Internal Test I
1. Tabulate the difference between the HPC and HTC.
2. Define RFID, GPS, IOT.
Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID)
RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of
electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. RFID is
coming into increasing use in industry as an alternative to the bar code.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigation system that
provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the
Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The
system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the
world.
Internet of Things (IOT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
3. List the different types of computing paradigms.
Centralized Computing
Parallel Computing
Distributed Computing
Cloud Computing
4. Define Cloud and Gird Computing.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is the delivery of on demand computing resources-
everything from application to data centres over the internet
Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing
resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle
applications.
Cloud Computing is a pool of virtualized computer resources.
5. Define ubiquitous Computing
Ubiquitous computing refers to computing with pervasive devices at any place
and time using wired or wireless communication.
6. List and write short notes on degree of parallelism.
Degrees of Parallelism
Bit-level parallelism (BLP) converts bit-serial processing to word-level
processing gradually.
Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), in which the processor executes multiple
instructions simultaneously rather than only one instruction at a time. We have
practiced ILP through pipelining, superscalar computing, VLIW (very long
instruction word) architectures, and multithreading. ILP requires branch
prediction, dynamic scheduling, speculation, and compiler support to work
efficiently.
Data-level parallelism (DLP) was made popular through SIMD (single
instruction, multiple data) and vector machines using vector or array types of
instructions. Ever since the introduction of multicore processors and chip
multiprocessors (CMPs), we have been exploring task-level parallelism (TLP).
As we move from parallel processing to distributed processing, we will see an
increase in computing granularity to job-level parallelism (JLP). It is fair to say
that coarse-grain parallelism is built on top of fine-grain parallelism.
7. List the five stages of the Hype cycle of new technologies.
1. Technology Trigger: a technology is conceptualized. There may be
prototypes but there are often no functional products or market studies.
2. Peak of Inflated Expectations: The technology is implemented, especially
by early adopters. There is a lot of publicity about both successful and
unsuccessful implementations.
3. Trough of Disillusionment: Technologies enter the trough of
disillusionment because they fail to meet expectations and quickly become
unfashionable.
4. Slope of Enlightenment: Although the press may have stopped covering the
technology, some businesses continue through the slope of enlightenment and
experiment to understand the benefits and practical application of the technology.
5. Plateau of Productivity: The technology becomes widely implemented; its
place in the market and its applications are well-understood. Standards arise for
evaluating technology providers.
8. Define cyber-physical systems.
A cyber-physical system (CPS) is the result of interaction between computational
processes and the physical world. A CPS integrates cyber (heterogeneous,
asynchronous) with physical (concurrent and information-dense) objects.
9. Define LAN, WAN, NAS and SAN.
The nodes in small clusters are mostly interconnected by an Ethernet switch or a
local area network (LAN).
A storage area network (SAN) connects servers to network storage such as disk
arrays.
Network attached storage (NAS) connects client hosts directly to the disk arrays.
A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively large
geographical area and consists of two or more interconnected local area networks
(LANs)
10. Define clusters of cooperative computers.
A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed processing system, which consists of a
collection of interconnected stand-alone computers cooperatively working together as a
single, integrated computing resource.
11. Define Single system image.
SSI makes the cluster appear like a single machine to the user. SSI is an illusion
created by software or hardware that presents a collection of resources as one integrated,
powerful resource.
12. Write short notes on Cluster Design issue.
13. Define Computational / data and P2P Grids.
Computational or data grids: Compute Grids allow you to take a computation,
optionally split it into multiple parts, and execute them on different grid nodes in
parallel.
P2P grids: A P2P grid with peer groups managed locally arranged into a global
system supported by servers.
14. List different types of Cloud deployment and Service models.
Deployment Models:
Public
Private
Hybrid
Community
Service Models:
Saas - Software as a Service
Paas Platform as a Service
Iaas Infrastructure as a Service
15. Define OGSA.
It describes the overall structure and the services to be provided in grid
environments.
It is a service-oriented architecture that describes the overall structure and the
services to be provided in grid environment
OGSA is a distributed interaction and computing architecture that is based around
the grid service concept, assuring interoperability on heterogeneous systems.
16. List the some of the grid standards.
1. Global Grid Forum(GGF) => works only in Grid area
2. OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information
Standards)
3. W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
4. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
5. Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)
17. Define SOA.
A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural pattern in computer
software design in which application components provide services to other components
via a communications protocol, typically over a network.
18. List the requirements of resource sharing in a grid.
Platform
Mechanisms
Administrative environments
Both single -process and multi-process
Flows
Workloads
Discovery and brokering
Metering and Accounting
Data sharing
Virtual organizations
Monitoring
Policy Organizations.
19. What do you mean by term data intensive?
Data-intensive applications
deals with massive amounts of data.(data exceeding several petabytes (1015
bytes))
grid system must designed to discover, transfer, and manipulate these massive
data sets.
Transferring massive data sets is a time-consuming task.
Therefore, Efficient data management demands low-cost storage and high-speed
data movement.
20. List the motivation behind the OGSA.
OGSA is intended to:
Facilitate use and management of resources across distributed, heterogeneous
environments
Deliver seamless QoS
Define open, published interfaces in order to provide interoperability of diverse
resources
Exploit industry-standard integration technologies
Develop standards that achieve interoperability
Integrate, virtualize, and manage services and resources in a distributed,
heterogeneous environment
Deliver functionality as loosely coupled, interacting services aligned with
industry-accepted web service standards
