2 Tng khi nim 2,1 khng dy ad-hoc mng 2.1.

1 Tng
Mt mng khng dy ad-hoc l mt llection hp tc ca cc nt di ng / bn in thoi di ng khng c c s h tng trc khithnh lp, to thnh mt mng tm thi. Mi nt c mt giao dinkhng dy v giao tip vi nhau qua mt trong hai i pht thanhhoc hng ngoi. My tnh xch tay v cc tr l k thut s c nhngiao tip trc tip vi nhau l mt s v d ca cc nt trong mtmng ad-hoc. Cc nt trong mng ad-hoc thng in thoi di ng, nhng cng c th bao gm cc nt vn phng phm, chng hn nh cc im truy cp Internet. Bn cc nt di ng c thc s dng trin khai cc im tip sc ti cc khu vc ni m cc im chuyn tip c th cn thit tm thi. Hnh 1 cho thy mt mng ad-hoc n gin vi ba nt. Cc ntngoi cng l khng nm trong phm vi pht ca nhau. Tuy nhin,nt gia c th c s dng chuyn tip cc gi tin gia cc nt ngoi cng. Nt gia l hnh ng nh mt router v ba nt hnh thnh mt mng ad-hoc.Hnh 1: V d v mt mng ad-hoc n gin vi ba nt tham gia.

Hnh 1:V d ca mt mng ad-hoc n gin vi ba nt tham gia. Mt mng ad-hoc s dng khng c qun tr tp trung. iu ny l m bo rng cc mng s khng sp ch v mt trong cc nt di ng di chuyn ra khi phm vi pht ca nhng ngi khc.Cc Nodes nn c th nhp vo / ri khi mng nh h mun. Bi v phm vi truyn hn ch ca cc nt, hoa bia nhiu c th cn thit tip cn vi cc nt khc. Mi nt c nhu cu tham gia trong mtmng ad-hoc phi sn sng chuyn tip cc gi tin cho cc nt khc. V vy, mi nt ng vai tr nh mt my ch v nh mt b nh tuyn. Mt nt c th c xem nh l mt thc th tru tngbao gm mt b nh tuyn v thit lp mt my ch chi nhnh inthoi di ng (hnh 2). Mt b nh tuyn l mt thc th, m trong s nhng th khc chy mt giao thc nh tuyn. Mt my chin thoi di ng ch n gin l mt my ch lu tr a ch IP /thc th trong ngha truyn thng.

Mng Ad-hoc cng c kh nng x l cc thay i cu trc lin ktv trc trc trong cc nt. N c c nh thng qua cu hnh limng. V d, nu mt nt ri khi mng v gy ra v lin kt, cc nt b nh hng c th d dng yu cu cc tuyn ng mi v vn s c gii quyt. iu ny hi s tng tr hon, nhng mng vn hot ng. mng khng dy ad-hoc tn dng li th bn cht ca cc phngtin truyn thng khng dy.Ni cch khc, trong mt mng c dy,cc h thng cp vt l c thc hin mt u tin hn ch cu trc lin kt kt ni ca cc nt. Hn ch ny khng phi l hin naytrong lnh vc khng dy, v hai nt trong phm vi pht ca nhau,mt lin kt tc thi gia chng c th hnh thnh.

Hnh 2:Chn s ca mt nt di ng hot ng c hai nh l my ch v nh mt router.

2.1.2 Cch s dng

Khng c bc tranh r rng v nhng g cc loi ca cc mng sc s dng cho. Nhng ngh thay i t ti liu chia s ti cc hi ngh ci tin c s h tng v cc ng dng qun s. Trong khu vc khng c c s h tng chng hn nh Internet lmt mng adhoc c th c s dng bi mt nhm cc my chin thoi di ng khng dy. iu ny c th l trng hp trong cc lnh vc c s h tng mng c th khng mong mun do cc l do nh chi ph hoc thun tin. V d v cc tnh hung nh vybao gm thin tai phc hi nhn hay qun i qun s trong trng hp c s h tng bnh thng hoc l khng c hoc b ph hy. Cc v d khc bao gm cc i tc kinh doanh c nhu cu chia scc tp tin trong mt thit b u cui sn bay, hoc mt lp hcca hc sinh cn tng tc trong mt bi ging. Nu mi my ch lu tr di ng c nhu cu giao tip c trang b vi mt giao din mng khng dy a phng khu vc, nhm cc my chin thoi di ng c th to thnh mt mng ad-hoc. Truy cp Internet v truy cp ti nguyn trong cc mng nh my inl cc tnh nng m c l cng s c h tr.

2.1.3 c im
Mng Ad-hoc thng c c trng bi cc cu trc lin kt nng ng, do thc t cc nt thay i v tr ca n bng cch di chuyn xung quanh. iu ny ng h cc giao thc nh tuyn t ng tim kim cc tuyn mi trn cc thut ton nh tuyn thng thng nh vector xa v lin kt c bn [23]. c tnh khc l mt my ch / node hn ch kh nng CPU, dung lng lu tr, nng lng pin v bng thng, cng c gi l mt"thin client". iu ny c ngha rng vic s dng nng lng rt gii hn dn n vic thu pht cn hn ch. Cc phng tin truyn thng truy cp, mi trng v tuyn, cng c nhng c tnh ring bit phi c xem xt khi thit k cc giao thc mng ad-hoc.Mt v d ca iu ny lagf c th lin kt mt chiu. Cc lin kt pht sinh v d nh khi hai nt c cng pht sng khc nhau, ch cho php kt ni vi mt s thit b, nhng cng c th pht sinh do nhiu t mi trngxung quanh. Multihop trong mt mi trng v tuyn c th dn n tng cng sut pht v tng nng lng, do mi quan h bnh phng gia khong cch v cng sut yu cu. Bng cch s dng multihop, cc nt c th truyn ti cc gi d liu vi u ra cn t nng lng hn

2,2 Routing
Bi v thc t l n c th l cn thit hop hoa bia nhiu ln (multihop) trc khi gi tin n ch, mt giao thc nh tuyn l cn thit. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c hai chc nng chnh, lachn cc tuyn ng cho cc cp ngun-ch v cung cp tin nhnn ch chnh xc ca h. Chc nng th hai l khi nim n ginbng cch s dng mt lot cc giao thc v cu trc d liu (bng nh tuyn). Bo co ny c tp trung vo la chn v tm kimcc tuyn ng.

2.2.1 thng thng giao thc

Nu mt giao thc nh tuyn l cn thit, ti sao khng s dngmt giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng nh lin kt nh nc hocvector khong cch? H cng th nghim v thng tin lin lc my tnh hu ht mi ngi quen thuc vi h. Vn chnh vi trng thi kt ni v khong cch vector l chng c thit k cho mt cu trc lin kt tnh, c ngha rng h s c vn hi t v mt trng thi n nh trong mt mng ad-hocvi mt cu trc lin kt rt thng xuyn thay i. Lin kt nh nc v vector khong cch c th s lm vic rt tttrong mt mng ad-hoc vi tnh di ng thp, tc l mt mng licu trc lin kt khng thay i rt thng xuyn. Vn vn l lin kt nh nc v khong cch vector ph thuc nhiu vo tin nhnkim sot nh k. Khi s lng cc nt mng c th ln, s lng cc im n tim nng ln. iu ny i hi ln vthng xuyn trao i d liu gia cc nt mng. iu ny l mu thun vi thc t rng tt c cc thng tin cp nht trong mt mng li kt ni khng dy c bit qung co c truyn qua khng kh v do l tn km trong cc ngun ti nguyn nh bng thng,nng lng pin, v CPU. Bi v c hai trng thi kt ni v

khong cch vector c gng duy tr cc tuyn ng c th truy cp tt c cc im n, n l cn thit duy tr cc tuyn ng v iu ny cng lng ph ngun lc cho cc l do tng t nh trn. Mt c trng cho cc giao thc thng thng l h gi nh hai hng lin kt, v d nhvic truyn ti gia hai my hot ng tt nh nhau trong c hai hng.Trong mi trng cha i pht thanh khng dy ny khng phi lun lun trng hp. Bi v nhiu Ad-hoc c xut giao thc nh tuyn c mt giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng nh l thut ton c bn, n l cn thit hiu c hot ng c bn cho cc giao thc thng thngnh khong cch vector, lin kt nh nc v nh tuyn ngun.

2.2.2 Lin kt Nh nc
Trong trng thi lin kt nh tuyn [23], mi nt duy tr mt ci nhn ca cu trc lin kt y vi mt chi ph cho mi lin kt. gi cho cc chi ph ph hp, mi nt nh k chng trnh pht sng ccchi ph lin kt ca cc lin kt utgoing o ca n tt c cc ntkhc bng cch s dng l lt. Nh mi nt nhn c thng tin ny, n cp nht im ca mng v p dng mt thut ton ng i ngn nht la chn tip theo hop cho mi im n. Mt s chi ph lin kt trong mt ci nhn nt c th l khng chnh xc v s chm tr tuyn truyn di, mng li phn vng, quan im cu trc lin kt mng nh vy khng ph hp c th dn n s hnh thnh ca nh tuyn, cc vng lp. Nhng vng Tuy nhin,ngn ngi, bi v h bin mt trong thi gian phi mt mt tin nhn i qua ng knh ca mng.

2.2.3 Khong cch Vector

Trong vector khong cch [23] mi nt ch theo di cc chi ph ca cc lin kt i ca n, nhng thay v pht sng thng tin ny tt c cc nt, nh k chng trnh pht sng cho mi ngi hng xmca n c tnh khong cch ngn nht tt c cc nt khc trong mng. Cc nt tip nhn sau s dng thng tin ny tnh ton li cc bng nh tuyn, bng cch s dng mt thut ton ng i ngn nht. So vi lin kt nh nc, khong cch vector l nhiu hn tnh tonhiu qu, d dng hn thc hin v i hi khng gian lu tr t hn nhiu. Tuy nhin, n cng bit rng khong cch vector c th gy ra s hnh thnh ca c hai vng lp nh tuyn ngn ngi v tn ti lu di. Nguyn nhn chnh cho iu ny l cc nt la chn ca h tip theo bc nhy mt cch hon ton c phn phi da trn thng tin c th l c.

2.2.4 nh tuyn ngun

Ngun nh tuyn [23] c ngha l mi gi tin phi thc hin ng dn y cc gi tin qua mng. Do quyt nh nh tuyn cthc hin ti ngun. u im ca phng php ny l n l rt d dng trnh nh tuyn vng. im bt li l mi gi tin i hi mt chi ph nh.

2.2.5 l lt
Nhiu giao thc nh tuyn s dng pht sng phn phi thng tin kim sot, l gi thng tin kim sot t mt nt ngun gc tt c cc nt khc. Mt hnh thc c s dng rng ri ca pht thanh truyn hnh c l lt [23] v hot ng nh sau. Nt ngun gc s gi thng tin ca mnh vi cc nc lng ging ca n(trong trng hp khng dy, iu ny c ngha l tt c cc nttrong phm vi my pht). Nhng ngi hng xm chuyn tip n n cc nc lng ging ca h v nh vy, cho n khi cc gi tinn tt c cc nt trong mng. Mt nt ch chuyn tip mt gi tinmt ln v m bo mt s loi s th t c th c s dng.S th t c tng ln cho mi gi tin mi mt nt gi.

2.2.6 Phn loi

Giao thc nh tuyn c th c phn loi [1] thnh cc loi khc nhau ty thuc vo ti sn ca h. Tp trung so vi phn phi Tnh so vi thch ng Phn ng vi ch ng Mt cch phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn l chia chng vocc rithms thut ton tp trung v phn phi. Trong cc thut tontp trung, tt c cc la chn tuyn ng c thc hin ti mt nt trung tm, trong khi trong cc thut ton phn phi, tnh ton ca cc tuyn ng c chia s gia cc nt mng. Mt phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn lin quan n cho d h thay i cc tuyn ng trong cc m hnh u vo giao thng. Trong cc thut ton tnh, cc tuyn ng c s dng bi cc cpngun-ch l c nh bt k cc iu kin giao thng. N ch c ththay i p ng vi mt s tht bi nt hoc lin kt. Loi thutton ny khng th t c thng lng cao theo mt lot rng ricc m hnh u vo giao thng. Hu ht cc mng gi ln s dngmt s hnh thc thch nghi nh tuyn cc tuyn ng c sdng nh tuyn gia cc cp ngun-ch c th thay i trongphn ng tc nghn

Mt phn loi th ba l lin quan n mng ad-hoc l phn loicc thut ton nh tuyn hoc l ch ng hoc phn ng. Giao thc ch ng c gng lin tc nh gi cc tuyn ng trong h thng, khi mt gi tin cn phi c chuyn tip, l trnh c bit n v c th c s dng ngay lp tc. Gia nh cagiao thc Distance-Vector l mt v d v mt chng trnh chng. Giao thc phn ng, mt khc, gi mt th tc xc nh tuyn ng trn nhu cu ch. V vy, khi mt tuyn ng l cn thit,mt s loi th tc tm kim ton cu c lm vic. Gia nh cacc thut ton l lt c in thuc v nhm phn ng. Cc n ch ng c li th khi mt tuyn ng l cn thit, s chm tr trc khi cc gi d liu thc t c th c gi rt nh. pha bn kiach ng n cn thi gian hi t v mt trng thi n nh.iu ny c th gy ra vn nu cu trc lin kt c thay i thng xuyn.

3 Ad-hoc giao thc nh tuyn

Chng ny m t qung co-hoc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau m chng ti chn m phng v phn tch.

3,1 mong mun ti sn

Nu cc giao thc nh tuyn thng thng khng p ng nhu cu ca chng ti, chng ta cn mt giao thc nh tuyn mi. Cu hi t ra l nhng g thuc tnh cc giao thc nh vy cn phi c?y l mt s ti sn [5] l mong mun: Phn phi hot ng Cc giao thc ca kha hc nn c phn phi. N khng phi l ph thuc vo mt node.This kim sot tp trung l trng hp ngay c i vi cc mng vn phng phm. S khc bit l cc nt trong mt mng ad-hoc c th nhp vo / ri khi mng li rt d dng v v tnh di ng mng c th c phn vng. Vng lp min ph ci thin hiu sut tng th, chng ti mun giao thc nh tuyn m bo rng cc tuyn ng cung cp l vng lp. iu ny trnh bt k s lng ph bng thng hoc tiu th CPU. Yu cu hot ng da trn gim thiu chi ph kim sot trong mng v do khng lng ph ti nguyn netwo rk nhiu hn mc cn thit, giao thc nn c phn ng. iu ny c ngha l giao thc ch nn phn ng khi cn thit v giao thc khng nh k pht sng thng tin iu khin. Nhiu hng lin kt h tr Mi trng v tuyn c th gy ra s hnh thnh cc lin kt mt chiu. S dng nhng lin kt ny v khng ch c cc lin kt hai hng ci thin hiu sut giao thc nh tuyn.

An ninh Mi trng pht thanh c bit d b tn thng n cc cuc tn cng mo danh, do , m bo cc hnh vi mong mun t cc giao thc nh tuyn, chng ti cn mt s loi cc bin php an ninh phng nga. Xc thc v m ha c l l con ng i v cc vn y nm trong phn phi cc kha gia cc nt trong mng ad-hoc. Ngoi ra cn c cc cuc tho lun v vic s dng IP giy [14] s dng ng hm vn chuyn tt c cc gi tin. Bo tn nng lng Cc nt trong mt mng ad-hoc c th l my tnh xch tay v my trm mng, chng hn nh PDA l rt hn ch trong nng lng pin v do s dng mt s loi ng theo phng thc tit kim in nng. Do , quan trng l cc giao thc nh tuyn c h tr cho cc ch ng. Nhiu tuyn ng gim s lng phn ng thay i topo v tc nghn nhiu tuyn ng c th c s dng. Nu mt trong nhng tuyn ng tr thnh khng hp l, n c th l mt con ng c lu tr vn c th c gi tr v do tit kim cc giao thc nh tuyn t bt u mt th tc khm ph tuyn. Cht lng dch v h tr Mt s loi cht lng ca dch v h tr c th l cn thit kt hp vo cc giao thc nh tuyn. Ny c rt nhiu lm vi nhng g cc mng ny s c s dng cho. V d c th l h tr giao thng thi gian thc. Khng ai trong s cc giao thc xut t Manet c tt c cc c tnh ny, nhng n l cn thit nh rng cc giao thc vn cn ang c pht trin v c th m rng vi nhiu chc nng hn.Cc chc nng chnh vn l tm mt con ng n ch, khng tm thy l tt nht / ti u / con ng ngn nht tuyn ng. Phn cn li ca chng ny s m t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau v phn tch v mt l thuyt.

3,2 Manet
IETF c mt nhm lm vic c tn l Manet (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) [15] l lm vic trong lnh vc qung co-hoc mng.Hin ti h ang pht trin chi tit k thut nh tuyn ad-hoc mng IP h tr nhn rng n mt vi trm nt. Mc tiu ca h l c hon thnh vo cui nm 1999 v sau gii thiu nhng chi tit k thut cho cc bi ht tiu chun Internet. Ngay c khi Manet hin ang lm vic trn giao thc nh tuyn, n cng phc v

nh l mt ni hp v din n, mi ngi c th tho lun v cc vn lin quan n mng ad-hoc. Hin ti, h c by giao thc nh tuyn d tho: AODV - Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector [19] ZRP - Zone Routing Proto col [8] TORA / IMEP - thi gian c th t Ro uting Thut ton / Internet Manet Encapsulatio n Ngh nh th [6] [16] [17] DSR - Nng ng Source Routing [12] [13] CBRP - Cluster Cn c giao thc nh tuyn [11] CEDAR - Core Khai thc phn phi nh tuyn Qung co c bit [26] AMRoute - Ad-hoc Multicast Giao thc nh tuyn [2] OLSR - Ti u ha lin kt nh nc giao thc nh tuyn [10] Trong s cc giao thc ny c xut, chng ti chn phn tch AODV, DSR, ZRP, CBRP v TORA v mt l thuyt.Chng ti cng phn tch DSDV, m l mt cch tip cn ch ng, tri ngc vi cc giao thc phn ng khc. Chng ti khng phn tch AMRoute bi v n l mt giao thc nh tuyn multicast, khng CEDAR bi v n chnh l mt giao thc nh tuyn QoS, cng khng OLSR, bi v n c gi nh l mt d tho Internet cui. Trong nhng trng hp mt giao thc h tr c hai nh tuyn unicast v multicast, chng ti ch nhn vo ngh thut nh tuyn unicast p. Ca cc giao thc phn tch v mt l thuyt, chng ti thc hin m phng trn AODV v DSR.

3,3 im n trnh t t xa Vector - DSDV 3.3.1 M t

DSDV [22] l mt hop-by-hop vector khong cch giao thc nh tuyn trong mi node c mt bng nh tuyn cho tt c cc im n c th truy cp lu tr hop tip theo v s lng hoa bia cho im n . Ging nh vector khong cch,, DSDV yu cu mi nt nh k pht sng nh tuyn cp nht. Li th vi DSDV qua giao thc vector khong cch truyn thng l DSDV m bo loop-t do. m bo loop-t do DSDV s dng mt s th t th mi tuyn ng. S th t cho thy s ti mt ca mt tuyn ng v cc tuyn ng vi s th t cao hn l thun li. Mt R tuyn ng c coi l thun li hn so 'R R c s th t ln hn, hoc nu cc tuyn ng c s th t tng t nhng R c hopcount. S th t c tng ln khi mt nt pht hin rng mt tuyn ng n mt D ch ph v. V vy, cc nt thi gian tip theo qung co cc tuyn ng

ca n, n s qung co cc tuyn ng D vi mt s-hop v hn v mt s trnh t c ngha l ln hn trc. DSDV v c bn l vector khong cch vi cc iu chnh nh lm cho n ph hp hn cho iu chnh networks.These ad-hoc bao gm cc bn cp nht kch hot m s chm sc thay i cu trc lin kt trong thi gian gia cc chng trnh pht sng. gim s lng ca thng tin trong cc gi d liu c hai loi thng ip cp nht nh ngha: bi cha y v gia tng. Cc bi cha y mang tt c cc thng tin nh tuyn c sn v bi cha gia tng ch mang thng tin thay i k t khi cc bi cha cui cng.

3.3.2 Thuc tnh

Bi v DSDV l ph thuc vo chng trnh pht sng nh k n cn mt s thi gian hi t trc khi mt tuyn ng c th c s dng. Ln ny hi t c th c th c coi l khng ng k trong mt mng c dy tnh, cu trc lin kt khng thay i thng xuyn. Trong mt mng ad-hoc trn Mt khc, cu trc lin kt d kin s c rt nng ng, hi t thi gian ny c th s c ngha l rt nhiu cc gi d liu b ri trc khi mt tuyn ng hp l c pht hin. Cc chng trnh pht sng nh k cng c thm mt s lng ln trn khng vo mng.

3,4 Ad-hoc On Demand Distance vector AODV 3.4.1 M t

Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) [1 9] giao thc nh tuyn cho php nh tuyn a-hop gia vic tham gia cc nt di ng c nhu cu thit lp v duy tr mt mng ad-hoc. AODV l da trn thut ton vector khong cch. S khc bit l AODV l phn ng, nh tri ngc vi cc giao thc ch ng nh DV, tc l AODV ch yu cu mt tuyn ng khi cn thit v khng cn cc nt duy tr cc tuyn ng n cc im du lch m khng ch ng c s dng trong thng tin lin lc. Min l cc thit b u cui ca mt kt ni truyn thng c cc tuyn ng hp l vi nhau, AODV khng chi bt k vai tr quan trng. Cc tnh nng ca giao thc ny bao gm t do vng lp v lin kt b v gy ra thng bo ngay lp tc c gi n cc thit lp b nh hng ca cc nt, nhng ch l tp hp. Ngoi ra, AODV c h tr cho nh tuyn multicast v trnh Ford Bellman "m n v cng" vn [27]. Vic s dng s th t ch m bo rng mt tuyn ng "ti". Thut ton s dng cc thng ip khc nhau khm ph v duy tr cc lin kt. Bt c khi no mt nt mun th v tm mt con ng mt nt khc, chng trnh pht sng Yu cu Route (RREQ) n tt c cc nc lng ging. RREQ lan truyn thng qua mng cho n khi n t n ch hay mt nt

vi mt tuyn ng ti n ch. Sau , tuyn ng c thc hin bng cch unicasting li RREP ngun. Thut ton s dng thng ip cho (RREP c bit) c pht sng nh k nhng ngi hng xm ngay lp tc. Cc thng ip cho qung co a phng tip tc s hin din ca cc nt v cc nc lng ging bng cch s dng cc tuyn ng thng qua cc nt pht thanh truyn hnh s tip tc nh du cc tuyn ng l hp l. Nu thng ip cho dng li n t mt nt c th, cc hng xm c th gi nh rng cc nt di chuyn i v nh du lin kt n cc nt nh b hng v thng bo cho cc thit lp b nh hng ca cc nt bng cch gi mt thng bo tht bi lin kt (RREP c bit) thit lp ca cc nt. AODV cng c mt thng bo l trnh chm dt hiu lc multicast, nhng bi v chng ti khng bao gm multicast trong bo co ny, chng ti s khng tho lun thm bt k. Qun l tuyn ng bng AODV cn phi theo di cc thng tin cnh follo cho mi mc nhp bng nh tuyn: im n a ch IP: a ch IP cho cc node ch. im n s chui: Trnh t n t mau nu dung anh bong tranh ve cho im n ny. Hop Count: S lng hoa bia n ch. Next Hop: Ngi hng xm, c ch nh chuyn tip cc gi tin n ch cho tuyn ng ny nhp cnh. Lifetime: thi gian m ute ro c coi l hp l. Danh sch hot ng hng xm: Neighb hoc cc nt ang tch cc s dng nhp tuyn ng ny. Yu cu b m: To s chc chn rng mt yu cu ch c x l mt ln. Tuyn pht hin Mt nt chng trnh pht sng mt RREQ khi n cn mt tuyn ng n mt ch n v khng c mt trong c sn. iu ny c th xy ra nu cc tuyn ng n ch khng r, hoc nu mt tuyn ng hp l trc y ht hn. Sau khi pht sng RREQ, cc nt ch i cho RREP. Nu tr li khng nhn c trong mt thi gian nht nh, cc nt c th pht li cc RREQ hoc gi nh rng khng c tuyn ng n ch. Chuyn tip ca RREQs c thc hin khi nt nhn RREQ khng c mt tuyn ng n ch. Sau n pht li RREQ. Nt cng to ra mt con ng ngc

li tm thi cc a ch IP ngun trong bng nh tuyn ca n vi hop tip theo bng trng a ch IP ca cc nt ln cn gi RREQ pht sng. iu ny c thc hin theo di mt tuyn ng n nt ban u a ra yu cu, v c th c s dng cho mt RREP cui cng tm ng tr li cho cc nt yu cu. Tuyn ng ny l tm thi trong ngha rng n c gi tr trong mt thi gian ngn hn nhiu, so vi mt mc tuyn ng thc t. Khi RREQ t n mt nt hoc nt ch hoc mt nt vi mt tuyn ng hp l n ch, RREP c to ra v unicasted tr li cc nt yu cu. Trong khi RREP ny fo rwarded, mt tuyn ng c to ra n ch v khi RREP t n nt ngun, c tn ti mt tuyn ng t ngun n ch. Route bo tr Khi mt nt pht hin mt con ng mt ngi hng xm khng cn l hp l, n s loi b cc mc nh tuyn v gi mt thng bo li lin kt, mt tuyn ng kch hot tr li tin nhn cho nhng ngi hng xm ang tch cc s dng cc tuyn ng, thng bo ny ute ro khng cn l hp l. i vi mc ch ny AODV s dng mt neighb hot ng hoc danh sch theo di ca nhng ngi hng xm ang s dng mt tuyn ng c th.Cc nt nhn c tin nhn ny s lp li th tc ny. Tin nhn cui cng s c nhn c t cc ngun b nh hng c th chn hoc l ngng vic gi d liu hoc requestin ga mi ro ute bng cch gi ra mt RREQ mi.

3.4.2 Thuc tnh

u im ca AODV so vi giao thc nh tuyn c in nh vector khong cch v lin kt nh nc-AODV gim ng k s lng nh tuyn trong mng. AODV t c iu ny bng cch s dng mt phng php tip cn phn ng. y c l l cn thit trong mt mng ad-hoc c c hiu sut hp l. cu trc lin kt c thay i thng xuyn. AODV cng c nh tuyn theo ngha truyn thng hn so vi ngun d nh tuyn da trn xut nh DSR (xem 3.5). Li th vi mt giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng trong mt mng ad-hoc l kt ni t mng ad-hoc vi mt mng c dy nh Internet l c th d dng hn. Cc s th t AODV s dng i din cho s ti mt ca mt tuyn ng v c tng ln khi mt ci g s xy ra trong khu vc xung quanh. Trnh t ngn nga vng lp c thnh lp, nhng c th tuy nhin cng l nguyn nhn cho nhng vn mi.iu g s xy ra v d nh khi khng c s th t cn c ng b trong mng? iu ny c th xy ra khi mng tr thnh phn vng, hoc cc s th t bao bc xung quanh. AODV ch h tr mt tuyn ng cho mi im n. Tuy nhin n nn c kh d dng sa i AODV, n h tr mt s tuyn ng mi im n. Thay vo yu cu mt tuyn ng mi khi mt tuyn ng c tr nn khng hp l, c lu tr tip theo con ng n destinatio c th c c gng. Ility probab

cho tuyn ng vn cn l hp l nn c kh cao. Mc d Tr li Route do kch thch gim v s lng bng cch ch gi Tr li Route do kch thch ngi gi b nh hng, h cn phi i qua cc cch hon ton t s tht bi cho ngi gi. Khong cch ny c th kh cao vi s lng hoa bia. AODV gi mt RREP do kch thch cho mi neighb hot ng hoc trong danh sch hng xm hot ng cho tt c cc mc b nh hng ca mt s tht bi lin kt. iu ny c th c ngha l mi ngi hng xm ang hot ng c th nhn c RREPs mt s kch hot thng bo v s tht bi lin kt tng t, nhng i vi cc im n khc nhau, nu mt phn ln ca lu lng truy cp mng c nh tuyn thng qua cng mt nt v nt ny i xung. Mt gii php tng hp s thch hp hn y. AODV s dng thng ip cho mc IP. iu ny c ngha rng AODV khng cn h tr fro m lp lin kt lm vic ng. Tuy nhin n l vn nu loi ca giao thc c th hot ng vi hiu sut tt m khng c s h tr t cc lp lin kt. Cc thng bo cho thm mt trn khng ng k cho giao thc. AODV khng h tr lin kt mt chiu. Khi mt nt nhn c mt RREQ, n s thit lp mt con ng ngc li ngun bng cch s dng nt chuyn tip RREQ l nexthop. iu ny c ngha rng cu tr li tuyn ng, trong nhiu trng hp c unicasted li theo cng mt cch nh l yu cu tuyn ng c s dng.Nhiu hng lin kt h tr s lm cho n c th s dng tt c cc lin kt v khng ch c cc lin kt hai chiu. Tuy nhin n l vn nu cc lin kt theo mt hng mong mun trong mt mi trng thc t. Li cm n trong giao thc MAC IEEE 802.11 s v d khng lm vic vi cc lin kt mt chiu.

3,5 Dynamic Source Routing - DSR 3.5.1 M t

Nng ng nh tuyn ngun (DSR) [3] [12] [13] cng thuc v cc lp hc ca cc giao thc phn ng v cho php cc nt t ng pht hin mt tuyn ng trn mng nhiu bc nhy n ch no. Ngun nh tuyn c ngha l mi gi tin trong phn u ca n mang y danh sch t hng ca cc nt thng qua cc gi tin phi vt qua. DSR s dng cc thng bo nh tuyn khng nh k (v d nh khng c qung co router), do lm gim bng thng mng trn cao, pin bo tn v trnh cp nht nh tuyn ln trn ton mng ad-hoc. Thay vo , DSR da trn s h tr t lp MAC (lp MAC nn thng bo cho cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc li lin kt). Hai ch hot ng c bn ca DSR l tuyn ng pht hin v bo tr tuyn ng. Tuyn pht hin Tuyn pht hin l c ch theo mt nt X c nhu cu gi mt gi tin n Y, c c cc tuyn ng ngun Y. Node X yu cu mt tuyn ng bng cch pht sng mt Yu cu Route (RREQ) gi tin. Mi nt nhn RREQ ny Tm kim thng

qua tuyn ng b nh cache ca n cho mt tuyn ng n ch c yu cu.DSR lu tr tt c cc tuyn c bit n trong b nh cache tuyn ca mnh. Nu tuyn ng khng c tm thy, n chuyn tip thm RREQ v thm a ch ring ca mnh trnh t hop ghi li. Yu cu ny lan truyn qua mng cho n khi mt trong hai im n hoc mt nt vi mt tuyn ng n ch t c. Khi iu ny xy ra mt li Route (RREP) unicasted li khi to. Gi tin RREP c cha chui cc bc nhy mng m qua n c th t c mc tiu. Tuyn pht hin, mt nt u tin gi mt RREQ vi gii hn ti a tuyn truyn (hop gii hn) thit lp khng, cm cc nc lng ging t ti pht sng. Theo chi ph ca mt gi tin pht sng duy nht, iu ny c ch cho php mt nt truy vn cache tuyn ng ca tt c cc nc lng ging. Cc nt cng c th hot ng giao din mng ca h trong ch promiscuous, v hiu ha cc a ch giao din lc v gy ra cc giao thc mng nhn c tt c cc gi tin rng nghe c giao din. Cc gi tin c qut cho cc tuyn ng ngun hu ch hoc cc thng bo li tuyn ng v sau b i. Tr li con ng khi to c th c ly ra bng nhiu cch.Cch n gin nht l o ngc h s hop trong gi tin. Tuy nhin iu ny gi nh lin kt i xng. i ph vi iu ny, DSR kim tra cc tuyn ng b nh cache ca cc nt tr li.Nu mt tuyn ng c tm thy, n c s dng thay th.Mt cch khc l cng tr li v mt RREQ nhm mc tiu khi to. iu ny c ngha rng DSR c th tnh ton cc tuyn ng chnh xc trong s hin din ca bt i xng (mt chiu) lin kt.Mt khi tuyn ng c tm thy, n c lu tr trong b nh cache vi mt tem thi gian v giai on bo tr tuyn ng bt u. Route bo tr Bo dng tuyn ng l c ch m theo mt gi tin ngi gi S pht hin nu cu trc lin kt mng thay i nh vy m n khng cn c th s dng tuyn ng D. im n ny c th xy ra bi v mt my ch lu tr c lit k trong mt tuyn ng ngun, di chuyn ra khi phm vi truyn dn khng dy hoc tt lm cho cc tuyn ng khng s dng c. Mt lin kt khng c pht hin bi mt trong hai s tha nhn tch cc gim st hoc th ng bng cch chy trong ch promiscuous, nghe lm c mt gi tin c chuyn tip bng mt nt ln cn. Khi bo dng tuyn ng pht hin mt vn vi mt tuyn ng c s dng, mt gi ng li c gi tr li vi nt ngun. Khi nhn c gi tin li ny, hop li c ly ra t b nh cache ny cha cc tuyn ng, v tt c cc tuyn ng c cha hop ny c ct ngn vo thi im ny.

3.5.2 Thuc tnh

DSR s dng li th quan trng ca nh tuyn ngun. Cc nt trung gian khng cn phi duy tr thng tin cp nht nh tuyn theo th t nh tuyn cc gi tin h v pha trc. Ngoi ra cn c khng cn phi cho cc tin nhn qung co nh k nh tuyn, s dn n gim chi ph bng thng mng, c bit l trong thi gian khi di chuyn my ch t hoc khng ng k ang din ra. Nng lng ca pin cng c bo tn trn cc my ch in thoi di ng, c hai bng cch khng gi cc qung co v khng cn phi nhn c chng, mt my ch c th i ng thay th. Giao thc ny c li th ca cc tuyn ng hc tp bng cch qut thng tin trong cc gi tin nhn c. Mt tuyn ng t A n C qua B c ngha rng s hc c cc tuyn ng C, nhng cng s tm hiu cc tuyn ng B. Cc tuyn ng ngun cng s c ngha l B m hc cc tuyn ng A v C v C hc cc tuyn ng A v B. y l hnh thc hc tp tch cc l rt tt v lm gim chi ph trong mng. Tuy nhin, mi gi tin mang mt trn khng nh c cha cc tuyn ng ngun ca gi tin. Chi ph ny tng ln khi gi tin i qua hoa bia nhiu hn na t n ch. V vy, cc gi tin gi i s l hi ln hn, bi v trn khng. Chy giao din ch promiscuous l mt vn an ninh nghim trng. K t khi lc a ch ca giao din c tt v tt c cc gi tin c qut kim tra thng tin. Mt k t nhp tim nng c th nghe tt c cc gi tin v qut thng tin hu ch nh nhng li l vt qua v s th tn dng. ng dng c cung cp bo mt bng cch m ha cc gi d liu ca h trc khi truyn.Cc giao thc nh tuyn l mc tiu hng u cho cc cuc tn cng mo danh v do cng c m ha. Mt cch t c iu ny l s dng IP-giy [14]. DSR cng h tr cho cc lin kt mt chiu bng cch s dng ca piggybacking cc tuyn ng ngun request.This mi c th tng hiu sut trong cc tnh hung m chng ti c rt nhiu cc lin kt mt chiu. Tuy nhin chng ti phi c mt giao thc MAC cng h tr ny.

3,6 Zone Routing Protocol - ZRP 3.6.1 M t

Khu Giao thc nh tuyn (ZRP) [8] l mt lai ca mt phn ng v mt giao thc ch ng. N phn chia mng thnh cc khu nh tuyn v xc nh hai giao thc hon ton tch ra hot ng bn trong v gia cc khu vc nh tuyn. Intrazone Giao thc nh tuyn (IARP) hot ng bn trong khu vc nh tuyn v bit c khong cch ti thiu v cc tuyn ng cho tt c cc nt trong khu vc. Giao thc khng c nh ngha v c th bao gm bt k s lng cc giao thc ch ng, chng hn nh Vector Khong cch hoc nh tuyn link-state. Khu vc khc nhau c th hot ng vi giao thc intrazone khc nhau min l giao thc c gii hn cho nhng khu. Mt s thay i trong cu trc lin kt c ngha l thng tin cp nht m ch lan truyn trong cc khu nh tuyn b nh hng nh

tri ngc vi nh hng n ton b mng. Cc giao thc th hai, lin khu Routing Protocol (IERP) l phn ng v c s dng cho vic tm kim cc tuyn ng gia cc khu nh tuyn khc nhau. iu ny rt hu ch nu cc nt ch d OES khng nm trong giao thc zone.The ro uting sau chng trnh pht sng (tc bordercasts) Yu cu Route (RREQ) n tt c cc nt bin gii trong khu vc nh tuyn, ln lt chuyn tip s yu cu nu im n nt khng c tm thy trong routingzone ca h. Th tc ny l i din eated cho n khi nt c yu cu l ca fou th v tr li l trnh c gi tr li ngun ch r tuyn ng. IERP s dng mt Bordercast Ngh quyt Ngh nh th (BRP) [8] l bao gm c ed trong ZRP. BRP cung cp cc dch v bordercasting, khng tn ti trong IP.Bordercasting l qu trnh gi gi tin IP t mt nt n tt c cc nt ngoi vi ca n. BRP gi theo di cc nt ngoi vi v gii quyt mt dn din vin bin gii a ch IP, a ch c nhn ca cc nt ngoi vi. Cc tin nhn c bordercasted sau c ng gi vo mt gi tin BRP v gi n mi nt ngoi vi. Routing Zone Mt khu vc nh tuyn c nh ngha l mt tp cc nt, trong mt khong cch ti thiu c th v s lng hoa bia t nt trong cu hi. Khong cch c gi l bn knh khu vc. Trong mng v d (hnh 3), nt S, A, F, B, C, G v H, tt c nm trong mt bn knh ca hai t nt F. Mc d nt B cng c mt khong cch ca 3 hoa bia t F nt, n c bao gm trong khu vc k t khi khong cch ngn nht l ch c 2 cy hoa bia. Cc nt bin gii hoc cc nt ngoi vi l cc nt c khong cch ti thiu cc nt trong cu hi l chnh xc bng vi bn knh khu vc. Trong hnh 3, cc nt B v F l cc nt bin gii S. Hy xem xt mng trong hnh 3. Node S mun gi mt gi tin n nt D. K t khi nt D khng phi l trong khu vc nh tuyn ca S, mt yu cu tuyn ng s c gi n cc nt bin gii B v F. Mi nt bin gii kim tra xem nu D l trong nh tuyn zo ne. C B v cng khng F tm thy nt req uested trong khu vc nh tuyn ca h, do yu cu l chuyn tip n cc nt tng ng bin gii. F s gi yu cu n S, B, C v H trong khi B gi yu cu n S, F, E v G. yu cu nt D c tm thy trong khu vc nh tuyn ca c hai C v E nh vy, bi tr li c to ra v gi tr li i vi S. nt ngun Hnh 3: Network s dng ZRP. Nhng qung trng tiu tan cho thy cc khu nh tuyn cho cc nt S v D. ngn chn cc yu cu s tr li trc truy vn nh tuyn vng, mt danh sch yu cu ch bin c s dng. Danh sch ny lu tr cc yu cu trc x l v nu mt nt nhn c mt yu cu m n x l, n ch n gin l gim xung.

3.6.2 Thuc tnh

ZRP l mt giao thc rt th v v c th c iu chnh hot ng ca n n cc iu kin mng hin ti hot ng (v d nh thay i ng knh khu vc nh tuyn). Tuy nhin iu ny khng c thc hin t ng, nhng thay v n c cho thy bn knh vng ny nn c thit lp bi chnh quyn ca mng hoc vi mt gi tr mc nh ca nh sn xut. Hiu qu hot ng ca giao thc ny ph thuc kh nhiu vo quyt nh ny. V y l mt lai gia cc phng n ch ng v phn ng, giao thc ny s dng li th t c hai. Tuyn ng c th c tm thy rt nhanh trong khu vc nh tuyn, trong khi cc tuyn ng bn ngoi khu vc c th c tm thy bng cch truy vn c hiu qu cc nt chn trong mng. Mt vn l tuy nhin intrazone ch ng giao thc nh tuyn khng c ch nh. Vic s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau intrazone s c ngha l cc nt s phi h tr mt s giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau. y khng phi l mt tng tt khi giao dch vi mng khch hng. N l tt hn s dng intrazone cng mt giao thc nh tuyn trong ton b mng. ZRP cng hn ch tuyn truyn thng tin v nhng thay i topo khu ph ca s thay i (nh tri ngc vi mt chng trnh hon ton ch ng, m v c bn s lm ngp lt ton b mng khi xy ra mt s thay i trong cu trc lin kt). Tuy nhin, mt s thay i trong cu trc lin kt c th nh hng n nhiu khu nh tuyn.

3,7 thi gian Ordered Routing Algorithm TORA 3.7.1 M t

Tm thi th t nh tuyn Thut ton (TORA) [16] [17] l mt giao thc nh tuyn phn phi. Cc thut ton c bn c bn l mt trong mt gia nh c gi l thut ton o chiu lin kt. TORA c thit k gim thiu phn ng vi nhng thay i topo. Mt khi nim quan trng trong thit k ca n l thng ip iu khin thng thng bn a ho cho mt tp hp nh ca cc nt. N m bo rng tt c cc tuyn ng vng (vng tm thi c th to thnh), v typ ically cung cp nhiu tuyn ng cho bt k ngun / ch cp. N ch cung cp c ch nh tuyn v ph thuc vo Internet Protocol ng gi Manet (IMEP [6]) khc c bn chc nng. TORA c th c tch ra thnh ba ns functio c bn: to ra cc tuyn ng, duy tr cc tuyn ng, v xa cc tuyn ng.Vic to ra cc tuyn ng v c bn ch nh hng lin kt trong mt mng v hng hoc mt phn ca mng, xy dng mt th mch h hng (DAG) bt ngun t ti im n (Xem hnh 4) Hnh 4: o mch h th bt ngun t ti im n.

TORA Asso ciates mt chiu cao vi mi nt trong mng. Tt c cc tin nhn vng h lu lu lng mng, t mt nt vi chiu cao cao hn mt nt vi chiu cao thp hn. Tuyn ng c pht hin bng cch s dng truy vn (qry) v Update (UPD) cc gi tin. Khi mt nt khng c lin kt h lu cn mt tuyn ng n mt ch n, n s pht sng mt gi qry. Gi qry ny s lan truyn qua mng cho n khi n t n mt nt c mt tuyn ng hoc cc im n chnh n. Mt nt nh vy sau s pht sng mt gi tin UPD c cha cc nt chiu cao. Tt c cc e gt u nhn c gi tin ny UPD s t ht heig ca ring ca mnh ln mt tm cao ln hn so vi quy nh trong thng bo UPD. Cc nt sau s pht sng gi tin UPD ring ca n. iu ny s dn n mt s cc lin kt trc tip t ngi khi ca cc gi tin qry n ch. Qu trnh ny c th dn n nhiu tuyn ng. Duy tr cc tuyn ng cp n phn ng vi nhng thay i topo mng trong mt cch m cc tuyn ng n ch thnh lp trong mt thi gian hu hn, c ngha rng cc phn hng dn quay tr li mt th ch theo nh hng trong mt thi gian hu hn. Khi pht hin ca mt phn vng mng, tt c cc lin kt trong cc phn ca mng li tr thnh phn vng t im n c nh du l v hng xa cc tuyn khng hp l. Vic ty xo cc tuyn ng c thc hin bng cch s dng thng ip r rng (CLR).

3.7.2 Thuc tnh

Cc giao thc c bn lin kt o ngc thut ton s phn ng lin kt thay i thng qua mt ng chuyn n gin a ho ca cc thut ton phn phi. iu ny ngn cn CLR gi tin tuyn truyn qu xa trong mng. Mt so snh c thc hin bi d n CMU Monarch tuy nhin ch ra rng trn khng trong TORA l kh ln v s dng IMEP. th c bt ngun t ti im n, trong c chiu cao thp nht. Tuy nhin, ngun gc xut x cc qry khng nht thit phi c chiu cao cao nht. iu ny c th dn n tnh trng ny, nhiu tuyn ng l c th t ngun n ch, nhng ch c mt tuyn ng s c pht hin. L do cho iu ny l chiu cao ban u c da vo khong cch v s lng hoa bia t im n.