Charles Darwin ( The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals - Described shame as consisting of blushing, confusion of mind,

downward cast eyes, slack posture, and lowered head, and he noted observations of shame affect in human populations worldwide.

- He also noted a sense of warmth or heat occurring in intense shame

Sense of Shame -is the consciousness or awareness of shame as a state or condition -may occur as a result of the experience of shame affect or, more generally, in any situation of:

 embarrassment dishonor disgrace inadequacy humiliation chagrin

to Have shame" - means to maintain a sense of restraint against offending others as to have: modesty humility deference

to Have no shame" - is to behave without such restraint excessive pride hubris

RUTH BENEDICT - shame is a violation of cultural or social values - guilt feelings arise from violations of one's internal values

HELEN B. LEWIS - The experience of shame is directly about the self, which is the focus of evaluation - In guilt, the self is not the central object of negative evaluation, but rather the thing done is the focus

Fossum and Mason (Facing Shame) -shame is a painful feeling about oneself as a person -guilt is a painful feeling of regret and responsibility for one's actions

Gershen Kaufman - shame is one of a set of instinctual, shortduration physiological reactions to stimulation - guilt is considered to be a learned behavior consisting essentially of self-directed blame or contempt, with shame occurring consequent to such behaviors making up a part of the overall experience of guilt.

SUBTYPES: Genuine shame - associated with genuine dishonor, disgrace, or condemnation.

SUBTYPES: False shame - associated with false condemnation as in the double-bind form of false shaming

SUBTYPES: Secret shame - describes the idea of being ashamed to be ashamed so causing ashamed people to keep their shame a secret

SUBTYPES: Toxic Shame -describes false, pathological shame -common in children who are sexually and physically abused

SUBTYPES: Vicarious shame - the experience of shame on behalf of another person

SHAME CAMPAIGN July 1, 1997 - In the Philippines, Alfredo Lim popularized such tactics during his term as mayor of Manila - he began a controversial "spray paint shame campaign in an effort to stop drug use

-is an unpleasant feeling in which a person feels a strong sense of emptiness and solitude resulting from inadequate levels of social relationships. - also been described as social pain

COMMON CAUSES - lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence - physical absence of meaningful people around a person - loss of a significant person in one's life

COMMON CAUSES - after the birth of a child (often expressed in postpartum depression), after marriage, or following any other socially disruptive event

TYPOLOGY Loneliness of Emotional Isolation (also known as emotional loneliness) - derived from attachment theory - looks at the relationship between parents/caregivers and children - Adults get attached to romantic partners

TYPOLOGY Loneliness of Social Isolation (also known as social loneliness) - loneliness people experience because of the lack of a wider social network

TRANSIENT LONELINESS - temporary in nature, caused by something in the environment, and is easily relieved CHRONIC LONELINESS - caused by the person, and is not easily relieved

EFFECTS: increased risk of cancer increased risk of stroke increased risk of cardiovascular disease Depression risk factor for suicide linked with a Schizoid character type

EFFECTS: play a part in alcoholism and substance abuse

Some other effects of loneliness may not be symptomatic for years. 2005- results from the American Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that lonely men had raised levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a blood chemical linked to heart disease

2006- study conducted by the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago found loneliness can add thirty points to a blood pressure reading for adults over the age of fifty

John Cacioppo from the University of Chicago- after conducting a survey stated that loneliness impairs cognition and willpower, alters DNA transcription in immune cells, and leads over time to high blood pressure

John Cacioppo from the University of Chicago- after conducting a survey stated that loneliness impairs cognition and willpower, alters DNA transcription in immune cells, and leads over time to high blood pressure

TREATMENTS: Short-term therapy Group therapy Anti-depressants Pet therapy or animal assisted therapy Nostalgia Homeshare programmes

THANK YOU AND ALWAYS BE HAPPY!!!!!

Peplau, L.A. & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. (pp. 1-18). New York: John Wiley and Sons. ^ a b c Cacioppo, John; Patrick, William, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection, New York : W.W. Norton & Co., 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-06170-3. Science of Loneliness.com ^ Park, Alice ( 2009- 12-01 ). "Time.com". Time.com. Retrieved 2010-04-02. ^ Boomsma, D. I., Willemse, G., Dolan, C. V., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005). Genetic and environmental contributions to loneliness in adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study. Behavior Genetics. pdf ^ Weiss, R.S. (1975). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Boston, MA: The MIT Press ^ a b Weiss, R.S. (1999). Reflections of the present state of loneliness research. In M. Hojat & R. Crandall (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 1-16). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications. ^ de Jong-Gierveld, J. & Raadschelders, J. (1982). Types of loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. (pp. 105-119). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

^ Lewis, Helen B. (1971), Shame and guilt in neurosis, International University Press, New York, p. 63, ISBN 0-8236-8307-9 ^ Darwin, Charles (1872), The expression of the emotions in man and animals, London: John Murray ^ Broucek, Francis (1991), Shame and the Self, Guilford Press, New York, p. 5, ISBN 0-89862444-4 ^ Tangney, JP; Miller Flicker Barlow (1996), "Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?", Journal of Personal Social Psychology 70 (6): 125669, doi:10.1037/00223514.70.6.1256, PMID 8667166 ^ Lewis, Helen B. (1971), Shame and guilt in neurosis, International University Press, New York,ISBN 0-8236-8307-9 ^ Fossum, Merle A.; Mason, Marilyn J. (1986), Facing Shame: Families in Recovery, W.W. Norton, p. 5, ISBN 0-393-30581-3 ^ Herman, Judith Lewis (2007), "Shattered Shame States and their Repair", The John Bowlby Memorial Lecture ^ a b Kaufman, Gershen (1992), Shame: The Power of Caring (3rd ed.), Schenkman Books, Rochester, VT, ISBN 0-87047-052-3