind Loads (NBCC 2010 Cl4.1.7.1Table 4.1.7.1) 1) Wind in South North Direction
Table 8.15: South North Wind Load Distribution

Frame BF3 BF2 BF4 BF1 Note:

Stiffness (k) 1 1 1 1 Sum

d 4.8 -4.8 -9.9 9.9

Kd 23.04 23.04 98.01 98.01 242.1

Kd /(kd ) 0.095 0.095 0.405 0.405 1

Roof 43.96 36.27 7.93 7.93

Design Force (kN) 3 Floor 2nd Floor 87.92 106.76 72.54 88.09 15.86 19.26 15.86 19.26
rd

Sample calculation of Design Forces about Frame BF3, 3rd floor is available in Appendix A on page A-22

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2) Wind in West East Direction

Table 8.16: West East Wind Load Distribution

Frame BF3 BF2 BF4 BF1 Note :

Stiffness (k) 1 1 1 1 Sum

d 4.8 -4.8 -9.9 9.9

Kd 23.04 23.04 98.01 98.01 242.1

Kd /(kd ) 0.095 0.095 0.405 0.405 1

Roof 3.84 3.84 32.19 48.04

Design Force (kN) 3rd Floor 2nd Floor 7.69 9.34 7.69 9.34 64.37 78.17 96.09 116.68

Sample calculation of Design Forces about Frame BF3, 3rd floor is available in Appendix A on page A-22 8.6.2 Mass of each floor Dead load of each floor is calculated based on following elements Dead load on the slab (refer to specified dead loads in design criteria on page 72) Weight of beams Weight of girders Weight of columns (half above + half below the floor level) Weight of interior wall (half above + half below the floor level) Weight of exterior wall (half above + half below the floor level) Weight of doors Weight of windows

Live load of each floor is calculated based on specified live loads in design criteria on page 73 and associated tributary areas.
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Table 8.17: Mass of Each Floor Summary

Dead(kN) Live (kN) Snow(KN) 2nd Floor(Office) 3rd Floor(Residential) Roof 4161 4299 4271 3193 3459 950 0 0 1064

Seismic weight (D + 25%S)KN 4161 4299 4537

Total (1.25D + 1.5L + 0.5S)kN 9992 10563 7409

Figure 8.10: Seismic Weights at Each Level According to NBCC2010

Note Sample calculations of masses of 2nd floor are available in Appendix A on page A-23

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8.6.3 Derivation of Seismic Load In comparison with wind load, the seismic loading occurs just below the foundation of the building. The building is swayed back and forth, each floor weight directly above the braced frames will have acceleration and therefore, a lateral force is produced on the top of the braced frames. From NBCC 2010 - Division B Section 4.1.8
Table 8.18: Seismic Load Summary

Level Roof* 3rd 2nd Ground

Storey Height(m) 3.5 3.5 5 0

Wi(kN) hi(m) 4537 4299 4161 0 12 8.5 5 0

Base V(kN) 900 900 900

Wh 111788 111788 111788

Wihi/ Wh 0.487 0.327 0.186

Fx (kN) 438 294 167

Vi (kN) 438 732 900 900

M (kNm) 0 1534 4097 10352

Accidental Torsion From NBCC 4.1.8.11 (10)

Table 8.19: Accidental Torsion Due to Seismic Load

Level 3rd 2nd Ground

Fx (kN)

438 294 167

Design eccentricity, e (m) ex + 0.10 Dnx ex - 0.10 Dnx 4.8 -4.8 Torsional moment, Tx = Fx*e (kN.m) -2,103 2,103 -1,412 1,412 -804 804

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Table 8.20: Design Forces Due to Seismic Torsion

Level Roof* 3rd 2nd Note:

Moment (kN.m) 2103 1412 804

BF1 -90 -60 -34

Design Forces (kN) BF2 BF3 33 -33 23 -23 13 -13

BF4 90 60 34

Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A- 25 to page A-26

8.6.4 Lateral Bracing System Design The load combinations used to analyze the lateral bracing system are the following: Case 4: 1.25 D + 1.4 W + 0.5 L (NBCC2010Table 4.1.3.2) (NBCC2010Table 4.1.3.2)

Case 5*: 1 D + 1 E + 0.5 L + 0.25 S

Since factored seismic loads are much higher than factored wind loads as seen in previous calculations, it was concluded that load case 5 will govern the design of the lateral bracing system. The lateral bracing system was modeled in SAP2000 to find the factored axial load applied on the brace.

*Dead, live and snow loads calculated previously were multiplied with the appropriate factors and applied on the model. Seismic loads calculated previously were added to forces due to torsion and applied on the model.

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Lateral Bracing System (BF1 and BF4) L 152 x 102 x 19 was chosen to act as a brace for all three floors since its compressive resistance with effective length of 7 m is 539kN which is higher than the factored axial load of 521 kN shown in Figure 8.12. (CISC CSA S16-09, P-4-126)
W410X46

0.45 44.25

44.25

44.25

5 L1

10 2X

2X

0 -1 19

10 2

X1 9-

309.00

10

56.90 0.51

56.90

56.90

W250X73

51.85 0.51

51.85

51.85

W460X52

118.00

10

9-

2X 1

10

52

L1

Figure 8.11: BF1 and BF4 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000)

-309.42

-51.80

0.72

-51.80

-307.54

206.83

-308.32

33.44

326.04

-44.33

-4 02 .3 5

-2 57 .9 0

-270.47 -567.75

39

4 .3

21 -5

.6

Figure 8.12: BF1 and BF4 Axial Force Diagram (SAP2000) 90

51.85

5 L1

1 2X

X1 9-

10

W250X73

X 02

-1 19

L1 52 X

10 2

207.00

56.90

W460X52

44.25

L1 52 X

5 L1 2X 10 2X 19 0 -1

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Bracing System (BF2 and BF3) L 152 x 102 x 19 was chosen to act as a brace for all three floors since its compressive resistance with effective length of 6 m is 696 kN which is higher than the factored axial load of 514 kN shown in Figure 8.14. (CISC CSA S16-09, P-4-126)
W310X28

91

252.00

2X

10

52

L1

W360X33

170.00

91

2X

W250X73

W250X73

10

52

L1

W360X33

97.00

10

9-

X1

X1 02

52

L1

17.59

17.13

13.66

Figure 8.13: BF2 and BF3 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000)

-252.30

-16.92

0.54

-268.93

25

8 .2

151.65

-275.06

233.76

244.35

L 15 2X 1 02 X 19 -1 0 L 15 2X 1 02 X 19 -1 0

5 L1 2X 2X 10
X
67.63

Figure 8.14: BF2 and BF3 Axial Force Diagram 91

19 -1 0
14 5 .6 0 -2 2 2 .9 7 -3 5 4 .8 3
-200.54 -480.48

-16.92

427

.9 9 1 Z -5

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Drift Limit Check:

Figure 8.15: Drift Due to Seismic Load

Table 8.21: Drift Limit Check

Storey 2nd 3rd Roof

Deflections obtained from SAP2000 3.96 7.19 10.12

Interstorey Deflections e (mm)* 3.96 3.23 2.93

Deflection x RdRo/IE (mm) 15.44 12.60 11.43

Interstorey Deflections Limit (mm) 125 87.5 87.5

Check

OK OK OK

Sample calculation for 3rd level drift: Deflection obtained from SAP2000 = 7.19 mm Interstorey deflection: Rd = 3, Ro= 1.3, IE=1 e = 7.19 3.96 = 3.23 mm (NBCC-2010 Cl 4.1.8.13)

m = e(RdRo/IE) = 3.23 x3x1.3/1=12.60 mm < 87.5 mm ok All deflection limits which are specific in design criteria on page 73 are met, also notice that the drift is within 10%, so notional load is neglected as discussed on page 85.
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8.7

CONNECTIONS DETAIL Unlike concrete, connections in steel structures need special design. For this 3 storey

mixed use building, bolts and double angle plates are used for connections between beam to girder, beam to column, and girder to column. Also, slab to beam connection, column to column connection, as well as connection to braced frame will also be specified in the design. All the connection elements are designed for the maximum shear and bearing, and detailed connections drawings are in drawing Str-4 of Appendix C.

8.7.1 Beam to Girder Connection

Table 8.22: Beam to Girder Connection Detail

Member Beam Girder Double Angle

Section W41039 W610101 L89897.9

Bearing Resistance (Br), kN 138.24 226.8 NA

Shear Resistance (Vr), kN 501 1002 201

Tension and Shear (Tr), kN NA NA 183

For this connection, the maximum shear due to factored loads is 123.8 kN. L89897.9 connection angles, 150 mm long, and two M20 A325 M bolts per vertical line in both web-framing and outstanding legs are used.

Note:

Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A-27

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8.7.2 Beam to Column Connection

Table 8.23: Beam to Column Connection Detail

Member Beam Column Double Angle

Section W41039 W25073 L89897.9

Bearing Resistance (Br), kN 138.24 185.76 NA

Shear Resistance (Vr), kN 501 1002 201

Tension and Shear (Tr), kN NA NA 183

Note that, for this connection, stiffeners used on column to prevent local buckling of flange. Detailed drawing of this connection is in drawing Str-4 of Appendix C and sample calculations are available in Appendix A on page A-29 For this connection, the maximum shear due to factored loads is 123.8 kN. L89897.9 connection angles, 150 mm long, and two M20 A325 M bolts per vertical line in both web-framing and outstanding legs are used. 8.7.3 Girder to Column Connection
Table 8.24: Girder to Column Connection Detail

Member Column Girder Double Angle

Section W25073 W610101 L898913

Bearing Resistance (Br), kN 274 226.8 NA

Shear Resistance (Vr), kN 501 501 321.5

Tension and Shear (Tr), kN NA NA 292.8

For girder to column connection, the maximum shear due to factored loads is 256.5 kN. L898913 connection angles, 150 mm long, and two M20 A325 M bolts per vertical line in
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both web-framing and outstanding legs are used. Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A- 31 8.7.4 Slab to Beam Connection

Figure 8.16: Slab to Beam Connection

This connection is designed mainly to resist the shear force due to wind load by providing enough shear studs. Refer to sample calculation in Appendix A on page A-34, two studs per row at spacing of 660 mm are used for the connection. 8.7.5 Column to Column Connection This connection is designed mainly for the axial force transferred from upper column to lower column. Max axial load between columns is 585.2 kN (Appendix A page A-19). Two bolts per row at spacing center to center spacing of 60 mm, and edge distance of 80 mm. Refer to sample calculation in Appendix A on page A-36,

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8.7.6 Connections to Braced Frame

Table 8.25: Bracing Connections Detail

Member Double Angle Plate

Section L152x102x19 NA

Bearing Resistance (Br), kN NA 583

Tension (Tr), kN 1256 NA

Tension and Shear (Tr), kN 1610 388

Note:

Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A- 35

8.8 FOUNDATION DESIGN Reactions obtained through the analysis of the structure using the different load cases were used to determine the type and size of the adequate foundation. Since the three storey building is made up of a steel frame with columns far spread apart, a spread footing is the most economical and logical foundation. Combined footings and mat foundations are not used since support reactions are not too large. The following figures show some of the reactions used to design different aspects of the foundation specifically shear and tensile forces. Axial force was obtained from gravity load system calculations. Results are listed below:

Column Base Plate Design: use 25 mm thick plate Anchor Rod Design: use 1 inch anchor rod with a hole diameter of 34 mm Bearing Capacity: 361 kPa Footing Design: use tf = 450mm (rounding it up to the next 25mm) use: 7-20M bars BEW (bottom each way)

Note: Sample calculation in Appendix A on page A-40 to page A-42

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910.25

Z
235.51 283.49

Z
272.83 361.17

X
317.91

590.97

Figure 8.17: Bracing Frames Support Reactions

Figure 8.17 shows the support reactions of bracing frames, and they are used in the calculation in Appendix C on page A-40 Since the bracing system handles all the lateral loads, there are no moments experienced at the foundation level. Detailed calculation of the foundation design and its connection to the column is provided in appendix A. Each column will be supported with a 2m x 2m spread footing, 0.5m thick and 1.25m below grade. A detailed foundation drawing is provided in drawing Str-5 of Appendix C.

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8.8 GREEN BUILDING ELEMENTS Objective: LEED Gold certification (70 points, Canada Green Building Council) 8.8.1 Integrated Green Roof System Three independent green elements which are green roof, solar panels and rainwater capture are installed on the roof of the 3 storey mixed use building. Green Roof: vegetables are planted on the top of roof, and occupy 624 m2 of the roof area. They are designed to reduce runoff and energy consumption, and to provide pleasing views. Solar Panels: 36 solar panels are provided by local supplier in Hamilton and installed on the top of roof. They are designed to reduce electricity consumption. Rainwater Capture: water is collected by channels which are installed under soil medium and stored in a ground storage tank. The collected water is then used to flush toilets in the 3-storey mixed use building. Total dead load from integrated green roof system: 0.68 kPa uniformly distributed load. Rainwater Capture System: annual rainwater capture: up to 534,500 Litres 36 Solar Panels: provide up to 15.8 MWh per year. Note : A detailed green roof drawing is available in Appendix C, drawing Arc-5. More information about integrated green roof are available in Municipal Chapter 9.1 on page 117 Sample calculation of energy saving and green roof load calculation are are available in Appendix A on page A-37 and A-38

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8.8.2 Exterior Insulation And Finish Systems (EIFS) EIFS is a traditional cladding system. It provides great appearance by carving and moulding it into variety of shapes. EIFS may cost more initially but it requires very low maintenance costs. Since the system is exterior insulation, it reduces air infiltration and hence decreases energy consumptions.

Figure 8.18: Exterior Insulation and Finish System7

8.8.3 Double Glazed, Low Emissivity Glass Windows The window is a transparent opening in a wall that allows light pass through. Although its main function is to provide a good view of outside, heat loss has to be considered for window selection. In this case, double glazed window with low emissivity glass is selected because the two panes of glass and a space between them reduce heat and noise transmission through the window while admitting sufficient solar gain. The principal mechanism here is thermal radiation from a warm pane of glass to a cooler pane. Coating a glass surface with a low emitting material and facing that coating into the gap between the glass layers blocks a significant amount of this radiant heat transfer, thus lowering the total heat flow through the window (Efficient Windows Collaborative).

Retrieved from Inspecting the world http://www.nachi.org/water-damage-eifs.htm

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Figure 8.19: Low E Glass Windows

8.8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LED Lights) and Occupancy Sensors LED lamps are known as high energy efficiency lamps, and have been applied in many residential, commercial building in recent year although its initial cost are higher than those of fluorescent and incandescent lamps. For the 3 storey mixed use building, LED lights will be used as exit signs as well as indoor lights. Occupancy sensors automatically switch lights on and off based on whether the space is occupied. They will be installed in hallway, washroom and meeting room. Both elements are designed to cut down building electricity consumption. 8.8.5 Solar Wall The solar wall technology is solar air heating system that heats building ventilation air and improves indoor air quality. A solar wall will be installed on the south wall since south facing wall get most of sunshine during the day. Solar heated air will be ducted through a fan system for the air supply of the mechanical unit on the roof.
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Figure 8.20: The Mechanism of Solar System (Conserval Engineering,2010)

As shown in Figure 8.20, solar walls use solar energy to preheat intake air and reduce the load on the heating systems. Perforated metal cladding panels create air cavities that feed the intake fan at the top of the wall. This heated air is then distributed through the building. According to Conserval Engineering Inc., installation can save 3-10 $/ft2 of heating fuel consumption.

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8.8.6 Vestibule at the main Entrance

Figure 8.21: Floor layout of office floor

A vestibule which consists of a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors are shown in Figure 8.21. Since only one set of doors open at given time, the vestibule can help to reduce air infiltration to the building, leading to the reduction of heating and air conditioning loads

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8.9

BUILDING ENVELOPE

In order to provide a satisfactory environment needed for health and comfort as well as to improve building energy efficiency, building envelop is deeply considered in the design. The building envelope includes all the building components that separate the indoors from the outdoors 8 . In this project, building envelopes considered are the windows, exterior doors, exterior walls, and roof.

The following performance issues are examined for the envelope systems when applicable:

Thermal performance Moisture protection Fire safety Daylights

Table 8.26: Material selection summary for building envelope

Building Envelope Windows Exterior Door Exterior wall Roof

Material Double glazed, low emissivity glass Insulated steel doors Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems Green roof covering on top of roof finishing

Total Area (m2) 368 22.5 1423 950

Note: Areas are estimated based on AutoCAD drawing dimensions.

National Institute of Building Sciences http://www.wbdg.org/design/index.php

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8.9.1 Windows Thermal Performance: Very high solar heat transmitted through glass (greater than 60%). By using insulation gas within windows, it will keep homes warmer in winter and cooler in summer. Moisture Protection: Due to a high insulation property from double glazed, low emissivity glass, condensation is less likely to occur on the indoor side of the window because temperature difference is low. However, condensation is more likely to occur on the outdoor side of the window during winter times because the air is much cooler outside than the gas/inside side of the window. Fire Safety: Glass, and aluminum consists of the major materials of the window and has very high fire resistance. Gas between windows is usually argon, a non-reactive noble gas.

Day Lights: Good amount of daylight transmitted, up to 64%.

Note: More information about windows is available 2.6.1 Window selection on page 27 8.8.3 Double glazed, low emissivity glass windows on page 99 8.9.2 Exterior Doors Thermal Performance: If spacing between door and floor or doorframe is reduced, aluminum/steel doors have an average thermal performance. Moisture Protection: Aluminum/Steel is coated with rust and corrosion resistance coating.

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Fire Safety: All aluminum/steel doors selected for the building must have a two-hour fire rating. Day Lights: n/a

Note: More information about doors is available 2.6.2 Door selection on page 28

8.9.3 Exterior walls Thermal Performance: 20 mm of thermal insulation board will provide superior heat insulation. It is crucial to the building as steel is the main material. Moisture Protection: The EIFS is designed with a primary and secondary drain joints that will drain any excessive moisture. Moisture penetration should be checked prior to installation by technicians to ensure quality of EIFS walls. Fire Safety: Core of EIFS is foam plastic, it must be completely encapsulated with the base coat. By following building and fire codes, and using judgements of placing fire hazard materials, EIFS could prove to be long lasting and safe. Day Lights: n/a

Note: More information about exterior wall is available 2.4.1 Exterior cladding on page 21 8.8.2 Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) on page 99 8.8.5 Solar wall on page 100

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8.9.4 Roof Thermal Performance: Extensive green roof with a 30 cm thick soil and a blanket of vegetation on top provides extremely good thermal resistance. Green roof will help reduce heat loss in winter and significantly cool the building in summer. Moisture Protection: A rainwater capture system, along with draining channel is designed under the green roof vegetation and soil. All excessive water leaked through the soil and member will be directed away to a storage tank to prevent any water accumulated on the rooftop. Therefore, the roof is constantly dry and is superior with moisture protection. Fire Safety: Vegetation in summer could be a potential fire hazard. However, with watering of vegetation and the non-combustible soil underneath, it is unlikely that a fire will spread if it does happen. Day Lights: Green roof reflects light and heat back to the atmosphere, instead of absorbing them like asphalt. It plays a role in global warming reduction.

Note: More information about roof is available 2.4.2 Roof on page 23 8.8.1 Integrated Green Roof System on page 98 9.1 Green Roof with Solar Panels and Rainwater Capture on page 117

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8.10

PHYSICAL MODELING

8.10.1 Introduction The goal of the physical modeling chapter is to provide students a hands on learning experience with better demonstration for the earthquake response of designed structure. In order to achieve this goal, the MTS Tabletop Earthquake System is used to investigate the dynamic response of the structure to horizontal motions. Three earthquake ground motions including Northridge earthquake, Lemo Pirate Earthquake and EI Centro Earthquake were simulated to test the dynamic behaviors of designed structure. Instead of the real physical structure, an aluminum rigid bar was used to represent the structure.

8.10.2

Procedure The aluminum rigid bar was adjusted to have a free vibration period of 0.299 second

which is very close to the natural period of the designed structure 0.3 second. The damping ratio () was calculated according to the equation below with the maximum displacement of 1 bar diameter and 0.5 diameter.

Where: A1 = First peak acceleration chose (g) A2 = Tenth peak acceleration chose (g)
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By comparing the result, dumping ratio of 1 bar diameter test (0.2956 second) was selected as the structural dumping ratio because it is closer to the dumping ratio of designed structure.

Also, the period of the rigid bar can be calculated by following equation:

Where: T10 = The time of tenth peak acceleration chose (s) T1 = The time of first peak acceleration chose (s)

T is calculated to be 0.298 which is very close to 0.299 measured from the MTS Tabletop Earthquake System.

Figure 8.22: Acceleration Response Diagram of 1 Bar Diameter Test

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In order to record the excitation of the bar and the table, two sensors were touched on the top of the bar and the table respectively. After that, the response spectrums for each earthquake were obtained using Matlab code provided. However the response spectrum diagrams for 0 second to 0.1 second were eliminated because the sensors are sensitive to the high frequency noise which could make errors for diagram during that period.

There were four inputs for Matlab code program: 1. Period of the rigid bar 2. Damping ratio (0%, 2%, 5% and actual damping ratio ) 3. Earthquake excitation for each case 4. Gamma (Adjusting factor, obtained 1.477 by sample excel file)

8.10.3 Northridge Earthquake Results

Figure 8.23: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Northridge)

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Figure 8.24: Excitation of Earthquake (Northridge)

Figure 8.25: Excitation of (Ss Sg) (Northridge)

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Figure 8.26: Northridge Response Spectrum

8.10.4 Lemo Pirate Earthquake Results

Figure 8.27: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Lemo Pirate Earthquake ) 111

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Figure 8.28: Excitation of Earthquake (Lemo Pirate Earthquake )

Figure 8.29: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (Lemo Pirate Earthquake)

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Figure 8.30: Lome Pireta Response Spectrum

8.10.5 EI Centro Earthquake Results

Figure 8.31: Excitation of Rigid Bar (EI Centro Earthquake) 113

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Figure 8.32: Excitation of Earthquake (EI Centro Earthquake)

Figure 8.33: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (EI Centro Earthquake)

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Figure 8.34: El Centro Earthquake Response Spectrum

8.10.6 Conclusion The rigid bar used in the experiment is used to represent the structure when it was calibrated with the same free vibration period of 0.299 seconds. The model damping ratio is 3.48. Northridge Response Spectrum produced a 0.538 g peak response, while Lome Pireta and El Centro produced peak responses of 0.367 g and 0.263 g. All three response spectrums had a spike in the beginning, and is suspected to be caused by equipment errors from sensitivity from sounds. The spectrum should have a general shape that would start at low acceleration, and then increase to a peak, and stays constant at that peak for a short period then decreases. Such accelerations are not likely to cause serious damage to the three storey building in the development area.
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Chapter 9
Municipal Infrastructure Element Design

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9 MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENT DESIGN

9.1 GREEN ROOF WITH SOLAR PANELS AND RAINWATER CAPTURE

The three storey buildings roof is to incorporate three main green elements: green roof, solar panels, and rainwater capture system. The green roof and the rainwater capture system work together as one. As shown in the green roof design calculations, the roofs total area is 811.1 m2. Vegetation, pervious walk path, and solar panels areas and their respective rainfall storage to the storage tank are listed in Table 9.1. The green roof with the inclusion of soil, vegetation, solar panels, structural supports and membranes would exert a uniform (approximately) load of 0.68 kPa.
9

Figure 9.1: Green Roof Element Design (Top View) dimension: mm

calculations are shown in Appendix A on page A-37

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Figure 9.2: Detailed Green Roof Cross Section A-A View (City Of Toronto, 2011)

9.1.1 Green Roof The green roof will take up 623.5 m2 of the roof or about 77% of the total roof area. The main intentions of the green roof are to reduce surface runoff and energy consumption, and increase environmental initiatives in Hamilton by planting vegetables. As the three storey building is located at the south boundary of Hamilton West Harbour, having a green roof on the building would not only provide a nice view but will also constantly remind residents of sustainability. The objective of this design is to create zero runoff from the building area, increase energy efficiency and promote a healthy city.

Figure 9.3: Example Of A Green Roof. (ESRI Canada Ltd, 2010)

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The roof is to be covered with 30 cm of soil, allowing the growth of almost any kind of roof vegetation. Bell peppers require up to 30 cm of soil for healthy roof development (National Garden Association, 2012). The green roof will have fresh produce such as peppers, tomatoes, and cucumbers grown on top, they will supply nutritious local vegetables and are easy to grow. Sidewalks are to be constructed along the borders of the roof to allow resident visitation and watering. The green roof is also synthesized with the rain capture system and the solar panel system. 9.1.2 Rainwater Capture System Green roof is constructed such that excess rainwater would infiltrate through the 30 cm thick soil content, then through the filter membrane into a semi-hollow space that is supported by very small columns as shown in Figure 9.2 on page 118. Water seepage into the hollow space would be directed into channels as presented in the design. All channels are led to the final exit point at the north-east corner of the building by gravity. Water travelling down the roof through pipes would enter a cylindrical storage tank that has dimensions of 3m diameter and 5m length. The tank would have a maximum capacity of 35.3 m3, large enough to contain a 60 mm rain. From weather history of Hamilton, the average annual rainfall is 764.8 mm (The Weather Network, 2011), and the total amount of rainfall fallen on the roof is calculated to be 620 m3. The total amount of rainwater captured takes account of soil absorption and pervious walkway runoff, summing up to 534,500 litres per year. All rainwater captured is to be used for toilet and urinal flushing. Water is to be drawn from the tank only, with water level kept constant by either filling with water from distribution system or rainwater. This is to be done with a monitoring gage to maximize rainwater usage and cover any intermittent rain events.

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Table 9.1: Annual Green Roof Rainwater Capture

Area (m2) 623.5 Vegetation 137.1 Pervious walk path 50.5 Solar Panels Total: 534,500 Litres Rooftop Material

Rainfall Retaining Percentage 15% 10% 0%

Annual Rainfall to Storage Tank (m3) 405.3 94.4 34.8

Note:

Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A- 37

Toilet Water Consumption: The number of urinals and toilets within the building is summed up in Figure 9.2. Toilet water consumption is 6 litres per flush (Davis G, 2011) while urinals are 3.8 litres per flush (Davis G, 2011). By using Table 9.3, the total annual water usage is calculated to be 1,611,840 litres, while the annual rainwater captured rain is 534,500 litres. The rainwater capture system would save water usage from toilets/urinals by 22%.

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Figure 9.4: Section View of ground level between Grid F and K (Dimensions: mm)

As Figure 9.4 shows, there are 4 urinals and 8 toilets on the ground level, and same for the second level.
Table 9.2: Toilet/Urinal Annual Consumption

Floor

Urinals Toilets (Numbers) (Numbers) 8 8 9

4 Ground( Retail) nd 4 2 (Office) rd 0 3 (Residential) Total: 515,480 Litres

Total Toilets Annual Usage (Litres) 525,600 262,800 394200

Total Urinal Annual Usage (Litres) 1,109,600 166440 0

Note:

Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A- 38

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Table 9.3: Three Storey Building Toilet/Urinal Counts

Floor Commercial Office Residential

Toilet daily usage (Flush/day) 30 15 20

Urinal daily usage (Flush/day) 200 30 n/a

9.1.4 Solar Panel Design Due to rising energy prices and demand, renewable energy such as solar energy would provide a long-life pollution free energy source for the three storey building. Solar Panels will use 50.5 m2 of the roof area.

A Hamilton solar panel provider (SolarUpEnergy) supplies solar panels with dimensions of 159 cm by 82 cm, and peak power of 175W. There are 36 solar panels designed to be placed on the roof as shown in Figure 9.1. The maximum possible power output is 6.3 kW, enough to run 6 laundry dryers at the same time during peak hours. Solar panels do not affect rainwater capture as it would not have an interception effect. 9.1.5 Savings With Hamilton's water/wastewater charge being around $2.45 (City of Hamilton) per m 3, the rainwater capture system would save $1308 annually. Placing the initial cost of solar panels aside, and assuming that each solar panel provides approximately 120 W for 10 hours per day, it would provide 15768 kWh per year. According to horizon utilities Hamilton, the cost of electricity per kWh during peak hour is 10.8 cents. The panels provide savings up to $1703 per year. For more calculation please refer to green roof and water calculations in appendix A.

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9.1.6 Implementations This green roof system (green roof, solar panels, and rainwater capture) is to be widely built in other structures within the development area. The entire system or individual component could be selected for the roofing system depending on the scenario. A common house is most likely to use the rainwater capture system while an office building benefits from all three systems due to a flat and large roof surface.

9.2

POROUS PAVEMENT

9.2.1 Introduction Traditionally, in order to collect rain water from hard surfaces such as roads and parking lots, we direct them into pipes and pump them out of suburbs. However, base flows in streams are decreased as infiltration decrease, which often dries up small streams or increases overall runoff in a local area. Apparently, the old storm water management practices are no longer to satisfy our environmental and sustainable needs. Therefore, porous pavement is introduced and studied based on its economical, social and environmental impacts. 9.2.2 Definition Permeable pavement is also known as permeable pavement. Basically, as Figure 9.5 show, the structure of the pavement allows water to move through void spaces and infiltrate into underlying soils, which enhance the pavement's ability to absorb runoff. Therefore, it is applied in many places for our project, particularly for parking lots in the Public Building Area.

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Figure 9.5: Typical Porous Pavement.(Drake. J, 2011)

9.2.3

Porous pavement selection There are many types of permeable pavements that serve different purposes. The three

main permeable pavements are interlocking concrete, pervious concrete and porous asphalt pavement. The deciding factors for the three are listed in the following table:
Table 9.4: Porous Pavements Comparison Chart

Interlocking Concrete Wide range of colours Can form architectural designs. Easily installed no need for drying. Instant usage after installation Highest initial cost. Could have lower lifespan cost

Pervious Concrete Limited colors Limited appearances. Requires formwork. Seven day curing period. Competitive with interlocking concrete.

Porous Asphalt Pavement Very limited design.

Aesthetics

Construction Aspects

No formwork. 24 hour curing period. Cheaper than both pervious and interlocking concrete.

Cost

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Winter Durability

Freeze-thaw and salt resistant. Water does not freeze in base. Snowmelt drains immediately. Frozen saturation no effect on concrete.

Frozen saturation may damage concrete. Snowmelt drains immediately Less Freeze-thaw resistant

Freeze-thaw resistant. Frozen saturation may damage asphalt. Snowmelts drains immediately

Porous pavements are mainly going to be used for outdoor public parking spaces. Interlocking concrete will be the main choice of porous pavements due to its winter durability and the high initial cost would be balanced out in the long run by low maintenance cost compared to the other candidates.

Figure 9.6 shows the location of the interlocking concrete parking spaces denoted by two circles with a red centre. (Also the right side of the HD area, circles without the red centre.)

Figure 9.6: Pervious Pavement Locations

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9.2.4 Conclusion As stated before, the main objective behind introducing porous pavements to the development is to reduce the overall runoff and to enhance the storm water management process. Considering the various factors that affect the performance of the different types of porous pavements, it was decided that interlocking concrete will be the pavement of choice due to the reasons stated in the previous comparison chart. Installing interlocking concrete will improve the local potable ground waters quality. It enhances the social atmosphere by minimizing the urban heat island effect with its permeable properties and decreasing local temperatures. Finally, although it will have a high initial cost, new paving materials will not be continuously purchased as with asphalt and concrete with their maintenance issues. Depth of base/subbase is calculated to be 0.625 m and dmax is 1.8 m.

9.3

LEED GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

The LEED Green Building Rating System was formulated by the U.S. Green Building Council in 1993. It measures all aspects of sustainable buildings and uses different criteria to define buildings as green. Prerequisites and credits in the LEED rating system address 7 topics: Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation in Design Regional Priority

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Certifications are awarded according to the following scale:

Table 9.5: LEED Certification Scale

Certified Silver Gold Platinum

40-49 Points 50-59 Points 60-79 Points 80 Points and above

All criteria are reviewed individually and points are given according to the entire development area. Some criteria were given hypothetical ratings because it is not incorporated in the building design such as: paint and gas monitoring. The total rating of the three storey building scored an impressive 70 points, which is equivalent to a gold rating. Each criterion is given with an explanation. The LEED rating scored near perfect in most high point criteria, covering important features of a sustainable development. The development area is to have new buildings as existing land is to be taken down. This will incorporate newer technologies and materials and the use of recyclable materials promoted a high LEED rating. 9.3.1 Sustainable Sites The development area scored a near perfect mark at the sustainable sites section. Development density and community connectivity is heavily focused in previous chapters. Basic services are conveniently located within 800 metres to residential areas. Safe and sustainable pedestrian walkways and access are designed in chapter 7. Bus line runs around and through the entire development area, providing easy access to public transportation while limiting disturbance. Bike paths, racks, and trails are located throughout the entire area. Green features such as pervious parking space and green roof are designed and are commonly found in most units.

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9.3.2 Energy And Atmosphere Almost all buildings within the development area are new and materials are chosen carefully in chapter 2. Energy efficiency of the new materials significantly reduces energy usage. Solar panels are to be promoted within all large buildings with appropriate roof, cutting electricity needs from power plants. No CFC containing refrigerants are to be used for the development area. The superb energy standard designed for the development area scored large amount of points for the energy and atmosphere section.

Table 9.6: LEED Criteria, Points, Explanation

Criteria

Site Selection

Development Density and Community Connectivity Brownfield Redevelopment

Alternative Transportation Alternative Transportation Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms Alternative Transportation-Low emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles Alternative Transportation-Parking Capacity

Point Explanation Sustainable Sites Building is not near any sensitive land such as 1/1 water bodies, habitats and wetlands. Located on previously developed site. Within 800 m of residential area. 5/5 Within 800 m to more than 10 basic services. Has pedestrian access. 1/1 Site is located on brownfield. Building is located within 400 m of bus stop. Nearby bike paths available. 5/6 Only bus, there is not another public rideshare options for 4 or more passengers. Bicycle racks are provided within 200 m of the 1/1 building entrance at more than 5% of all building users. No low-emitting fuel vehicles, parking and gas stations are planned for this development. 0/3 No parking for carpools designed. 1/2
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Site Development Protect or Restore Habitat Site Development Max Open space Storm water Design-Quantity Control Storm water DesignQuality Control Heat Island-nonroof Heat Island Roof Light Pollution Reduction Water Efficient Landscaping Innovative Wastewater Technologies Water Use Reduction

Optimize Energy Performance On-Site Renewable Energy Enhanced Commissioning Enhanced Refrigerant Management Measurement and Verification Green Power Building Reuse-Maintain Existing Walls, Floors and Roof Building Reuse-Maintain

Not all roadways/walkways, meet the distance requirements. Not enough open space such that it exceeds local 0/1 zoning requirements by 25%. Pervious parking space designed to reduce runoff 1/1 by over 50%. Pervious parking space and green roof will reduce 1/1 total suspended solids and runoff by over 80%. 1/1 Shades are provided. Low-sloped roof with green roof will give a very 1/1 high SRI. 0/1 No design for this criterion. Water Efficiency Captured rainwater is used. 2/4 No graywater or recycled wastewater used. Rainwater capture system will reduce water 1/2 consumption, but not by 50%. Toilets, urinals, faucets and showerheads will be 4/4 designed with high efficient low usage materials. Projected percent reduction of water: 40%. Energy and Atmosphere Over 48% of buildings are new. New materials for 18/19 energy efficiency. Design meets all regulatory requirements. Approximately 7% of total energy is renewable 4/7 from solar panels. 0/2 n/a No refrigerants will be used to reduce GHG. 2/2 0/1 0/3 1 No work done on this aspect.

Solar panels, but they will not generate 35% of buildings total electricity consumption. Materials and Resources No existing building is reused. 0/3 0/3 No existing interior elements are reused.
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Interior Non-structural Elements Construction Waste Management Materials Reuse Recycled Content Regional Materials Rapidly Renewable Materials Certified Wood Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring Increased Ventilation Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan During Construction Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan Before Occupancy Low-Emitting Materials Adhesive and Sealants Low-Emitting Materials-Paints and Coatings Low-Emitting Materials-Flooring Systems Low-Emitting Materials-Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control Controllability of Systems-Lighting Controllability of Systems-Thermal Comfort

2/2 0/2 2/2 2/2 0/1

Construction and demolition debris are carefully examined in chapter 2 for reusability. No plan for existing building material reuse. Over 20% of materials of the building considered are reusable. Over 20% of materials are to come from local factories Stelco for steel. n/a

0/1 n/a Indoor Environmental Quality Will be designed monitoring for exiting air. 1/1 1/1 0/1 Not proposed. 0/1 0/1 1/1 0/1 Not proposed. Anti-corrosive and anti-rust are designed to apply to all building elements to prolong lifetime. Not proposed. Not proposed. 0/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 Mechanical ventilation and gas monitoring devices are to be provided to meet standards. Over 90% of lightings are individually adjustable for personal needs. Over 50% of building occupants are enable to adjust heat controls.
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Thermal Comfort-Verification Daylight and Views-Views

0/1 1/1

n/a

Innovation in Design LEED Accredited Professional

Over 75% of the building area has direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing. Innovation in Design Proposed design is to comply all building codes, 4/5 and the intent of the design is to maximize to reduce environmental impact. N/a 0/1 Regional Priority A high priority land as It is very close to light rail 3/4 and other services. 70 Gold

Regional Priority TOTAL

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Summary and Conclusions

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10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

10.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES SUMMARY

The Main objective of the project is to redevelop West Habour area in Hamilton in a sustainable and green way while remaining aesthetically pleasing and economical. Additionally, the project also consists of structural design of a 3 storey mixed use building. In general, sustainable design provides a way of life that has low environmental impacts while people still enjoy their life through vibrant activities. As for the redevelopment, sustainable design is chosen to be the main theme because it can avoid the increasing costs for waste management as well as resource depletion of energy and water. Moreover, productivity of people living in the community can be increased because they would have great passion to work if they feel good about the environment they work in. Therefore, the design objectives related to sustainability are further explored and listed below in three categories which are environment, social and economic: Environment Environmentally Friendly (no harmful waste deposit) Low carbon footprint Social Mobility Easing and Pedestrian Friendly Safety, healthy Comfort (view of the lake, daylight, green spaces) Productive Economic Cost feasible Energy efficiency Visitors and investors attraction
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On the other hand, living design philosophies and practices of Christopher Alexander will are incorporated into the development in terms of architecture patterns, floor heights, and views.

10.2 SUMMARY OF KEY DESIGN FEATURES

The main components of this redevelopment project are the development of a higher density residential area, an intermediate density residential neighborhood, and a public building area. Areas of each section are estimated using Google Maps and they are shown in
Table 10.1: Areas Summary For Each Section

Section Public Building Area: Neighborhood HD Area

Estimated Area(hectares) 12.2 6.70 6.97

For the development of public area, key sustainable design features are 1. Central Garden: located at the centre of the public area and consists of a large circular green space with a fountain 2. Green spaces : 27 % of total public building area 3. Outdoor playground: recreational purpose and community gathering 4. Community Center: recreational facility on the ground level and library on second floor 5. Mega Plaza: place for people to purchase daily need as well as enjoy casual shopping. 6. Green Parking Lot Design (porous pavement) 7. Green Roof with solar panels and rainwater capture

For the development of neighborhood, key sustainable design features are 1. Green spaces : 40 % of total public building area 2. Mixed layout of house units: semi-detached, single-detached and townhouse 3. Church 4. Pedestrian Pathways 5. Green Parking Lot Design ( porous pavement )
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For the development of higher density residential area, key sustainable design features are 1. Daylight orientation: maximum south facing wall 2. Green spaces 3. Green Roof with solar panels and rainwater capture 4. Low rise condo with private garden 5. Trails and Central park: connect people together with magnificent view and style 6. Natural Ventilation and Operable Windows: Natural ventilation eliminates the need for air conditioning. People are healthier and work more effectively with access to fresh air.10

For the 3-storey mixed use building, key sustainable design features are 1. Material selection(bamboo flooring, steel etc) 2. Daylight orientation: maximum south facing wall 3. Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) 4. Double glazed, low emissivity glass Windows 5. Light-emitting diodes (LED lights) 6. Green Roof with solar panels and rainwater capture 7. Solar Wall 8. Vestibule at the main entrance 10.3 DEVELOPED PATTERN LANGUAGE

The experiences the residents and visitors of Hamilton west harbour development go through can only be felt in a sustainable community which is our number one priority. The public space provided and centered in all areas is a tool to attract users to it, increasing social activity. The three storey limit allows the sun to shine through each area and permits the breeze from the lake to refresh all the divisions. The layout of roads, buildings and open space allows

10

http://www.cityofpuyallup.org/visitors/puyallup-city-hall/sustainable-design-features/
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cars to enter to park only and not to drive around, encouraging residents to walk or bike in this sustainable community. Balconies and main entrances facing the streets scattered throughout all the divisions allow residents to keep an eye on their neighbourhood increasing its safety and security. The existence of well developed and maintained trails connecting all three areas is an irresistible way of moving around in our community. The circularity of some of the buildings gives a sense of continuity and flow to the area, allowing the air to circulate all the divisions. Small private gardens dispersed throughout each division are tools to involve all residents in participating in keeping their community environmentally friendly. Finally, the properties built into the different areas will allow the existence of a variety of dwellers and visitors creating a social balance in this new development.

10.4 ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE NEXT DESIGN STAGE

Legislation approvals for land development (municipal government) Environmental assessment :study the environment impact of the land development More detailed life cost analysis: materials, labour, construction and operations costs; funding and investment

Traffic impact study : study the traffic impact of the development on surrounding roads Constructed detailed physical model for the development and conduct necessary tests on the model ( wind, earthquake etc) Advanced project management ( procurement, biding document preparation, etc ) Fire protection and utility service design Detailed structural, architectural and electrical design of houses, apartment, and office buildings
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10.5 LESSONS LEARNED 10.5.1 Jun Xing The final year capstone project which is to redevelop a range of vacant land near west Habour area in Hamilton, through it we had the opportunity to get to know about land development, we did lots of site visiting, and we had lots of discussion about economical, environmental and social impact of the development. Moreover, this project involved structural design of a 3 storey mixed use building, and as group leader, I am responsible for all the structural and architecture drawings. We design everything in detail, beam, girder, column, as well as connections as well as lateral bracing system. I truly learned a lot from the project in terms of building stability design and project management. Moreover, it is very beneficial for me to be aware that a group leader should not only make critical decisions, but also coordinate ones group members. Overall, I feel grateful for taking this project although some improvement may be needed in the future.

List of tasks completed by Jun Xing Structural (Chapter 8): Architecture drawing Arc1-Arc 4 Structural drawing Str 1- Str3 All AutoCAD drawings editing and revision Architecture modeling in Sketchup Preliminary structural design layout and revision Floor system design Design of Slab Beam 1-Beam 10 design and sample calculation Girder 1- Girder 6 design and sample calculation Column 1 - Column 2 design and sample calculation Design criteria summary and fire protection
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Mass of each floor calculation Green building elements Appendix A formatting Report formatting and put everything together(for 1-3revision) report printing and submit (for 1-3 revision)

Environmental: Chapter 1: Adjoining Developable Areas Chapter 2: Proposed Criteria Chapter 2: Coverings-Wall, Ceiling and Floors Chapter 3:Interactive Development of Site Mode Chapter 3: AutoCAD drawing of PB area Chapter 5:Key Design Details, and Landscaping Chapter 9: AutoCAD drawing of Green roof editing Chapter 11: Porous Pavement Introduction and Definition Chapter 12: Summary of key design features

10.5.2 Jeffrey Nie 4X06 is a great course that incorporates many aspects of Civil Engineering. I have learned so much from all chapters, particularly the huge amount of consideration in all aspects need to be studied for a design. I feel like sustainable designs and infrastructures are the must take procedures in order for a health advance of our footage in time. The most valuable thing I took away from this project is that development should be focused on the health of a community rather than economic growth. I knew very little about design and amount of regulations and guidelines prior to the project, but this project has taught me that it is crucial to follow proper guidelines.

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My opinion for the course and improvement I feel like this project is heavily focused on structural components, and limited in the water/environment stream (Except green building/sustainability). Amount of expectations from the structural side far exceeds the environmental part. I understand that design of structures are critical to a graduating structural engineer, but I feel environmental designs are limited to the development. Instead of the development area in Hamilton, even though we can visit the site, it is still very conceptual. I suggest set the development area in another place, perhaps in developing countries with water resource problems. Students can learn how to allocate water resources, and sustainable solutions in all aspects covered in the present course materials. In that way, realistic problems could be defined and reduced/solved, and some of the best projects could also be implemented. After all, we are really moving into a globalized community, and the present of some countries that lack resources could be the future of us.

List of tasks completed by Jeffrey Nie Chapter 1: Design Objective. Chapter 2: Structural Members Chapter 3: Definition of Major buildings. Chapter 4: Google Sketchup and hand sketch design. Chapter 5: Landscape, Green Roof design, AutoCAD drawing of Green Roof Chapter 6: All. Chapter 7: Design to enhance health, disabled persons, resilience to climate change. (7.2-7.4) Chapter 8: Green Roof Load calculations and design. Chapter 9: All Chapter 10: All Chapter 11: Porous Pavement Selection. Editing of Chapter 4, 9, 10, 11. Putting Google sketchup together for all three areas, and modifying the high density sketchup.
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10.5.3 Duo Huang After being through this year, capstone course 4X06 provides me a lot of interesting information and experiences which I cannot learn from textbooks. I really appreciate this opportunity to be the involved in this course. Through the capstone project my teamwork skills, communication skills have improved significantly. Project scheduling and planning skills have been utilized throughout this year as well. In addition to the soft skills improved, I feel very fortunate to have a chance to conduct this real world fashion capstone project before I start my career in Civil Engineering. The reason I appreciate this project is almost every aspects of Civil Engineering have been introduced to us. Layout of land use, material selection, transportation, sustainability, municipal infrastructure as well as structural design, we all have a chance to touch on it no matter what stream you are in.

Considering the course load of the capstone course, I really want to have more time to work on it. Known that most students still have 5 or 6 course in their final year for each term, if some of those courses in the final year would be moved to previous year, it will be much more grateful for final year students to be involved more and learn more from this project.

List of tasks completed by Duo Huang Chapter 1 Vision for the project Chapter 2 Windows and doors Chapter 3 Google Sketchup Chapter 5 High Density Component Google Sketchup Chapter 8 Structure Design Structural system for gravity load Mass for each floor Beam, Column, Girder design Derivation of seismic load
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Connections design Sap model Physical modeling chapter AutoCAD drawings

Final format 10.1.4 Marco Morcos Although I have learned a lot of lessons though this project, I will mainly focus on the content aspect of the project. It has been made clear to me that environmental design does not mean an expensive design. Environmental, economical and social aspects of a design can coexist. Also, the inter and intra connectivity of a new development is vital for its survival. Defining and redefining a pattern language throughout the project helps sustain a picture in mind of the development. Moreover, a sustainable design is concerned with large scale aspects of a project as well as tiny details unseen by the user. The layout provided by the designer will define how the area will be used by residents and visitors. Finally, although properties are the products of the real estate market, without free open space they are worth nothing. List of tasks completed byMarco Morcos Chapter 1 - Preliminary pattern language for the project, and editing of the chapter. Chapter 2 - Introduction, and editing of the chapter. Chapter 3 - Refinement of pattern language and identification of focal points, and editing of the chapter. Chapter 4 - Refinement of pattern language and identification of focal points, and editing of the chapter. Chapter 5 - Refinement of pattern language and identification of focal points, and editing of the chapter. Chapter 6 - Involved in all sections of the chapter. Chapter 7 -Design and operational aspects to enhance safety, health and quality of life, and editing of the chapter.
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Chapter 8 Lateral bracing system design Bracing Sap model Bracing connections Foundation design Foundation AutoCAD drawing Bracing connections AutoCAD drawing

Chapter 9 - Editing of the chapter. Chapter 10 - Editing of the chapter. Chapter 11 - Editing of the chapter. Chapter 12 - Developed pattern language, lessons learned and tasks completed. Overall editing of the final report in term of grammar.

10.5.5 Yi Liu Different characteristics of different exterior cladding materials and of different roof materials that affect the selection of materials for structures with various decision criteria. Green space of an area significantly affects residents lifestyle and living quality. The layout of living area, green spaces, and streets are very important, since better layout will provide more convenience and better quality for people who are living or working in the area. One of the important parts of a sustainable design is the economical aspect. I have learned methods of calculating benefits and costs by using engineering economic fundamentals. For the structure design part, I have learned basic steps of designing wind load for a low-rise building and also became familiar with the national design code. Moreover, I have learned basic procedure of designing connections between the different members. List of tasks completed byYi Liu Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Selection of exterior cladding materials and roof materials. Chapter 3 Helping with physical model
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Chapter 4 Desired component percentages Chapter 5 Proposed building massing and open spaces Chapter 7 Economic part; re-editing of the chapter Chapter 8 Snow load, Wind uplift; Wind load; Connections design Chapter 12 Lessons learned and tasks completed Final formatting of citations and references.

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