Willpower
By Kirk Mahoney
()
About this ebook
Do you want to know how to apply self-control and discipline to your life?
Do you have questions like these about willpower?
* How do commitment and progress affect my willpower?
* Is there such a thing as too much willpower?
* How do pride, shame, and guilt affect my willpower?
* What are some simple things that I can do to protect my willpower?
* Which runs out first, muscle energy or willpower?
Willpower: 62 Self-Control and Discipline Techniques for More Happiness in Your Life answers these questions -- and many more -- by covering:
* Thirteen ways that your thoughts and feelings affect your willpower
* Three impacts of your physiology on your willpower
* Ten willpower recommendations about your diet
* Twelve research-driven approaches to maximizing your willpower to work out
* Six connections between everyday activities and your willpower
* Four willpower implications for goal-support groups
* Six effects of authority figures and strangers on your willpower
* Eight opportunities to leverage willpower research for your future
Each chapter of Willpower begins by challenging you with a question. The chapter then gives you the correct answer, the research behind it, and a practical technique that you can apply right away.
Do you need this book? Take the willpower test today at 1sf.us/wtest .
Kirk Mahoney
I believe that we have a moral duty to be happy around others and that our happiness positively affects our running and walking. So, I write books under the SpryFeet.com imprint to help readers to become happier runners and walkers. Join the SpryFeet.com Readers Club to get ... * A free ebook * Sneak peeks at his future books * Entry into his birthday-month drawings * Opportunities to beta-read his future books * Weekly "Single Biggest Question" newsletter * Get More Clarity, Get More Happiness guide Join Today! http://www.spryfeet.com/free
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Book preview
Willpower - Kirk Mahoney
Your Thoughts and Feelings
Chapter 1: Recalling Your Progress Toward a Goal
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. Recalling your progress toward a goal can increase your willpower to achieve that goal.
B. Recalling your progress toward a goal will not affect your willpower to achieve that goal.
C. Recalling your progress toward a goal can decrease your willpower to achieve that goal.
Answer: C
Recalling your progress toward a goal can decrease your willpower to achieve that goal.
Researchers looked into whether focusing on your goal progress is a good thing. The short answer is no. Instead, this decreases your likelihood of pursuing actions that will lead to more progress. The reason? Thoughts of past goal progress lead to assumptions of future goal progress. This tends to liberate you from continuing to strive toward your goal.
For example, suppose that you have a sales goal to sell 200 widgets this month. Suppose that you sold 150 widgets two months ago and that you sold 175 widgets last month. Then recalling your 175 sales last month and dwelling on it will tend to move you away from — not toward — selling 200 widgets this month.
Technique:
Log your goal progress in a journal, but don’t otherwise open and look at that journal. Set a new goal based on what you enter, but don’t link it in your memory to completion of a previous goal. Instead, link it to something external such as something that you’ve read in a magazine or online.
Chapter 2: Progress vs. Commitment
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. Commitment beats progress when it comes to achieving your goal.
B. Progress and commitment equally affect achievement of your goal.
C. Progress beats commitment when it comes to achieving your goal.
Answer: A
Commitment beats progress when it comes to achieving your goal.
Researchers divided undergraduate students into three groups. They asked group 1 to think about their own commitment to academics when they study hard all day. They asked group 2 to think about their own sense of progress that they feel when they study hard all day. They did not ask group 3 to think about either of these topics.
The researchers then asked all three groups whether they would hang out with friends at night.
Group-2 students were more likely than group-3 students to answer, Yes.
Thinking about their own progress with studying drew their attention away from their goal.
In contrast, group-1 students were more likely than group-3 students to answer, No.
Thinking about their own commitment to academics kept them focused on their goal.
Technique:
Suppose that you have a goal such as selling 25 more widgets this month. To keep moving toward your goal, contemplate your commitment to — not your progress toward — that goal.
Chapter 3: Thinking of Your Failures
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. The more easily you think of your failures, the faster you improve.
B. The less easily you think of your failures, the faster you improve.
C. How easily you think of your failures does not affect how quickly you improve.
Answer: B
The less easily you think of your failures, the faster you improve.
Researchers showed that we tend to judge the probability of an event by how easily we can retrieve or construct that event in our minds. We also tend to judge an event’s truthful representation of us by our judgment of its probability.
So, you are more likely to believe that failures represent you when you can easily remember your failures. And, you are less likely to believe this when you have difficulty remembering your failures.
Elite athletes and other professionals show a tendency to avoid dwelling on their failures. For example, you can see this in almost any television interview with an elite athlete after a bad event. When asked about the failure, the elite athlete will avoid talking about the failure. Instead, he or she will talk about commitment to successful future performances. And, as discussed in chapter 2, goal commitment helps you to improve faster.
Technique:
You are not obligated to dwell on your failures. Let others do that, if they must. Instead, let a poor performance remain recorded in a log that you keep for posterity but not for frequent reference.
Chapter 4: Low Willpower
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. People with low willpower always know it.
B. People with low willpower rarely know it.
C. People with low willpower never know it.
Answer: B
People with low willpower rarely know it.
One group of researchers looked at people failing to recognize their own incompetence. Why? People’s preconceived notions about their skills dominate how they see their own performance. Those notions are stronger than their actual accomplishments.
Other researchers later looked at people’s judgment of their own competence with willpower. They confirmed for willpower what the first group of researchers found for any area of competence.
In particular, people tend to overestimate their impulse-control abilities.
As a result, people tend to overexpose themselves to temptations. They do this because they have a false belief that they have more willpower than they have in reality.
Technique:
No matter whether you know that you have low willpower, assume that you do. Limit your exposure to temptations that will promote impulsive behavior.
Chapter 5: Meditation
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. Meditation cannot hurt willpower.
B. Meditation can reliably neither help nor hurt willpower.
C. Meditation cannot help willpower.
Answer: A
Meditation cannot hurt willpower.
In fact, researchers have shown that a particular type of meditation counteracts willpower depletion. It’s called mindfulness
meditation; you focus your attention on something as basic as breathing.
The researchers reported three major results.
First, people who suppress their emotions deplete their ability to exert self-control later.
Second, mindfulness meditation restores this ability after the initial emotion-suppression task.
Third, only a brief period of mindfulness meditation is necessary to restore self-control.
Technique:
Teach yourself mindfulness meditation. For example, use UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center’s free guided-meditation MP3 files. Go to marc.ucla.edu for more information. Then, suppose that you have just suppressed your emotions and want to exercise renewed willpower. Practice mindfulness meditation first.
Chapter 6: Too Much Willpower
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. Research is unclear as to whether there is such a thing as exercising too much willpower.
B. There is a danger of trying to exercise too much willpower.
C. There is no such danger of trying to exercise too much willpower.
Answer: B
There is a danger of trying to exercise too much willpower.
Some researchers presented radishes and chocolate to test subjects and a control group. The researchers forced the test subjects but not the control group to eat the radishes. The researchers then asked each group to exert willpower in a later task. It had nothing to do with the radishes and chocolate. The test subjects showed less willpower than did the control group.
Other test subjects had to suppress their emotions while viewing a movie and then had to perform an anagram task. Control subjects did not have to suppress their emotions with the movie. The test subjects gave up sooner with the anagram task than did the control subjects.
So, exercising too much willpower over one aspect of your life can hurt your ability to exercise it over another.
Technique:
Look at your willpower as if it were a muscle. Consider seasoned marathoners, for example. They don’t tire leg muscles with several hours of walking around the floor of a race expo the day before a marathon. In an analogous way, you should avoid fatiguing your willpower before any willpower-demanding task. You can do this by avoiding exposure to temptations.
Chapter 7: Feeling Good Enough
about Your Actions Toward a Goal
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. Feeling good enough
about your actions toward a goal can hurt your willpower.
B. Feeling good enough
about your actions toward a goal will not affect your willpower.
C. Feeling good enough
about your actions toward a goal will boost your willpower.
Answer: A
Feeling good enough
about your actions toward a goal can hurt your willpower.
Researchers compared people who took supplements to those who did not. The supplement-takers were more likely to engage in health-risking behaviors. The supplement-takers felt licensed to take actions contrary to the benefits of the supplements.
Other researchers have used the phrase moral self-licensing to label this phenomenon. This covers any behavior that is immoral, unethical, or otherwise a problem for the individual.
Still other researchers simplified the label to self-licensing. Their rationale is that the behavior may not be immoral. You lose the willpower to continue after feeling good enough
about your actions toward a goal.
Technique:
Celebrate for a few minutes an action toward a goal, but as soon as possible turn your attention to what you would like to do better next time. For example, suppose that you support your fitness by walking each Tuesday evening. Suppose that your latest walk went well — farther or faster — in comparison to the previous Tuesday. Tell a friend or relative, but follow that with a plan about how you can do better next Tuesday.
Chapter 8: Being Hard on Yourself
Question:
Which statement is true?
A. How hard you are on yourself does not affect your willpower.
B. You should be kind to yourself to protect your willpower.
C. You should be hard on yourself to protect your willpower.
Answer: B
You should