Report on Field Trip to Cap Monz

By Marrium Anwaar

Field trip to cap monz

Marrium Anwaar BS (Geophysics) 1st Semester Report no. 1 BS (Geophysics) Date of submission: 5th November 2008

Details of Field Trip

Date of Field Trip: 26 October 2008 Time Duration: 8 hours Time of departure from university: 9:00 A.M. Time of arrival back at university: 6:00 P.M. Instructors: Sir Shamim Sir Sohail Anjum Sir Tabraiz Sir Zaheer

Introduction
This report is submitted to course instructor Sir Shamim. In the field trip to cap monz we studied about two types of formations, different sedimentary rocks, ridges, slopes, faulting etc. We used global positioning system and out crop map (attached at the end) to locate our positions at different points. This field trip was to explain us about the role of water in erosion. (Details are given in the next pages)

Valley:Definition: Area of low-lying land flanked by higher ground is called valley. Valleys usually contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor. Most valleys are connected to other valleys downstream, which ultimately lead down to the coast.

Ridges:Definition: A long, narrow area of elevated land, usually with steep sides is called a ridge. A ridge commonly connects mountain peaks.

Debris:Definition: Fragments of something that has been destroyed or broken into pieces is called debris.

Divide:Definition: A ridge of high ground that separates two drainage basins is called a divide. The region on one side of the divide is drained by a completely separate river system than drains the other side.

Drainage Divide: Every valley is separated from adjacent valleys by a ridge called a drainage divide. Rain falling on
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opposite sides of drainage divides flows in opposite directions toward the bottoms of the adjacent valleys.

Faults:Definition: Crack in the crust of the earth along which there has been movement of the rocks on either side of the crack is called faults. Faults occur on a wide scale, ranging in length from millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Large-scale faults result from the movement of tectonic plates, continent-sized slabs of the crust that move as coherent pieces. How Faults Are Created: Faults are created by stress in the earths crust. Stress is a force, such as squeezing or stretching, which changes the shape of an object. When a material is stressed, the material may respond in three different ways.

It can deform (stretch or compress) elastically, which means that when the stress is removed, the material goes back to its original shape.

It can deform in-elastically, which means that when the stress is removed, the material stays in its new, deformed shape. An inelastic deformation is irreversible.

It can fracture, or break into pieces.

Faulting: The process of creation of Faults is called Faulting. Terminology and Grouping: The two sides of a fault are separated by a fault plane. Two different terms are used to describe a fault planes orientation, or position in the crust. These terms are: Strike

Dip.

Strike: The strike describes the orientation of a fault plane in terms

of compass directions.

Dip: The dip describes how steeply a fault plane dips into the
ground. Dip varies between 0 for a horizontal fault and 90 for a vertical one.

Slope:Definition: Part of the land that rises or falls gradually in the same general direction is called slope. Types: Following are two main types of slopes:

Scarp Slope Dip Slope

Scarp Slope: The slope used for climbing is called Scarp slope.
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Dip Slope: The slope used for getting down from a mountain is
called dip slope.

Rocks:Definition: Rocks are naturally occurring solid material consisting of one or more minerals. Types of Rocks: Following are three main types of rocks: Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous Rocks: Igneous rocks are rocks

formed from a molten or partly molten material called magma.

Metamorphic Rocks:
Metamorphic rocks forms when pre-existing rock undergoes mineralogical and structural changes resulting from high temperatures and pressures. These changes occur in the rock while it remains solid (without melting).

Sedimentary Rocks:

Sedimentary rocks forms when loose sediment or rock fragments, hardens. Types of Sedimentary Rocks: Geologists place sedimentary rocks into three broad categories:

Clastic Rocks: which form from clasts, of or broken fragments, pre-existing

Clastic rock

rocks and minerals.

Chemical Rocks: which form when minerals precipitate, or solidify, from a solution, usually seawater or lake water. Organic Rocks: which form from accumulations of animal and plant remains.

It is common for sedimentary rocks to contain all three types of sediment. Fossils: Most fossils are found in sedimentary processes that metamorphic rocks form rocks because igneous the and
Marine fossil

prevent

fossilization or would likely destroy fossils. Many marine animals, such as corals and shellfish, have skeletons or shells made of

calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When these animals die, their skeletons sink to the seafloor and accumulate to form large beds of calcium carbonate. Details of the skeletons and shells are often preserved in the limestone as fossils The most common types of clastic rocks are sandstone and shale (also known as mud rock). Sandstone: Sandstone is made from sand. Shale: Shale is made from mud. Clay: Earth or soil that is plastic and tenacious when moist and that becomes permanently hard when baked or fired is clay. Limestone: Limestone a common sedimentary rock primarily of the mineral calcite (CaCO3).there are different limestone types like of jill composed
Sandstone

Coral reef collected from Cap Monz

limestone (usually in white colour) and talawa lime stone (usually in black colour) The most common organic rock is limestone. Many marine animals, such as corals and shellfish, have skeletons or shells made
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of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Details of the skeletons and shells are often preserved in the limestone as fossils Formation of Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary rocks form when layers of sand and mud accumulate. As the sediment accumulates the weight of the layers of sediment presses down and compact the layers underneath. The sediments become cemented together into a hard rock when minerals (most commonly quartz or calcite) precipitate, or harden, from water in the spaces between grains of sediment, binding the grains together.

Deposition of Sedimentary Rocks: Sediment is usually

deposited in layers, and compaction and cementation preserve these layers, called beds, in the resulting sedimentary rock.

Minerals:Definition: Compounds formed through inorganic processes are called minerals.

Erosion:Definition: Removal of rock and soil material by natural processes, principally running water, glaciers, waves, and wind is called erosion. Types of Erosion: Following are main types of erosion: Chemical erosion Physical erosion Biological erosion Structural erosion

Global Positioning System:Definition: system (GPS). Our position on GPS in cap monz was different at two places:
(1) (2)

Space-based radio-navigation

system,

consisting of 24 satellites and ground support is global positioning

N:24 33 93 N:24 52 90

E:66 47 93 E:66 43 28

Out-crop Map:Definition: Map designed to study a specific location is called out crop map.
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Brenton Compass:Definition: An Instrument that indicates direction to enable travelers from one place to another. Clinometers: handheld surveying instrument for measuring angles of slope. It is green in colour and is used to measure the strike. Bull-eye dip. lens: handheld surveying instrument for measuring angles of slope. It is red colour and is used to measure the

Syncline:Definition: The youngest rocks in the cores are called syncline. They mainly occur in Pakistan in areas like cap monz, mangupir, drigh road, etc.

Anticline:Definition: Folds in which the oldest rocks are in the core, or center of the fold are called anticline. They mainly occur in Pakistan in areas like lalji, lyari, etc.

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