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C-X C-CL C-BR C - H: IR Spectroscopy Tutorial: Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides contain a carbon-halogen (C-X) bond where X is a halogen such as bromine or chlorine. The infrared spectroscopy spectrum of alkyl halides shows absorption bands in three regions: C-H wag of -CH2X from 1300-1150 cm-1, general C-X stretches from 850-515 cm-1, and specific C-Cl stretches from 850-550 cm-1 or C-Br stretches from 690-515 cm-1. The spectra can be complicated by other absorptions from 1250-770 cm-1, especially in smaller alkyl halides.

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C-X C-CL C-BR C - H: IR Spectroscopy Tutorial: Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides contain a carbon-halogen (C-X) bond where X is a halogen such as bromine or chlorine. The infrared spectroscopy spectrum of alkyl halides shows absorption bands in three regions: C-H wag of -CH2X from 1300-1150 cm-1, general C-X stretches from 850-515 cm-1, and specific C-Cl stretches from 850-550 cm-1 or C-Br stretches from 690-515 cm-1. The spectra can be complicated by other absorptions from 1250-770 cm-1, especially in smaller alkyl halides.

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  • IR Spectroscopy of Alkyl Halides: Provides an introduction to the IR spectroscopic characteristics of alkyl halides, detailing their unique bands and stretches, supported by visual data.
  • IR Spectrum of 1-chloro-2-methylpropane: Shows the IR spectrum of 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, highlighting the specific absorptions and their corresponding molecular movements.

IR Spectroscopy Tutorial: Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides are compounds that have a CX bond, where X is a halogen: bromine, chlorine, fluorene, or iodine
(usually Br or Cl in the organic chemistry teaching labs). In general, CX vibration frequencies appear in the region
850-515 cm-1, sometimes out of the range of typical IR instrumentation. CCl stretches appear from 850550 cm-1,
while CBr stretches appear at slightly lower wavenumbers from 690-515 cm-1. In terminal alkyl halides, the C
H wag of the CH2X group is seen from 1300-1150 cm-1. Complicating the spectra is a profusion of absorptions
throughout the region 1250-770 cm-1, especially in the smaller alkyl halides. Note that all of these bands are in the
fingerprint region.
In summary, the following bands are specific to alkyl halides:

CH wag (-CH2X) from 1300-1150 cm-1


CX stretches (general) from 850-515 cm-1
o CCl stretch 850-550 cm-1
o CBr stretch 690-515 cm-1

The spectra of 1-bromopropane and 1-chloro-2-methylpropane are shown below. Note the CBr or CCl stretches in
the region 850-515 cm-1. They also show CBr or CCl wag in the region 1300-1150 cm-1.

IR Spectroscopy Tutorial: Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides are compounds that have a C–X bond, where X is a halogen: bromine, c

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