Number Properties I
QUANT LIVE SESSION
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Session Layout
2
3
Even-Odd
Concept
Concept
Test
GMAT
700+ Q
Primes
Concept
Concept
Test
GMAT
700+ Q
LCM-GCD
Concept
Concept
Test
GMAT
700+ Q
Part 1
EVEN-ODD NUMBERS
Even Odd Numbers - Properties
Properties
Every EVEN number can be represented as 2n, where n is an integer
Every ODD number can be represented as 2n+1, where n is an integer
Basic Properties:
2+4=6
82=6
1+3=4
1 3 = -2
23=6
2+3=5
2 - 3 = -1
24=8
Even * Odd = Even
Odd * Odd = Odd
6=23
8=24
3=21+1
5=22+1
7=23+1
9=24+1
(Even)n +/- (Even)n = Even +/- Even = Even
(Odd)n +/- (Odd)n = Odd +/- Odd = Even
Odd +/- Odd = Even
Even * Even = Even
4=22
Derived Properties:
Even +/- Even = Even
Even +/- Odd = Odd
2=21
(Even)n +/- (Odd)n = Even +/- Odd = Odd
(Even)2 = (2n)2 = 4n2
3 5 = 15
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Divisible by 4
Test your Understanding
A, B, C, D are consecutive integers > 1. Then
1. A2 + B2 = (Even, Odd, Cannot determine)
Answer:
Consecutive => One Even, the other odd
A2 + B2 = Even2 + Odd2
Even + Odd
Odd
2. A2 + B2 + C2= (Even, Odd, Cannot determine)
Answer:
Consecutive => (Even, Odd, Even) OR (Odd, Even, Odd)
A2 + B2 + C2 = (Even2 + Odd2 + Even2) OR (Odd2 + Even2 + Odd2)
A2 + B2 + C2 = (Even + Odd + Even) OR (Odd + Even + Odd)
A2 + B2 + C2 = Odd OR Even
Cannot Determine
3. A2 + B3 + C3= (Even, Odd, Cannot determine)
Answer: Cannot determine
Question = MCQ question,
Answer choices: Even, Odd, Cannot be determined
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Test your Understanding
A, B, C, D are consecutive integers > 1. Then
4. B7 - D7 = (Even, Odd, Cannot determine)
Answer:
Consecutive => (Even, Odd, Even, Odd)
OR
(Odd, Even, Odd, Even)
B7 - D7 = (Odd2 - Odd2) OR (Even2 - Even2)
B7 - D7 = (Odd - Odd) OR (Even - Even)
B7 - D7 = Even
5.
A2 + B2 + C2 + D2 = (Even, Odd, Cannot determine)
Answer: Even
2 Odd numbers + 2 Even numbers = Even
Even
Question = MCQ question,
Answer choices: Even, Odd, Cannot be determined
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Apply in GMAT Context: Question 1
Is an bn odd, if a, b, and n are positive integers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.
a and b are squares of consecutive natural numbers
2.
a2 + b2 is odd
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Data Sufficiency Question Solving Process
Is an bn odd, if a, b, and n are positive integers?
1.
a and b are squares of consecutive natural numbers
2.
a2 + b2 is odd
Step 1: Understand the question
Step 2: Draw Inferences
Step 3: Analyze Statement 1 independently
Step 4: Analyze Statement 2 independently
Step 5: Analyze both Statements together
Question 1 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - Is an bn odd, if a and b are positive integers?
Given
To find
1.
a, b, n > 0
Is an bn odd?
2.
a, b, n are integers
One of them is odd and the other is even
an bn odd Even
an
bn
Odd
Power does not change the
even/odd nature of a number
(Even)n = Even
(Odd)n = Odd
Is an bn odd?
Is only one of a or b odd?
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Question 1 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
Is an bn odd?
a, b integers >0
Is only one of a or b odd?
Statement 1 - a and b are squares of consecutive natural numbers
Consecutive natural numbers
{a, b}
If P is even
P2 is even
P, P+1
P2, (P+1)2
If P is odd
P+1 is odd
(P+1)2 is odd
P2 is odd
Each case is an even-odd pair
Answers the question YES! Only one of a or b is odd
Statement 1 is sufficient
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P+1 is even
(P+1)2 is even
Question 1 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
Is an bn odd?
a, b integers >0
Is only one of a or b odd?
Statement 2 - a2 + b2 is odd
a
a2
b2
a2 + b2
Even Even
Even Even
Even
Even Even
Odd
Odd
Odd
Odd
Even Even
Odd
Odd
Odd
Odd
Even
Odd
Odd
(a,b) is an even-odd pair
Answers the question YES! Only one of a or b is odd
Statement 2 is sufficient
Correct answer = Choice D = Either statement is sufficient to answer the question
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Apply in GMAT Context: Question 2
If P = k3 k, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
1. k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers
2. (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 2 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - If P = k3 k, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
?
Given
To find
P = k3 k
If P is divisible by 4.
= k(k2-1)
= k(k-1)(k+1)
= (k-1) k(k+1) = Product of 3 consecutive integers
Case 1
k: odd
(k-1) : even
(k+1) : even
Case 2
k: even
(k-1) : odd
(k+1) : odd
=2m
product has 4
P is divisible by 4 if either
1. k is odd or
2. k is even & k is divisible by 4
P always divisible by 4
=2m + 2
=2m
product has 2
P may or may not
be divisible by 4
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P divisible by 4
if
k is divisible by 4
Question 2 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
P = (k-1) k(k+1)
Is P is divisible by 4?
Statement 1: k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers
k = (10x)n + 54
= 2n (5x)n + 54
even + odd
k is odd
Answers the question P is divisible by 4
Statement 1 is sufficient
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P is divisible by 4 if either
1. k is odd or
2. k is even & k is divisible by 4
Question 2 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
P = (k-1) k(k+1)
Is P is divisible by 4?
P is divisible by 4 if either
1. k is odd or
2. k is even & k is divisible by 4
Statement 2: (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2
(2n + 1) k is odd
odd odd
k is odd
Answers the question P is divisible by 4
Statement 2 is sufficient
Correct answer = Choice D = Either statement is sufficient to answer the question
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Apply in GMAT Context: Question 3
If P = k3 k2, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
1. k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers and n > 1.
2. (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 2 vs. 3
Q3
If P = k3 k, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
1. k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers
2. (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer
Q4
If P = k3 k2, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
1. k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers and n > 1.
2. (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer
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Question 3 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - If P = k3 k2, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
Given
To find
P = k3 k2
If P is divisible by 4.
= k2(k-1)
P is divisible by 4 if either
1. k is even or
2. k is odd & k-1 is divisible by 4
Case 1
k: odd
k2: odd
(k-1) : even
Case 2
k: even
k2: even
(k-1) : odd
product has 2
=2n
P may or may not
be divisible by 4
=2n
=(2n)2
product has 4
P always divisible by 4
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P divisible by 4
if
(k-1) is divisible by 4
Question 3 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
P = k2(k-1)
Is P is divisible by 4?
P is divisible by 4 if either
1. k is even or
2. k is odd & k-1 is divisible by 4
Statement 1: k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers and n>1
k = (10x)n + 54
= 2n (5x)n + 54
even + odd
k is odd
Is k 1 divisible by 4?
k 1 = (10x)n + 54 - 1
n>1
(k-1) is divisible by 4
Answers the question P is divisible by 4
n 2 = 100xn + 625 - 1
Statement 1 is sufficient
Tens and units digit = 24
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Question 3 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
P = k2(k-1)
Is P is divisible by 4?
P is divisible by 4 if either
1. k is even or
2. k is odd & k-1 is divisible by 4
Statement 2: (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer.
(2n + 1) k is odd
odd odd
k is odd
Dont know if k-1 is divisible by 4
Does not answer the question P is divisible by 4
Statement 2 is NOT sufficient
Correct answer = Choice A = Statement 1 is sufficient but statement 2 is not
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Part 2
PRIMES
Prime Number & Factors
Basic Properties
2 is the smallest Prime number
1.
A prime number is a positive integer that has
exactly two different positive factors, 1 and
itself. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7 . . .
2 is the only even Prime number
2 and 3 are the only consecutive numbers
that are prime
2.
V/S
0 and 1
are neither Prime nor Composite.
Consecutive prime numbers
--- Do not have TWO different positive factors
3.
Every positive integer K can be expressed as K
= P1m P2n P3r , where P1, P2, P3 are
prime factors and m, n , r are non-negative
integers
4 = 22
12 = 22 3
6 = 2 3
18= 2 32
8 = 23
1000 = 23 53
10 = 2 5
2400 = 25 3 52
Prime Factorization
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Prime Number & Factors
K = P 1 m P2 n P3 r . . .
where P1, P2, P3 are prime factors and m, n , r
are non-negative integers
Total
Factors
Prime
Factors
Kn will have the same prime factors as K
Eg: 62 & 6 have the same
prime factors: 2 and 3
PnKm will have the same prime factors as K,
if P is a prime factor of K
Eg: 23 * 62 have the same prime factors as 6: 2 and 3
Total number of factors = (m+1) (n +1)(r+1) . . .
Possible powers of P1 in a factor: P10, P11, P12 . . . P1m
(m+1) values
Possible powers of P2 in a factor: P20, P21, P22 . . . P2n
(n+1) values
Possible powers of P3 in a factor: P30, P31, P32 . . . P3r
(r+1) values
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Prime Number & Factors Test your Understanding
K = P 1 m P2 n P3 r . . .
where P1, P2, P3 are prime factors and m, n , r
are non-negative integers
Total number of factors = (m+1) (n +1)(r+1) . . .
Q: How many prime factors does K have if the total number of factors of K is:
a. 1
K=1
b. 2
K = P1
c. 3
K = P12
d. 4
K = P1 P2
e. 5
K = P14
f. 6
K = P12 P2
g. 7
K = P16
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A perfect square will
have an odd number
of factors
Factors/Prime Factors- Test your Understanding
Question 1
Question 3
If X has 3 prime factors and 8 total
factors, then how many prime factors
will Xn have? (FIB)
If X has 3 prime factors and 8 total
factors, then how many factors will Xn
have? (FIB)
Kn will have the same
Answer 3
X = P1 P2 P3
prime factors as K
Xn = P1n P2n P3n
Answer (n+1)3
Question 2
Question 4
If K is a factor of positive integer X that
has 3 Prime factors and 8 total factors,
then how Prime factors does K2 Xn
have?
If K is a factor of positive integer X that
has 8 total factors, then how Prime
factors does K2 Xn have?
X = P1 P2 P3
Answer 3
X = P1 P2 P3
or
X = P17
Answer Cannot Determine
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or
X = P13 P2
Apply in GMAT Context: Question 1
Is an bn odd, if a, b, and n are positive integers?
Even- Odd Question 1
1.
a and b are squares of
consecutive natural numbers
2.
a2 + b2 is odd
1.
a and b are squares of consecutive prime numbers
2.
a2 + b2 is odd
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 1 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
Is only one of a or b odd?
Is an bn odd?
Statement 1 - a and b are squares of consecutive prime numbers
Consecutive prime numbers
Squares
From Even- Odd Question 1
2, 3, 5, 7
4, 9, 25, 49
Consecutive natural numbers
{a, b} {4, 9} {9, 25} {25, 49}
even-odd
odd-odd
{a, b}
If P is even
P2 is even
Two possible scenarios as shown
P+1 is odd
(P+1)2 is odd
P, P+1
{P2, (P+1)2}
If P is odd
P2 is odd
P+1 is even
(P+1)2 is even
Each case is an even-odd pair
Cannot answer the question is only one of a or b odd?
Answers the question YES! Only one of a or b is odd
Statement 1 is NOT sufficient
Choice B
Statement 1 is sufficient
Understanding Information Given in the question is very critical.
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Choice D
Apply in GMAT Context: Question 2
Is an bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, and d are positive integers >1?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.
a, b, c, and d are squares of consecutive prime numbers
2.
a4 when divided by 200 has the quotient 1
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 2 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - Is an bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, and d are positive integers >1?
Given
To find
1.
a, b, c, and d > 1
Is an bn + cn + dn odd?
2.
a, b, c, and d are integers
a b c d = e or o?
Power does not change the
even/odd nature of a
number
(Even)n = Even
(Odd)n = Odd
eeee=e
oooo=e
eeoo=e
eooo=o
eeeo=o
Is 1 or are 3 of the
4 numbers odd?
An expression with sum or difference of integers is odd if odd number of terms are odd.
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Question 2 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
Is an bn + cn + dn odd?
a, b, c, and d > 1
Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
Statement 1 - a, b, c, and d are squares of consecutive prime numbers
Consecutive prime numbers
Squares
{a, b, c, d}
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13
4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169
{4, 9, 25, 49} {9, 25, 49, 121}
e, o, o, o
o, o, o, o
{25, 49, 121, 169}
o, o, o, o
Does not answer the question the expression can be either even or odd
Statement 1 is not sufficient
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Question 2 Step 4 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
Is an bn + cn + dn odd?
a, b, c, and d > 1
Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
Statement 2 a4 when divided by 200 has the quotient 1
a4/200 has quotient 1
200 < a4 < 400
a1
a=2
a4 = 16
a=3
a4 = 81
a=4
a4 = 256
a=5
a4 = 625
a=4
But we dont know if b, c, and d are odd or even
Does not answer the question the expression can be either even or odd
Statement 2 is not sufficient
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Question 2 Step 5 Analyze Statements 1 & 2 Together
Is an bn + cn + dn odd?
a, b, c, and d > 1
Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
Statements 1& 2
Statement 1
{a, b, c, d}
{4, 9, 25, 49} {9, 25, 49, 121}
e, o, o, o
Statement 2
o, o, o, o
{25, 49, 121, 169}
o, o, o, o
{a, b, c, d} = {4, 9, 25, 49}
e, o, o, o
a=4
3 of the numbers are odd
Answers the question
Both together are sufficient
Correct answer = Choice C = Both together are sufficient
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Apply in GMAT Context: Question 3
What is the remainder when b is divided by a, if a and b are consecutive
perfect squares and b is greater than a?
1.
Both a and b are squares of prime numbers.
2.
Both a and b have 3 positive factors.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 3 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - What is the remainder when b is divided by a, if a and b are consecutive perfect squares
and b is greater than a?
?Given
To find
1.
b>a
2.
a and b are consecutive perfect squares
Remainder of b/a = ?
Consecutive numbers
Squares
{a, b}
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Need to know values of b and a
1, 4, 9, 16, 25
{1, 4} {4, 9} {9, 16} {16, 25}
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Question 3 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
a, b are consecutive squares
{a, b}
Remainder of b/a = ?
= {1, 4} {4, 9} {9, 16} {16, 25}
Need to know values of a and b
Statement 1 - Both a and b are squares of prime numbers.
Prime numbers
Per question {a, b}
2, 3, 5, 7
Squares of prime numbers
that are consecutive
squares of consecutive numbers
{2,3}
Values of a, b known
Answers the question remainder can be calculated
Statement 1 is sufficient
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Question 3 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
Remainder of b/a = ?
a, b are consecutive squares
{a, b}
= {1, 4} {4, 9} {9, 16} {16, 25}
Need to know values of a and b
Statement 2 - Both a and b have 3 positive factors.
a = P12m P22n
Total number of factors of a = (2m+1)(2n+1)
{2, 3} are the only consecutive numbers that are prime
3 = (2m+1)(2n+1)
(2x1+1)(2x0+1) = (2m+1)(2n+1)
{a, b} = {4, 9}
m = 1; n . . . = 0
a = P12
Values of a, b known
a is square of a prime number
Answers the question remainder can be calculated
Similarly b is square of a prime number
b=
P12r + P22s +
Statement 2 is sufficient
Correct answer = Choice D = Either statement is sufficient to answer the question
Square of prime
number has 3 factors
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Apply in GMAT Context: Question 4
How many distinct prime factors does Q have, if Q is a perfect square of a
positive integer?
1. Q is odd and 8Q8 has four distinct prime factors
2. 8Q and Q2 do not have the same set of prime factors
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 4 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - How many distinct prime factors does Q have, if Q is a perfect square of a positive
integer?
? Given
To find
Q is a perfect square of a positive integer
Number of prime factors of Q
Q = (Q)2
NOT Total number of factors!
Q is a positive integer
Number of Prime Factors of Q
Kn will have the same prime factors as K
(Q)2 will have the same prime factors as Q
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Question 4 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
Q is a positive integer
# of Prime factors of Q
# of Prime factors of Q
Statement 1: Q is odd and 8Q8 has four distinct prime factors
8Q8 = 23Q8
Prime factors of 8Q8 = 2, Prime factors of Q8
4
Kn will have the same prime factors as K
Prime factors of Q
If Q were even
Q is odd
2 is a prime factor of Q
Odd
Answers the question Q has 3 distinct prime factors
Statement 1 is sufficient
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Q has 4 prime factors
Question 4 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
Q is a positive integer
# of Prime factors of Q
# of Prime factors of Q
Statement 2: 8Q and Q2 do not have the same set of prime factors
8Q = 23Q
Prime factors of 8Q
= 2, Prime factors of Q
Xn has the same prime factors as X
Prime factors of Q2
Odd
Q is odd
How Many?
Statement 2 is NOT sufficient
Correct answer = Choice A = Statement 1 is sufficient but statement 2 is not
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Question 4 ERROR ALERT!!!
Statement 1
Prime factors of 8Q8
Statement 2
8Q = 23Q
= 2, Prime factors of Q8
Prime factors of 8Q
= 2, Prime factors of Q
Prime factors of Q
Prime factors of Q2
Odd
Odd
3
How Many?
IF STATEMENT II IS NOT DECOUPLED FROM STATEMENT 1
You may assume that there are 4 factors of 8Q
And you may consider Statement 2 to be sufficient as well
Answer = Choice D = Either statement is sufficient to answer the question
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Q is odd
Apply in GMAT Context: Question 5
How many distinct factors does Q have, if Q is a perfect square of a positive
integer?
1. Q is odd and 8Q8 has four distinct prime factors
2. 8Q and Q2 do not have the same set of prime factors
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 5 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - How many distinct factors does Q have, if Q is a perfect square of a positive integer?
Given
To find
Q is a perfect square of a positive integer
Number of distinct factors of Q
Each prime factor of Q has even power
(m+1)(n+1)(q+1)
Q = P12m P22n P32q . . .
Q = P1m P2n P3q . . .
Where P1 , P2 , P3 . . . are prime numbers
m, n, q . . . are positive integers
Total number of factors of Q = (2m+1)(2n+1)(2q+1)
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Question 5 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
Q = P12m P22n P32q . . .
(m+1)(n+1)(q+1) . . .
# of factors of Q
Statement 1: Q is odd and 8Q8 has four distinct prime factors
8Q8 = 23Q8
Prime factors of 8Q8 = 2, Prime factors of Q8
Xn has the same prime factors as X
1
Prime factors of Q
Q is odd
2
Odd
Q = P12m P22n P32q
m, n, q
Statement 1 is NOT sufficient
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Question 5 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
Q = P12m P22n P32q . . .
# of factors of Q
Statement 2: 8Q and Q2 do not have the same set of prime factors
8Q = 23Q
Prime factors of 8Q
= 2, Prime factors of Q
Xn has the same prime factors as X
Prime factors of Q2
Odd
Q is odd
How Many?
What powers?
Statement 2 is NOT sufficient
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(m+1)(n+1)(q+1) . . .
Question 5 Step 5 Analyze Statements 1 & 2 Together
Q = P12m P22n P32q . . .
# of factors of Q
Statements 1& 2
Statement 1
Q = P12m P22n P32q
3 prime factors, all odd
P1 P2 P3 2
m, n, q
Statement 2
Q is odd
Statement 1 + 2 are NOT sufficient
Correct answer = Choice E = Both together are not sufficient
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(m+1)(n+1)(q+1) . . .
Part 3
LCM AND GCD
Concept Slide on GCD and LCM
40 98
GREATEST COMMON DENOMINATOR
1. Find the prime factors of the given numbers
40 = 2 2 2 5
40 = 2 2 2 5
2. Write the prime factors in exponential form
98 = 2 72
4. Multiply the numbers from 3.
GCD
21 50 70 = 2
98 = 2 7 7
2. Write the prime factors in exponential form
40 = 23 5
3. Pick the SMALLEST power of each prime factor
1
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
1. Find the prime factors of the given numbers
98 = 2 7 7
40 = 23 5
LCM
GCD
98 = 2 72
3. Pick the GREATEST power of each prime factor
4. Multiply the numbers from 3.
LCM
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2 3 51 72
GCD - Test your Understanding
Question 1
If GCD of two numbers (both integers, greater than 1)
is 1, then which of the following can be true?
Question 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
They are prime.
They are consecutive.
They do not have a common prime factor
They do not have a common factor other than 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
They are prime.
They are consecutive.
They do not have a common prime factor
They do not have a common factor other than 1
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Only 1
Only 2
Only 3 and 4
Only 2 and 3
1, 2, 3 and 4
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Only 1
Only 2
Only 3 and 4
Only 1 and 4
1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer V 1,2,3,4
If GCD of two numbers (both integers, greater than 1)
is 1, then which of the following must be true?
Answer III Only 3 and 4
Question = MCQ question,
Answer choices: A, B, C, D, E
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LCM - Test your Understanding
Question 1 (MAQ)
Question 2
If the LCM of two integers a, b (where b> a
and a>1) is b, then which of the following
can be true?
If the LCM of two integers a, b (where b> a
and a>1) is a*b, then which of the following
can be true?
1. Both a and b can be Prime Numbers.
2. Both a and b can be consecutive integers.
3. All prime factors of a must be prime
factors of b.
4. All prime factors of b must be prime
factors of a.
5. b must be a multiple of a.
Answer: Only #3 and #5
(MAQ)
1. Both a and b can be Prime Numbers.
2. Both a and b can be consecutive integers.
3. All Prime factors of a must be Prime
factors of b.
4. a and b do not share any Prime factors.
5. a and b do not have a common factor
Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5
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LCM- Test your Understanding
Question 3
If the LCM of two integers a, b where b> a and a>1 is a*b/5, then what is the GCD of a & b?
Answer: 5, property used a*b = LCM * GCD
Question 4
How prime factors does K2 Xn have, if K is Prime, X has 3 Prime factors and the LCM of K and X is KX?
1 Prime
factor
3 Prime
factors
K and X have NO prime
factors in common
Answer = 3+ 1 = 4
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Apply in GMAT Context: Question 1
Does P have a factor X where1<X<P and X and P are positive integers?
1.
GCD (P2, k) = k, where k is a prime number
2.
36*20 + 2 < P < 36*20+6
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 1 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - Does P have a factor X where1<X<P and X and P are positive integers?
Given
To find
X, P are positive integers
Does P have a factor X between 1 and P?
1<X<P
Is P Prime?
P>1
A prime number has only two factors: 1 and the number itself
Think:
A composite number will have at least one factor between 1 and the number itself
4: {1, 2, 4}
12: {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
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Question 1 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
Does P have a factor X between
1 and P?
X, P are positive integers
Is P prime?
Statement 1: GCD (P2, k) = k, where k is a prime number
P2 is divisible by k
k is a prime number
k is a prime factor of P2
Xn has the same prime factors as X
k is a prime factor of P
Think:
Let k = 5
P = 5n
P = nk
If n = 1
P is Prime
(n is an integer)
If n 1
P is NOT Prime
Statement 1 is not sufficient
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Question 1 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
X, P are positive integers
Does P have a factor X between
1 and P?
Is P prime?
Statement 2: 36*20 + 2 < P < 36*20+6
Possible values of P:
36*20 + 3
36*20 + 4
36*20 + 5
You need to be smart about simplifying information in order to arrive at the answer.
3(12*20 + 1)
4(8*20 + 1)
5(36*4 + 1)
Divisible by 3
Divisible by 4
Divisible by 5
NOT Prime
NOT Prime
NOT Prime
Statement 2 is sufficient
Correct answer = Choice B = Statement 2 is sufficient but statement 1 is not
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Apply in GMAT Context: Question 2
If P and Q are positive integers and Q = 10 + 4P, find the GCD of P and Q
1. Q = 10 x, where x is a positive integer
2. P = 10 y, where y is a positive integer
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
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Question 2 Steps 1 and 2 Understand question statement and Draw Inferences
Question Statement - If P and Q are positive integers and Q = 10 + 4P, find the GCD of P and Q
Given
To find
P, Q are positive integers
GCD of P and Q
Q = 10 + 4P
P = (Q- 10)/4
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Question 2 Step 3 Analyze Statement 1 Independently
P, Q are integers
Q = 10 + 4P
GCD of P and Q = ?
P = (Q- 10)/4
Statement 1: Q = 10 x, where x is a positive integer
P = (Q- 10)/4
P = (10x- 10)/4
P = 5(x- 1)/2
ODD
P is an integer
GCD (P,Q)
3
5
7
5
10
15
30
50
70
5
10
5
x 1 is even
GCD may be 5 or 10
Statement 1 is not sufficient
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Question 2 Step 4 Analyze Statement 2 Independently
P, Q are integers
Q = 10 + 4P
GCD of P and Q = ?
P = (Q- 10)/4
Statement 2: P = 10 y, where y is a positive integer
Q = 10 + 4P
Q = 10 + 4(10y)
1
2
3
10
20
30
50
90
130
GCD (P,Q)
10
10
10
Q = 10(4y + 1)
GCD is always10
Statement 2 is sufficient
Correct answer = Choice B = Statement 2 is sufficient but statement 1 is not
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Final Words
Key Takeaways
Know your concepts well.
Go through the concept files in detail and retain the basic and derived properties.
Follow the process with due diligence
Steps 1 & 2 Understand the question and draw inferences
thoroughly
completely
Step 3 Analyze Statement 1
Step 4 Analyze Statement 2
Decouple from statement 1
Practice how to simplify information in order to answer the question at hand
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Will come with practice
Next Steps
Analyze your performance in the Live
Session
Work on Weak Areas
In Quant Online
Number Properties block
Attempt Advanced Quiz
Prepare for next Session
In Quant Online
Divisibility and Remainders, Rounding, Statistics
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