TUTORIAL 2: MODES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION & STRUCTURE & CLASSIFICATION OF PATHOGENS, CYCLE OF DISEASE AACB4254 Immunology and Advanced

Microbiology SECTION A: TRUE-FALSE MCQs 1. In portals of entry of microbes, A. are of three major types: the skin, the mucous membranes, and the placenta. B. Abrasions, cuts, bites, scrapes, stab wounds, and surgeries open the skin to infection by contaminants. C. linings of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts are example of it. D. the bacteria that cause whooping cough, diphtheria, pneumonia, strep throat enter through the respiratory tract. E. pathogens cross the placenta and infect the embryo or fetus, sometimes causing spontaneous abortion, birth defects, or premature birth. 2. Regarding role of adhesion in infection, A. to accomplish adhesion. pathogen use adhesion factors, which are either specialized structures or attachment proteins. B. Fungi have surface lipoprotein and glycol protein molecules called ligands that enable them to bind to complementary receptors on host cells. C. Adhesins are found on fimbriae, flagella and glycocalyces of pathogenic bacteria. D. Bacterial pathogens must attach to host cells directly to cause infection. E. Example of biofilm is dental plaque. 3. The following statement(s) is/are true regarding manifestation of disease: A. symptoms are objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others. B. signs are subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone. C. Vomitting is a symptom, and nausea a sign D. Shivering are a symptom, whereas chills is a sign. E. A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular disease or abnormal condition. 4. Extracellular enzymes A. Hyaluronidase and collagenase degrade specific molecules to enable bacteria to invade deeper tissues. B. Hyaluronidase digests hyaluronic acid, the glue that holds animal cells together

C. staphylokinase and streptokinase, digest blood clots, allowing subsequent invasion of damaged tissues. D. Coagulase causes blood proteins to clot, providing a hiding place for bacteria within a clot. E. are virulent 5. In the movement of pathogen out of host, A. are referring to infections that occur through portals of exit B. Many portals of exit are essentially not identical to portals of entry. C. pathogens often exit hosts in materials that the body secretes or excretes. D. pathogens may leave hosts in secretions (earwax, tears, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, and respiratory droplets) E. exit in excreted bodily wastes like feces and urine. 6. The following statement(s) is/are true regarding mode of infectious disease transmission: A. Vehicle transmission is the spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food, as well as bodily fluids being handled outside the body. B. Airborne transmission is important in the spread of many gastrointestinal diseases, including giardiasis, amebic dysentery, and cholera. C. Waterborne transmission involves the spread of pathogens farther than 1 meter to the respiratory mucous membranes of a new host via an aerosol. D. Foodborne transmission involves pathogens in and on foods that are inadequately processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated. E. Vectors are animals that transmit diseases from one host to another. 7. Bacteria are: A. unicellular organisms, ranging from 40 m to 200 m in size. B. spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), or spirals C. divided into Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria D. can cause skin infection to human E. example is Cryptococcus neoformans 8. Examples of Gram-negative cocci bacteria: A. Neisseria gonorrhoeae B. Moraxella catarrhalis C. Klebsiella urease D. Escherichia coli E. Streptococcus pneumonia

9. Viruses may contain A. DNA B. True RNA C. True Glycoprotein D. True Enzymes E. False Cell wall 10. Viruses are A. Obligate intracellular parasites B. May divide by binary fission C. Have their own metabolism D. May contain enzymes for replication E. May have an envelope 11. The following statement(s) is/are true regarding virus: A. All viruses are sensitive to antiviral agents. B. Virus infected cells may be transformed. C. Viruses may have a lipid envelope. D. Viruses may produce cytopathic changes in cell culture. E. Some viruses are destroyed by lipid solvents. 12. The following statement(s) is/are true regarding viral transmission: A. Many viral diseases that occur in humans are zoonoses. B. viruses have no free-living form outside their host(s). C. In the environment, a virus particle can do no more than passively survive intact and any damage is liable to render it noninfectious. D. Despite their passivity in the environment, viruses have evolved so as to maximize their chances of transmitting from host to host. E. arthropod borne or arboviruses, multiply to high viral loads in the bloodstream and are transferred to new hosts by arthropods that feed on human blood. 13. Fungi A. found in yeasts and molds form. B. nonphotosynthetic organisms with the ability to absorb soluble nutrients by diffusion from living or dead organic matter. C. yeast consist of branching filaments (hyphae) which interlace to form a mycelium. D. Dimorphic fungi can exist in yeast and mold form dependent on temperature and environmetal conditions. E. examples of dermatophytes are Microsporium spp. and Trichophyton spp., Candida albicans, and Malassezia spp.

14. Examples of helminths sporozoa infection is/are: A. Plasmodium spp. B. Toxoplasma gondii C. Cryptosporidium parvum D. Balantidium coli E. Leishmania spp. 15. Concerning lifecycles of protozoa, A. much more simple reproductive cycles compared to bacteria. B. have well-developed sexual reproduction. C. Amoebae have the simplest lifecycle of all the protozoa D. The motile feeding cysts form causes invasive infection, presenting most often with dysentery or liver abscesses. E. the disease is transmitted by non-motile resistant cysts via contaminated food or water. 16. A vector-borne disease A. is one in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod B. have animals serving as intermediary hosts. C. with intermediary hosts such as domesticated and/or wild animals often serve as a reservoir for the pathogen until susceptible human populations are exposed. D. have examples of sleeping sickness E. caused by bacteria that produced spore. 17. Concerning faecal-oral infections, A. pathogen leave host via sputum B. transmission occurs mainly through indirect contact with contaminated fingers. C. food contaminated directly with exreta D. example of disease is typhoid. E. some of these infections have mainly animals hosts 18. The following is/are example(s) of indirect transmission: A. soil-transmitted helminthes B. water-based helminthes C. beef/pork tapeworm infection D. Guinea-worm infection E. vector-borne infections

SECTION B: Virulence Factors

a) Extracellular enzymes. Hyaluronidase and collagenase digest structural materials in the body. Coagulase in effect camouflages bacteria inside a blood clot, whereas kinases digest clots to release bacteria. b) Toxins. Exotoxins (including cytotoxin, shown here) are released from living pathogens and harm neighboring cells. Endotoxin is released from many dead Gram-negative bacteria and can trigger widespread disruption of normal body functions. c) Antiphagocytic factors. Capsules, one antiphagocytic factor, can prevent phagocytosis or stop digestion by a phagocyte.

SECTION C: STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTION

(P)

(Q)

1. Diagram (P) and (Q) show two types of mechanism of action of bacteria to invade host cell. a) Name the substances group produced by P and Q. b) What is the chemical name of Q? [2 marks] [1 mark]

c) Compare between substances P and Q in term of their chemical properties, mode of action, toxicity, immunogenicity, toxoid potential and fever potential. [12 marks] d) Diphtheria is a disease that caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria by producing diphtheria toxin. Explain how this toxin can cause invasion to host cell. [4 marks] e) Name the causative agent that can cause bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome to the patients if being infected by it. [2 marks] f) Name four examples of causative agent that produce substance (Q). [4 marks]

X Y

2. Diagram above show one of the classification methods for bacteria. a) Name the example of bacteria for W, X, Y and Z.

[4 marks]

b) Bacteria are identified using a series of physical immunological or molecular characteristics. Explain in general how the following characteristics can be correlate to classification of bacteria: i. ii. iii. iv. Atmohspheric preference Endospore formation Fastidiousness Serological reactions [8 marks]

B C c) Diagram above show three types of different protozoa that were classified into their distinctive groups. Classify them into the table below. [6 marks] Classification Example of Protozoa

A B

d) Diagram before show a microscopic examination of fungi under 100x magnification. i. ii. Name the structure A, B, C, D, and E. [5 marks] There are a number of different types of infections caused by fungi, including systemic infection. Briefly explain how systemic infections that caused by fungi can occur. [2 marks]

3. Diagram above shows the life cycle of trypanosomiasis to human. a) Give another common name of this disease.

Trypanosoma cruzi that cause

[1 mark] [1 mark]

b) How was this causative agent being transmitted to human?

c) Is this a type of direct or indirect transmission disease? Justify your answer. [2 marks] d) What is the common name for the vector in this disease. [1 mark]

e) Diagram above shows another types of disease transmission. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Name this type of disease transmission. Name one disease that can transmitted via this type of route. How this disease can spread via contaminated drinking water? State two locations that always have this type of disease. [1 mark] [1 mark] [5 marks] [2 marks]

In your opinions, what are the principles which must be considered as priority issues to prevent this type of disease from occur? [4 marks]

f) Diagram before show another types of disease transmission. i. ii. Name this type of disease transmission. Name three causative agents can be transmitted via this route. [1 mark] [3 marks] [3 marks]

g) How temperature sensitivity can affect the transmission of disease?