Calculus formulas ‘Three Special Limits Page 1 Continuity of f(x) at a point x =e: ° lim, 0 et =1 oF lim, ogay=! 1) f(c) exists 2) lim f(x) exists © Jim, g=*=0 _ = © dim, g(t)! =e’ ana tim, .2{1+4)'= 1 (ig ETE] L’Hopital’s Rule Fe)=tin 10-110) fi If lim LS rtm £0) © then 7 8@) A derivative fails to exist > lim stim £&) point of discontinuity, comer, or vertical tangent aia we g(x) (limiting value of slope from left/right side is not the ‘Theorem If f(x)< g(x) h(x) for all x in some interval about ¢ and Jim f(x) = lim A(x) = L then lim g(x) = L. The line x=a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of the function y= f(x) if either f(x) = +40 ot f@)= lim The line y=b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of the function y = f(x)if either lim, ,.. f(X) = or lim, f(x)=b Slant Asymptote, y=mx+b, occur if rational function is a quotient of 2 polynomials that have no ‘common factor and ifthe degree of the numerator is ‘one larger that the degree ofthe denominator (long divide) lim f(x)=mxr+b or lim f(x)=me+b Symmeti Odd function if f(x) = (f(x) > symmetric with respect to origin. (sinx, x°) Even function if f(-x)= f(x) symmetric about the (cosx, x”) same or approaches infinity) Average rate of change of f(x) on [a,b] L(b)- f(a) @ Instantaneous rate of change of f = f(x) Normal line is perpendicular to the tangent line vi + vu Product rule: (wr) vul—uv' Quotient rule: en . Chain Rule: & dt (ren = =e "(Fe) sf) Implicit Different the equation with respect to x. 1. Collect the terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation. 2. Factor out dy/dx. 3. Solve for dy/dx. Logarithmic Differentiation yes" Js) iny=xine a aleDifferentiation formulas d >, du “cotu = ~ese? ut dx d du secu = secu tanu de dx d a eseu = -escucotu Extreme Value Theorem A function f(x) has an absolute maximum and minimum on [a,b] if f(x) is continuous on [a,b]. Intermediate Value Theorem If f(x) continuous on [a,b] then f(x) takes on every value between f(a) and f(b). Page 2 Application of Intermediate Value Theorem If f(x) continuous on [a,b] and f(a) and f(b) differ in sign, then there is at least one root, x = such that aOfor all x in (a,b), then fis increasing on [a,b]. © If f'(x) <0for all x in (a,b), then fis decreasing on [a,b. © (©) isa local maximum if f'(c) =0 and F"(c)<0. * (0) isa local minimum if f'(c) =0and Fr(c)>0 © (©) is a local maximum if f(x) changes from increasing to decreasing at x=c. (OR f ‘(x) changes from + to -) © (0) isa local minimum if f(x) changes from decreasing to increasing at x=c. (OR f ' (x) changes from - to +) © If /{c) is an absolute minimum or an absolute maximum on [a,b], then it will occur at one of the following- 1) endpoint Bien } ee 3) F(@)DNE if f"(x)>0 forall x in (a,b), then the graph of ‘fis concave upward, © if f(x) <0 for all x in (a,b), then the graph of ‘is concave downward, ‘f(c) is an inflection point if the concavity changes at x=c. That is f“(x) changes in sign.Solving Related Rate Problems... 1. Identify all given quantities and rates to be determined. Make a sketch and label quantities. 2. Write an equation involving the va whose rates are to be determined. 3. Using the chain rule, differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time 1 4. Substitute all known variables and then solve for the required rate. iables Integration formulas sinw du = (~cosu) +e fcosu du = sinu +c [secu tanudu = secu +c fescu cot u du —escu) +e fsec*wdu = tanu +e fesc* udu = —cotu +e iutdu =|“ |a0 [n+l [et du =e"+c fat) fa" du =| —|+e Ina 1 lu =In|uj +c Ina (log, u)du = (ez) [secw du = In| secu + tanu| +c fescu du = In|escu + cotu| +e tanudu =—Injeosu|+c cot udu = Injsin ul +c fcos* xdx Ka + cos 2x)de in? xde = [Ed—oos 2x) de ‘Continuity, does not imply Differentiability Differentiability implies Continuity Integrabiity does not imply Continuity Continuity implies Integrability (@ +?) >u=atand @ ~w) > u=asind (u?-a*) > u=asecd Definitios j Flx)de=limy 3 £6 )Ax, Jf(s)de= f(c)(b-a) a definite integral) roa = FOC) ob (x)— F(a(x)ea (x) T= S004 29 +293 tot Bas +Ye) 6 Rectangular Approximation Methods (RRAM, LRAM, MRAM) (ote: h = where m is # of subintervals from x=a to x=b) Average value of f(x) on [a,b] — [ f(x)dx ba} Speed=|v(s)] Total Distance particle travels [a,b]= fhv(e)idrPage 4 av ‘ Acceleration= Area=— J F(x)dx when f(x) <0. Average Velocity on [ab]= . _aw of Exponential Growth/Decay 5 Solvin; ° 8 dt Average Acceleration on [2,b]= Peal: v(b)-(a)_ 1 oe Bry Jawa Newton's Law of Cooling : ar “THE -T.) where T is the object's temperature and T, is the surrounding temperature. Logistic Growth Model de dxjdt’ dk? dx/dt ds _ |(aey Speed=“ — |[& a-\G) Properties of Integrals [Hern freousfroeene ‘The Logistic Growth Model is the solution to the logistic differential equation ® P ‘ tree then 2 and p(t)» P + 00nd p() Jreoae= frends [fender . : Avrea(hounded by curves f dg on [a,b])= Volumes Sphere: vetar ’ . JY@-8@)] a F280) Cone: “ Cylinder: =arh Euler’s Method (or tangent line approximation) Sf (xt Ax) f(x)+ f ede Slope Fields (Given dy/dx, sketch slopes at each (x,y) point. The curve passing through these slopes is the solution the differential equation.) Definition of Area: Given f integrable on the interval [a,b], then the area of the region bounded by the graph of y=f(x), the x-axis, Properties of Logs and the vertical lines x=a and x=b is given by Ig =pIn@, In(a/b)=Ina—Inbs Area= J f(x)dx when f(x)20 and In(ab)=Ina+Inb, In1=0, Ine=1Volumes of Revolution -slice perpendicular to axis of = felroof ax Washer method-slice perpendicular to axis of rotation: ve fF[Re@-7o] dx Shell method~slice parallel to axis of ion: V = f2mp(ayi(ayde Taylor Series £097 FE Ox. ay =f(a)+f (a)(x-0)+* Maclaurin Series (a=0) Nth degree Taylor Polynomial FO) BO)= Fla) F GN =a) FD af one -oy al LaGrange Error (Remainder for Taylor #2) (en! where zisbenween xand a. |fOd-Row FR), = (x- ay" Remainder Estimation for Taylor Series 00-800) May" ™“a)| where|M|2|F Wwe diverges n Page 5 Memorize the ‘avlor Series Alternating Series Remainder ISS, ]=1R,1 sland Vectors position vector: (x(¢), y(t) velocity vector: (dx / dt,dy / dt) acceleration vector: (d*x/dt*,d°y/ dt?) Polar Coordinates r= f(0) @ =aretan (2) Ux) length of polar curve = f* f(r(@) +(r Jide Area = [10 (+ must be nonnegative or nonpositive on the interval)Page 6 Tests for Convergence of Serits of Constants Test Series Comment | neh-Term This test cannot be used to show convergence. Geometric Iel< Series “Telescoping Alternating ‘Remainder: Series [Rul Sawer imeasal (Fis ‘Remainder: | continuous, 4 pote aad 0< Ry < fsa | dec ‘Test is inconclusive if lim W]e) = 1. ‘Test is inconclusive if © b, converges Row fais | [ome paireeers) ian Comparion (an,bn > 0) lim@ = L>0 and © b, converses ané © by diverges Theorem: Ify,| converges, then yy, Definition: IfSg| converges. then a, converges absolutely Definition: If yj.) converges but yy, diverges, then y),, converges conditionally. The terms in an absolute convergent series may be rearranged when finding the sum. The terms in conditionally convergent series may not be rearranged. converges.