EP 320
Process Instrumentation
and Instrumental Analysis
January April, 2015
1. Introduction Classification of instrument.
Teaching Plan: EP320
(W1 to W4)
Homework exercise
Textbook Q1.6
A thermocouple having a sensitivity of 4.8 mV/oC has
been used for the measurement of temperature. Its
output is connected to a moving coil milivoltmeter
which has sensitivity of 1o/mV.
If the length of the pointer of the instrument is 30
mm, determine the overall sensitivity of
temperature-sensing system in mm/oC.
[10 Marks]
Answer: 2.51 /
Solution: Textbook Q1.6
Determine the overall sensitivity of temperaturesensing system in mm/oC.
A thermocouple having a sensitivity of 4.8 mV/oC has
been used for the measurement of temperature.
Its output is connected to a moving coil milivoltmeter
which has sensitivity of 1o/mV.
length of the pointer of the instrument is 30 mm,
Temperature, oC
thermocouple
Transducer
= . /
Transducer element
Voltage
Moving coil
= /
Signal conditioning
element
angle
Mili-volt
meter
Data presentation
element
Pointer & scale, mm
L max = 30 mm
Solution: Textbook Q1.6
Determine the overall sensitivity of temperaturesensing system in mm/oC.
Temperature, oC
thermocouple
Transducer
= . /
Transducer element
Voltage
Moving coil
Angle, o
= /
Signal conditioning
element
Pointer & scale, mm
Mili-volt
meter
Data presentation
element
Assume semi-sphere shape meter has been used:
Thus, max = 180o
the transfer function gain for milivoltmeter is calculated as;
=
30
=
= 0.5236 /
180
Finally, the overall sensitivity mm/oC is;
= = 4.8 1 0.5236 = 2.51 /
L max = 30 mm
Extended exercise: Textbook Q1.6
Repeat Q1.6
Determine the unknown temperature when the
output of millivolt meter is 15.482 mm
Temperature, oC
sensitivity
T = ? oC
= . /
Pointer & scale, mm
L = 15.482 mm
Temperature measurement device
=
=
15.482
=
= 6.168
2.51
Instrument Parameters
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Accuracy
Range
Span
Precision
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
7. Offset
8. Drift
9. Hysteresis
10. Resolution
11. Repeatability
12. Linearity
Classification of instrument
Operational mode of instrument
Instrument can be classified according to the
mode of operation, energy conversion, output
signal, and etc.
In general is it classified as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Deflection and Null Types
Manually Operated and Automatic Types
Analog and Digital Types
Self-generating and Power-Operated Types
Contacting and Non-Contacting Types
Dumb and Intelligent Types
Deflection and Null Types
An iterative balancing operation using some type of
comparator to achieve balance, and a null deflection
at parity.
Deflection Type
Balance Input
(known)
Balance Input
(unknown)
Null Type
Deflection and Null Types
Deflection instrument:
A measuring device whose output
deflects proportional to the
magnitude of the measurand.
Manually Operated and Automatic Types
Manual Operated Type Any instrument that
requires the service of human.
Automatic Operated Type Any instrument that
incorporated the auxiliary device to remove manual
human service.
Automatic type is preferred because :
1. Fast dynamic response
2. Lower operational cost
Manually Operated Type example
Manually Operated Type example
Manually Operated Type example
Manually Operated Type example
Manually Operated Type example
Manually Operated Type example
Automatic Operated Type example
auxiliary device
0
Desire Input
(set-point)
Manually Operated Type: Null-bridge resistance thermometer
Manually Operated Type: Null-bridge resistance thermometer
Signal conditioning
element
Temperature, oC
Voltage
thermocouple
Transducer
Actual Value
Signal
Conditioning
Scale
Transducer element
Data presentation
element
Null-detection
Manual
Slider
Bridge Circuit
Automatic Operated Type: Null-bridge resistance thermometer
Automatic Operated Type: Null-bridge resistance thermometer
Signal conditioning
element
Temperature, oC
thermocouple
Transducer
Voltage
Actual Value
Signal
Conditioning
Scale
Transducer element
Data presentation
element
Rev. Motor
Slider
controller
Bridge Circuit
Relay
Desire value
+
Amplifier
Analog and Digital Types
Analog instrument present the physical variable in
continuous/stepless variations with respect to time.
Digital instrument provide a signal that has been
sampled from continuous data.
Analog and Digital Types
Analog Signal
Analog and Digital Types
Digital Signal
Analog Signal
Self-generating and Power-Operated Types
Energy require by self-generating instrument are met entirely
from the input signal.
Photovoltaic cell (self-generating type)
Contacting and Non-Contacting Types
Non-contacting instrument desire input even though they are
not in-close contact with the measuring medium.
Variable reluctant tachometer (Proximity type)
Dumb and Intelligent Types
Conventional Types - input variable is measured
and display, but the data is processed by the
observer.
Intelligent Type incorporated AI to process data
by using microprocessor. The purpose are as
follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Noise reduction
Auto calibration
Drift correction
Gain adjustment, etc.
Computer Based Measurement
To be continued
Instrument characteristic (Static & Dynamic)
