Algebra F.

Properties of Radicals

A. Basic Law of Natural Numbers

√ √√
Commutative Law √ √ √
Associative Law ( ) ( ) √
Commutative Law
√
Associative Law ( ) ( ) √
Distributive Law ( ) √

G. Quadratic Equation
B. Basic Laws of Equality

Reflexive Property
Symmetric Property
Transitive Property

C. Theorems of Inequality

H. Division of Polynomial by a Binomial

D. Properties of Exponents

( )

I. Binomial Theorem

√ ( )
( )
( )
( )( )

( ) ( )
E. Properties of Logarithm ( )
( )

( )
( *
J. Special Products
( )
( )( )
( )( ) when n is odd
( )( ) when n is odd
( )( ) when n is even
( )( ) when n is even

K. Factor Remainder Theorem

where e = 2.7182818…
1. If f(a) = 0, then x – a is a factor of f(x)
 2. If f(a) = r, then r is the remainder of x –a S. Work Problem

L. Progression
( )
( ) [ ( ) ]

( ) T. Permutation
1. Permutation of n different things taken r at a
time

M. Harmonic Progression ( )
( )
A sequence of numbers in which their reciprocals
forms an arithmetic Progression. 2. Permutation of n objects with some objects
identical

3.
Permutation of n things in a circle
( )
( )
N. Descartes’ Rule of Signs
U. Combination
1. Look for the change in signs to count for the number
1. Combination of n things taken r at a time
of possible positive zeroes.
2. Substitute “-x” to find the change in signs for
negative zeroes. ( )
( )
2. Combination of n things taken 1, 2,3 … n at a time.
O. Sum of numerical coefficient.
“Substitute 1 to the variable. Subtract constant
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) V. Matrices and Determinats
P. Proportion 1. Square matrix - equal rows and columns (m=n)
2. Diagonal Matrix – a square matrix with all zero
values expect for element within the diagonal
3. Identity Matrix – a diagonal matrix with all
diagonal elements equal to 1
√ 4. Scalar Matrix – a diagonal matrix with all
diagonal elements equal to a constant
5. Triangular Matrix – has zeros in all positions
Q. Resolving Proper Fraction to Partial Fraction above or below the diagonal.

Properties of Determinants
( )
1. If a matrix has a row or column of zeros, the
determinant is zero
2. If a matrix has two identical rows or columns, the
R. Variation determinant is zero
3. If a matrix is triangular, the determinant is equal to
the product of the diagonal entries.
4. The value of the determinant is not change if the
corresponding rows and columns are interchanged.
5. If each of a column or row of a determinant is
multiplied by m, the value of the determinant is
multiplied by m
 6. If two columns or rows of a determinant are
interchanged, the sign is changed.
7. The value of a determinant is not changed if each
element of a column (or row) is multiplied by a
number k and added (or subtracted) to the
corresponding elements of a column (or row)
Interchange row 1 and 2 (put negative sign)

Matrix Operations

1. Addition and Subtraction of Matrix

a. Add the corresponding entries of two
matrices of the same shape
2. Multiplication of Matrices
a. A = m x n, and B = n x r, C = AB = m x r nd
2 condensation
3. Transpose of a Matrix
a. Change rows to columns and columns to
rows
4. Determinant
a. Square matrix only have determinants

Example:

Find the determinant of

By expansion by minors

X=
6. Cofactor of an Entry
X = 21 The determinant of the matrix formed by omitting
the entry’s row and column in the original matrix.
5. Pivotal Condensation Method The sign of the cofactor is determined by the relation
i+j
(-1)
┌ ┐
│ 6 3 4 8 9 │
7. Adjoint of the Matrix
│ 2 1 12 13 16 │
M = │ 5 11 17 19 20 │ Adjoint of the Matrix is the transpose of the cofactor
│ 7 14 18 22 25 │ matrix.
│ 10 15 21 23 24 │
└ ┘ 8. Inverse Matrix

Pivotal element = m(1,1) = 6

Multiplier = (1/p)n-2(-1)i+j W. Complex Numbers

Complex Number is a number combining real and imaginary

parts:

√
1. Algebraic Form

Where:

Conjugate: change the sign of the imaginary part

Division of complex numbers

-obtained by multiplying the complex fraction by the
conjugate of the denominator

2. Polar Form or Trigonometric Form

Where : √

a. Multiplication
( )
b. Division

( )

c. De Moivre’s Theorem
[ ]

[ ]
3. Exponential Form
Plane Trigonometry

A. Trigonometric Identities
B. Graph of Trigonometric Functions
 C. Angles spherical triangle is reduced to the solution of a right
spherical triangle.
Acute angle – less than 90
Right angle – equal to 90 H. Birectangular Spherical Triangle – two angles are 90
Obtuse angle – greater than 90, less than 180 degrees
Straight angle – equal to 180 I. Trirectangular Spherical Triangle – three angles are
Reflex angle – greater than 180
90 degrees

Units
J. Oblique Spherical Triangle
360 degrees = 2π radians = 400grad = 6400mils
Case 1: Three sides given – use law of cosines for sides

D. Spherical Triangles Case 2: Three angles given – use law of cosines for angles

1 minute arc = 1 nautical mile = 6080 feet Case 3: Two sides and included angle – use law of cosines for
sides
Polar Triangles – triangles having the same respective poles
on each side. Case 4: Two angles and included side – use law of cosines for
angles
If ΔABC and ΔA’B’C’ are polar triangles, then
A + a’ = 180 A’ + a = 180 Case 5: Two sides and the angle opposite – law of sines
B + b’ = 180 B’ + b = 180
C + c’ = 180 C’ + c = 180 Case 6: Two angles and a side opposite – use sine law

E. Napier’s Rule on Right Spherical Triangle

Rule 1: The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of

the tangents of the adjacent parts. (SIN – TAAD)

Rule 2: The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of

the cosines of the opposite parts. (SIN-COOP)

F. Quadrantal Triangle

A quadrantal triangle is a spherical triangle with a side equal

to 90. The polar triangle of a quadrantal triangle is a right ∑
triangle.
∑
G. Isosceles Spherical Triangle
An isosceles spherical triangle is a triangle having two equal
sides and two equal angles. The solution of an isosceles The Terrestrial Sphere
 1. A meridian is a great circle passing through the
North and South Pole
2. The Equator is a great circle perpendicular to the
meridian
3. The parallels or latitudes are small circles parallel to
the equator. Its measure is from 0 to 90 deg.
4. The prime meridian is the meridian passing through
Greenwich, England
5. The earth rotates 360 deg in 24 hours.
6. The mean radius of earth is 6373 km, usually taken
as 6400km
0
7. Philippines is located at 121 05’E longitude and
0
14 36’N latitude with time zone of GMT+8:00

PHASE SHIFT

( )
Plane Geometry
For cyclic quadrilateral
A. Triangle √( )( )( )
1. Theorems and Properties
 Sum of angles = 180
 Perpendicular Bisectors = circumcenter (C)
 Angle Bisector = incenter Circle Inscribed in a Quadrilateral
 Median = centroid (G) √
 Altitude = orthocenter (H)
 Euler Line = circumcenter + centroid + orthocentre
 The distance from the circumcenter to the centroid
is 1/3 the length of the Euler Line. C. Trapezoid
 The distance from the orthocentre to the centroid is
always 2/3 of the Euler Line ( )
 Center of Nine Point Circle = midpoint of the Euler
Line (F) ( )

̅ ( *

D. Regular Polygons

( )

√ ( )( )( )

( )

( )
( )
√

(√ ( ))
NAME OF POLYGONS

2 digon
3 triangle, trigon
4 quadrilateral, tetragon
B. Quadrilaterals 5 pentagon
6 hexagon
7 heptagon
√( )( )( )( ) 8 octagon
( )
9 nonagon, enneagon
For cyclic quadrilateral 10 decagon
√( )( )( )( ) 11 hendecagon
12 dodecagon, duodecagon
13 triskaidecagon, tridecagon CENTROID FROM THE CENTER OF CIRCLE

14 tetrakaidecagon, Area By approximation

tetradecagon
15 pentadecagon Trapezoidal Rule

16 hexadecagon [ ( )]
17 heptadecagon Simpson’s One-Third Rule
18 octadecagon * ∑ ∑ +
19 enneadecagon
20 icosagon
Area by Coordinates
30 triacontagon
40 tetracontangon Area = ½ (criss cross – cross criss)
50 pentacontangon
60 hexacontangon
Solid Geometry
70 heptacontangon
80 octacontangon Platonic Solids
90 enneacontangon
N – number of vertices per face
100 hectogon
1000 chilliagon Name face edge vertices Meet
Tetrahedron 4 6 4 3
10000 myriagon
Hexahedron 6 12 8 3
Octahedron 8 12 6 4
Dodecahedron 12 30 20 3
Icosahedron 20 30 12 5
E. Circle

Name V
Tetrahedron √ √

Hexahedron
Octahedron √ √

Dodecahedron ( √ )
√
√
√
Icosahedron √ ( √ )

( ) Rectangular Prism ( )
Rectangular Prism
( ) Cylinder
( ) Cylinder
Pyramid Circle Base, Square Section
Pyramid Circle Base, Equilateral
Frustum of pyramid ( ) Triangle Section √
Frustum of pyramid ( √ ) Circle Base, Isosceles Triangle
Section Leg at Circle
Cone
Circle Base, Isosceles Triangle
Cone Section Hypotenuse at Circle
Frustum of cone ( )
Frustum of cone ( )
Similar Solids
Ellipsoid
Prismoidal Formula ( )
Prolate Spheroid – Revolving Ellipse about major axis
Oblate Spheroid – Revolving Ellipse about minor axis

Sphere

Analytic Geometry

√( ) ( )
Spherical Sector
Spherical Sector

Point Slope form ( )

Spherical Segment Slope-Intercept form
Spherical Segment one base Two intercept form
( )
Spherical Segment two bases General Form

( ) Angle bet. Two Lines:

Spherical Polygon
∑ ( ) Dist. bet. Point and Line:
Spherical Lune, Part of Surface Area of Sphere (| |)
Spherical Wedge, Part of Volume of Sphere √
Dist. Bet. Two Parallel Lines:

Theorem of Pappus √
Area of Polygon
Theorem 1: S = Lrθ (L – length of curve, θ – angle in radians, r
* +
– radius from center of gravity)
(coordinate taken at CCW direction)
Theorem 2: V = Arθ Parallel lines
Perpendicular Lines
Prismoidal Formula

General Equation of Conics

( )

Volume of Some Prismatoid

Ellipse
Two cylinders Parabola
Hyperbola
 General Equation
Equation ( ) ( )
Vertex ( )
Focus ( )
Circle Directrix

- eccentricity equal to zero

Standard Form: ( ) ( )
General Form:

√ General Equation
Equation ( ) ( )
Vertex ( )
Focus ( )
Parabola (e = 1), LR = 4a
Directrix

Ellipse

- eccentricity is less than 1

- sum of distance from foci to a point is equal to 2a
- distance from point to foci is less than from point to
directirx
General Equation
Standard Equation ( ) ( )
Vertex ( )
Focus ( )
Directrix

( ) ( )
Equation:

Perimeter: √ a – semi major, b – semi minor

Area:
Length of Latus Rectum:
General Equation
Equation ( ) ( ) Angular Eccentricity = First eccentricity
Vertex ( )
Second eccentricity
Focus ( )
Directrix
Ellipse flatness
Second flatness
Rectangle inscribed in ellipse:
√ √
 * +

Tangents to conic

Replace With

Hyperbola
POLAR COORDINATE
- eccentricity is greater than 1
- difference of distance from a point to a foci is 2a Distance Between Two Points
- equilateral hyperbola = angle between hyperbola equal
to 90 degrees √ ( )
- distance from point to foci is greater than distance from
point to line.

( ) ( )
Equation:

( ) ( )
Equation:

Common Polar Curves

Length of Latus Rectum:
1. Archimedean Spiral (r=aΘ)

Asymptote: Set hyperbola equation to zero

Translation of Axes

2. Circles
Rotation of Axes

General equation:
0
Elimination of xy term ( )
, if a=c, 45

Area of Coordinates
R = asinΘ R = acosΘ

3. Roses

f. When a > b, graph is a dimpled or a convex limacon

5. Lemniscates

R = cos2Θ R = sin2Θ

Graphing of

R = CcosNΘ and CsinNΘ

When N is odd, there are n petals, when N is even, there are

2N petals.

For cosΘ, graph stars from (R,0)

For sinΘ, graph stars from (0,0)

4. Limacons

Form: r = a +sinΘ, a – bsinΘ, a+bcosΘ, and a-bcosΘ

a. For sine – graph symmetric to y-axis

b. For cosine – graph symmetric to x-axis
c. If b is positive, larger part of the graph is on upward,
right part of the axes.
d. When a < b, the graph will have an inner loop

R = 2 + 3sinΘ

e. When a = b, the graph is a cardiod

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

( )
GRAPH GEOMETRIC SERIES

( )
( )

RATIO TEST (EQUATION OF SERIES REQUIRED)

| | ( )

( )

( )

integral test (equation of series required)

INFINITE SERIES ∫ ( )
Convergent series – if the sum S approaches a limit when n
increases without limit ALTERNATING SERIES

Divergent series – if S approaches no limit when n increases | |

without limit. (Harmonic series is a divergent series) | | ( )

Oscillating series – a divergent series with r = -1

II. SERIES OF VARIABLE TERMS
P-SERIES
POWER SERIES

( ) find interval of convergence using ratio test and equating it to

( ) ( < 1)
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* +
( ) [ ( )]

[ ( )] [ ( )] ( )
( )
Newton Raphson ( )
Applications of Derivatives
c. Largest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse
1. Graphing
√ √
( )
( )
d. Minimum length of the line tangent to an ellipse
if y’ = +  positive slope
L=a+b
y’ = -  negative slope
y’ = 0 zero slope (maxima or minima point)

( )
if y’’ = +  concave upward (sagging)
y’’ = -  concave downward (smiling?)
y’’ = 0 zero change (point of inflection, contraflexure,
change in curvature)

2. Rectilinear Motion
e. Largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a triangle
with one side lying on the base.
( ) ( )

3. Related Rates where b = base, h = altitude

4. Maxima Minima f. Minimum fence or perimeter if the area is given
x=y
L’ Hopital Rule g. Rectangular lot with known area and to be fenced at
three sides only, for minimum perimeter
1. 0/0 or ∞/∞
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. ∞ - ∞
Write as a single fraction or term
0*∞

x = 2y
3. Maxima Minima h. Least amount of materials to be used for an
cylindrical tank.
Shortcut Maxima Minima r = h (open), d = h (closed)
a. Largest rectangle inscribed in a circle i. Minimum cost for a given volume
A square
b. Largest rectangle inscribed in a semicircle.
h = b/2 (b is parallel to the diameter) j. Minimum Length of Ladder leaning against a building
with end on the ground outside the wall.
k. For maximum area of a Norman Windom of given
perimeter

l. For maximum viewing of an object

o. For the strongest rectangular beam than can be cut

from log of radius r.
√

m. For maximum area (to admit the most light) of a

Norman window of given perimeter

p. For maximum volume of a right circular cone with

known lateral area, or minimum lateral area for
known volume.
√
n. For maximum area of a rectangular window
surmounted by a right isosceles triangle of known
perimeter
 q. Largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a given
cone

r. Smallest cone can inscribe a sphere of radius r

s. Minimum length of a wire running from the top of

one post to the stake on the ground and to the top
of another post.

t. For minimum cost of closed cylindrical tank of known

volume or maximum volume for a given cost.

u. Largest cylinder than can be cut from a sphere of

volume V
√

PARTIAL DIFFERENTATION
( )
 ∫
∫

( ) ( )( )( )( )( )( )
* +
( )( )
Trigonometric Transformation

SIN-COS Group ∫
1. m or n is ODD – use Pythagorean property
2. both even – use half angle identity
3. ∫ ( ) ( ) 5. Partial Fractions

TAN-SEC GROUP ∫ Geometric Application

1. n is even – use Pythagorean to secx
2. both m and n are odd – factor secxtanx, 1. Area under curve
Pythagorean to tanx
COT-CSC GROUP – use TAN-SEC principle ∫ ∫

2. Polar area
Improper Integral

Conditions of Proper Integral: ∫

1. a and b are finite: a is the lower limit, b is the upper

3. Polar perimeter
limit.
2. f(x) is continuous in a ≤ x ≤ b
∫√ ( *
Condition 1 violated
4. Volume of Solids of Revolution
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ∫

( ) ( ) 5. Cylindrical Shell Method

∫ ∫ [ ( ) ( )]
∫
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
6. Length of the Arc

√ ( *
Integration Techniques

1. Integration by parts √ ( *

∫ ∫ 7. Area of Surface of Revolution

∫
LIPET mnemonics (Logarithmic, Inverse, Polynomial,
8. Centroid
Exponential, Trigonometric)
∫
2. Integration by Substitution (algebraic) – to
rationalize radicals 9. Moment of Interia
3. Integration by substitution (trigonometric)
Use ∫
Use
Use
∫

4. Wallis Formula
 Permutation in a circle (n – 1)!
Additive rule ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
if mutually exclusive ( ) ( ) ( )
10. Polar centroid ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
Conditional Probability ( | )
∫ ( )
Baye’s Rule
( ) ( )
∫ ( *
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
11. Angle Between tangent and polar line Discrete Probability Distribution

1. Binomial Distribution ( ) ( )

2. Multinomial Distribution ( )
12. Slope of tangent (polar coordinates) ( )( )
3. Hypergeometric ( )
( )

13. Work
use Binomial Distribution when n/N ≤ 0.05
∫ 4. Negative Binomial Distribution ( )
( )
5. Geometric Distribution ( )
Centroid of Common Solids
( )
Hemisphere 6. Poisson Distribution ( )

Spherical Segment
√ Chebyshev Theorem
(one base)
Cone

Pyramid

Paraboloid

Probability Distribution

1. Discrete

Create a probability distribution of tossing a coin twice.

Let x – number of head

x 0 1 2
Probability and Statistics P(x) ¼ ½ ¼

2. Continuous
Variance ∑
2
Standard deviation (square root of variance) P(X) = 3x – elsewhere
x
( ) 3. Joint
Permutation with same element
Given:
( * √
3 blue, 2 red, 3 green,
Gamma Distribution
Two picks X = blue, Y = red

P(x,y) 0 1 2 h(y) ( )
0 3/28 9/28 3/28 15/28
1 3/14 3/14 0 12/28
2 1/28 0 0 1/28
g(x) 5/14 15/28 3/28 1 Exponential Distribution ( )

P(x) =
Mean of Random Value or Expected Value

1. Given X
When used in as negative exponential or poisons
( ) ( )
P(X>x) =
2. Given g(X)
P(0<x<X)=
( ) ( ) ( )

3. Joint Probability

( ) ( )( ) ( )

Note: For continuous, replace sigma with integral sign √

Variance and Covariance

( ) ( ) ( )

For Random Variable

( ) ( )

If x has probability distribution f(x), the variance of g(x)

( ) ( ( ) ) ( )

Covariance

( )( ) ( )

Correlation

Continuous Distribution

Gamma Function

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
 ( ) ( )

Differential Equations Find intersection

1. Order of DE Set then proceed to HE

-highest derivative
4. Applications
2. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants a. Velocity of Escape
- no of constants, no of differentiation √
3. FODE b. Newton’s Law of Cooling
a. Variables Separable ( )
b. Homogeneous Equation
c. Growth and Decay
all terms are of same degree
use y = ux or x = vy
dy = udx + xdu
d. Mixture Problem
c. Exact Equation
( ) ( )

( )

solve this using linear equation (order one)

d. Linear Equation (order one)
after solving, use boundary condition to solve for C
form of ( ) ( )
5. Differential Operators
IF: ∫ ( )

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
ANS: ∫ ( )

then solving by pairing a. Distinct roots

e. Determination of IF ( )

( * ( )
b. Repeated Roots
IF: ∫ ( ) ( )( )
( )
( * ( )
c. Imaginary Roots

IF: ∫ ( )
( )
f. Bernoullis
( )
form of ( ) ( )
6. Construction of Homogeneous DE from a particular
( )∫ ( )
IF: solution

ANS: ∫ ( ) ( )∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

g. Coefficient Linear in Two Variables

example 2

( ) ( )

7. Finding particular solution using variation of

parameters
a. Differentiate general solution once
b. Eliminate last two terms
c. Differentiation depends on the order of the
DE
d. Setup Equations
e. Find A’ then integrate
f. Find B’ then integrate
g. Substitute to get particular solution
8. Laplace Transform

Laplace Transform

9. Inverse Laplace

[ ]
( )

[ ]

[ ]
 ( ) ( ) ( )

Vectors

1. Dot Product SPACE GEOMETRY

| || | √( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )

2. Cross Product
√ √
| || |
Equation of a Line
[ ] 1. General form

( ) 2. Symmetric Form

3. Triple Scalar Product

( ) [ ]

4. Triple Cross Product

5. Area of Parallelogram

| |

6. Area of Triangle

| |

7. Volume of Parallepiped

( )

8.
9.

Vector Line

( )

Vector Plane

a. Vector to Cartesian given P(x,y,z)

 Elementary Surveying ( )
| |
( )

Error in Transit Works

( )
Corrections
1. Line of Sight ( )
(Positive right,
√ negative left)
√ 2. Line of Horizontal ( )
Axis
∑ positive when left
√
up and down right
Corrected = Angle +e2 – e1
∑
√
( )

ROUTE SURVEYING/TRANSPORATION ENGINEERING

∑
√ ( )

( )
√

1.
2.
3.
( * ( *
( ) ( *

Sight Distance
( ) S<L
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
S>L ( )
ELEV = Ht. of Instrument – Foresight
Ht. of instrument = ELEV + Backsight
Tachymetric Surveys

( )

( )

Compass Rule

( )
( )

example
Transit Rule
 ( )
( )
( )
( )
SSD

PSD
Minimum visibility – half of sight distance.

2. Sag Curve (feet)

S<L

S>L

3. Passing sight distance for vertical sag curve at

underpass

S>L

S<L

h1 height of the drivers eye

( ) h2 height of the object
( ) (long tangent)
C vertical clearance from the lowest point of
( ) ( * underpass to the curve

Head Lamp Sight Distance

S>L ( )

S<L
( )
h = height of head lamp, θ – angle of beam above the hort.

OTHER FEATURES

RAIDUS OF SUMMIT CURVE

( )
Sight Distance
TANGENT LENGTH
1. Summit Curve ( )

S<L MINIMUM RADIUS OF SAG CURVE

(√ √ ) ( )
( ) MAXIMUM VELOCITY THRU A SAG PARABOLIC CURVE
( )
( )
( )
( )
S>L (√ √ ) ( )
SPACING OF CARS
 PAVEMENTS ( )

Thickness of Pavement

1. Rigid Pavement ( )
Without Dowels ASPHALT CONTENT
√

With Dowels at
Center √

With Dowels at
Edges √

AIR VOIDS IN A PAVEMENT MIXTURE

2. Flexible Pavement

√
PERCENTAGE OF VOIDS IN MINERAL AGGREGATE

to solve for total thickness, use bearing of subgrade.

To solve for thickness of pavement, use bearing of pavement. PERCENTAGE OF VOIDS FILLED WITH ASPHALT
To solve for thickness of subgrade, T- t ( )

3. Thickness of pavement using McLeods method

Transportation Engineering

( )
P – wheel load, S – subgrade pressure

STIFFNESS FACTOR OF PAVEMENT

( )

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

( )
BULK SP GR OF TOTAL AGGREGATES ( )

( )
EFFECTIVE SP GR OF AGGREGATE STOPPING DISTANCE

( )
ASPHALT ABSORPTION
 ( )

( )
( )( )( )

AVR = 3(D + I) + PD

PIEV – perception, identification, emotion, and volition

STAGES OF PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE

( *

d3 – distance between the passing vehicle at the end of its

maneuver and the opposing vehicle

VEHICLE VS TIME GRAPH

 EARTHWORKS

+ Value for cut, - value for fill

( )

( )

( )( )

Volume of embankment = volume of excavation

EARTHWORK WITH CURVATURE CORRECTION
Cb = cost of borrow

( ) Ch = cost of overhaul
( )
C = meter station (20 meters)
 Hydraulics

(mass density) ( *
(gases)
(specific volume)
(specific weight) Statical Stability of Floating Bodies

( )

Metacenter – point of rotation

(capillary rise for tubes)
capillary rise for plates

(coefficient of compressibility) ( *

1 bar = 100kPA

Boyles Law: ( )

NOTE:
1. When there is a negative pressure, convert it to
pressure head for and establish a imaginary liquid
surface using the negative head
2. “h” is the distance from the liquid surface to the
centroid of the area.
DAMS √
Head loss in Nozzle
( *
moment about toe
Pitot Tube
√
√
⁄ ⁄
√ [ ]
 ( ) ( * (turbulent flow)
√ √
( )

( )
( )
∫

[√ √ ]
√
[√ √ ]
( ) √
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Pipes in Series
√

( ) Pipes in Parallel
( )
( ) ( )
Submerged Weir Pipe Network

* ( * + ∑
where ∑
( )
Minimum Seepage of Trapezoidal Canal
( )

( )
√ ( )
√
Seepage Loss (total)
Unit Tractive Force ( )
(Limiting Tractive Force on Side) ( )
√
(Shear stress at bottom of channel)
√ ( )

* + ( )
√ √
( )
√
( )
√
Velocities in Pipes
√
Laminar Flow
MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
Turbulent Flow ( √ )

shear velocity √

√
rectangular
(laminar flow)
 √
∑ ( )
any section
∑ ( )
√

√
Non uniform flow [ ]

( * ( *

where

( ) =
Mach Angle
Open Channels
Mach no. = V/c
DRAG AND LIFT

Drag Force on a Sphere (Stokes LAW)

CRITICAL DEPTH
Terminal Velocity of Sphere

√
Critical Stages of Channels
1. Rectangular Channel

√
( *
√
( )

( )

Chapter 9 Hydrodynamics

√
( )
( )

( ) Critical Stages for Other Sections

( )
√

√
 √

Flow Around Bends

( )

Centroid and Area of Channel Section

( *
1. Rectangle

2. Triangular

3. Trapezoid
( )
[ ]
4. Circular

5. Parabolic

WEBER NUMBER
 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

( ) ( )

( )

( )[ ( )]
( )( )
for A-2-6 and A-2-7
( )( )

√
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) √

( )

( )

( )

RELATIVE DENSITY DESCRIPTION

0-20 VERY LOOSE
20-40 LOOSE
40-60 MEDIUM ( )
60-80 DENSE
80-100 VERY DENSE

( )
( )
( )
̅

( )

( )

√
( )
( )
 ( )
( ) Boussinesq Point Load
( )
( ) ( )
Westergaard Point Load

* +
isotropic soil ( )
√ Line Load

non-isotropic soil ( )
Circularly Loaded Area

( *
normal { [ ( ) ] }
( ) (undisturbed caly)
( ) (remolded caly) ( )( )
( *

( )+ ( )

( )( ) ( )
( )
CD test – not commonly used because of the slowly
( ) application of deviator stress to allow complete drainage
CU test – commonly used.
( * UU Test – easiest
Slope Stability (Infinite)
no pore water pressure
( *
( ) no pore water pressure

Finite Slope
( )( ) ( )
( ( ))

( )

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY

General Shear
(continuous/strip)
(square)
( * (circle)

( ) ( ) ( *
Relation of time, degree of consolidation, and thickness (rectangle)
Local Shear
 ( )

(square)
(circular) for active pressure, resultant is +δ from the normal for active
pressure, -δ for passive pressure
( ) ( *
Inclination of the Slip
(rectangle) √
Modification of Bearing Capacity Equation Due to Presence of
√ ( )
Water Table
√
√ ( )
( )( )

Case 2 – Water table within d<B FORCES ON RETAINING WALLS WITH EARTHQUAKE FORCES
( )

( ( ))
Case 3 – Water table d > B LATERAL FORCE DUE TO POINT LOAD SURCHARGE
m = x/H, n = z/H
for m < 0.4

( )
for m > 0.4
( )

( )
Lateral Earth Pressure LATERAL FORCE DUE TO LINE LOAD SURCHARGE
m = x/H, n = z/H
normally consolidated m < 0.4
( )√
over consolidated ( )
m > 0.4

( )
LATERAL PRESSURE DUE TO STRIP LOAD SURCHARGE
√
Depth of crack ( )

√
Rankine Theory TWO PLATE LOAD TEST
√
√
√ m – bearing pressure constant
√ n – perimeter shear constant
Coulombs active pressure CANTILEVER SHEET PILE
(moment at bottom is zero)
( )
( )
( *
( ) ( )
( )* √ + FACTORED MOMENT METHOD – divide passive by FS
( ) ( )
FACTOR STRENGTH METHOD – common method
NET PASSIVE PRESSURE METHOD – subtract active constant
( ) from passive constant
ANCHORED SHEET PILE
( ) ( ) moment at anchor is zero
( )* √ +
( ) ( ) FS = TOTAL RESISTING/TOTAL ACTING
NOTE: clogged weepholes stops the drainage of water from SPLIT SPOON SAMPLING
the backfill, causing water pressure.
1. Free earth support method
( ) ( )( )( )( )
2. Fixed earth support

(clay)
( )
Granular

[ ]

Stability of Retaining Wall

VANE SHEAR TEST

Braced Cuts ( )
Peck Distribution in Sand
( )
Distribution in Clay , triangular at 0.25H ( ) ( )
Distribution in Clay triangular at 0.25H top and ( )
bottom
DISTRIBUTION IN LAYERED CALY WITH DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES
[ ( ) ]

Capacity of Piles
1. Piles in Sand
( )

(10D for loose sand, 20D for dense sand)

( )

2. Piles in Clay

( )

Settelement of Piles
For uniform clay – effective pile at 2/3 ht.
For firm clay – effective pile at whole ht.
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION

( ) ( *
( ) √
( )
( )
Mohr Circle ( *( *
1. Tension plus, compression minus
( *
2. Positive when clockwise
( *

ADDITIONAL Depth
 ( *
SETTLEMENTS

B = base or diameter of the plate/footing

CLAY

( ) ( * ( )

SAND
Depth
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( *

( ) ( *

Inclination

( * ( )

( *

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY UNDER ECCENTRIC LOADING

ONE WAY ECCENTRICITY
STEP 1
Determine the effective dimension

STEP 2
Use the general bearing capacity. Note the factors, use
original dimensions
STEP 3
The total ultimate load that the foundation can sustain is

STEP 4

METALLIC STRIP REINFORCEMENT

( )
 ENGINEERING ECONOMY
∑( )( )

( )
ordinary interest = 360 days
exact interest = 365 days

( )
single payment compound-amount factor
( )
( )
single payment present-worth factor
( )
( )
( *

( )

( )
( )
( )
( )
equal payment series present worth factor (P/A)
capital recovery factor (A/P)

∑( )
( *
( )
( )
equal-payment series compound amount factor (F/A)
sinking fund factor (A/F)
Capitalized Cost
∑( )
( )
( ) Annual Cost = Ci
( )
( )
Bonds
( )
∑( )
( )
D = dividend
( )( )
( ) FC – first cost
r – dividend rate
I – interest rate
∑( )

( ) ( )
∑( )( ) F – face value of bond
C – redemption value = F* %(redemption rate -100)
D – periodic dividend = F*%bond rate – divide by 2 if
∑( )( ) semiannual
i – interest rate – divide by 2 if semiannual
Payout Period

∑( )( )
Depletion –annual charge that is made for the maintenance Motion of Pulleys
of investment in wasting assets such as mines, oil, and gas
assign variable lengths

C – capital, Conservation of Energy

A – annual income
no unbalance force

( *

( * PE
KE

PE elastic

DYNAMICS

Projectile Motion Curvilinear Coordinates

[ ]

CENTER OF CURVATURE
( )
( )

Force Mass and Acceleration

Horizontal Circle
F is + if direction of F is same as acceleration
F is – if direction of F is opposite as acceleration

Work and Energy Theorem For a bob pendulum √

√ ( )

Note for Vertical Circle

Weight is “+” when downward, otherwise “-“
Force is “+” if direction is same as motion, otherwise “-“ When object at top,
Spring and Friction are always negative When object at bottom,
Otherwise, man directed towards the center

Equations of Motion
Banking of Curves

( )
Area under a-t graph = change in velocity
Area under v-t graph = change in displacement Note: Positive for car going upward, otherwise negative
Static area under a-t graph = change in displacement
Cylindrical Coordinates

Impulse Momentum

Conservation of Momentum

( ) ( )

Angular Momentum

Along x-direction, coefficient of restitution is used.

Along y-direction, velocities are the same.

Rotation

Equations of Rotational Motion

Relative Velocities (translating axis

Instantaneous Center – point of zero velocity

Note: instantaneous lines are drawn tangent to the velocity

of the object. The intersection of the two lines is the
instantaneous center.
 CONCRETE DESIGN
̅
WSD DESIGN
̅
√

Deflection of Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members

1. Instantaneous or Immediate Deflection

2. Long term or Final Deflection

) Duration of Sustained Load

√(
5 years of more 2
12 months 1.4
( ) 6 months 1.2
3 months 1
( ) 3. Effective Moment of Inertia for Deflection
Calculations
Computation for centroid
( )( *
( ) ( ) ( )

For continuous members

BEAM CROSS SECTION SPECIFICATIONS AND CRACK CONTROL ( )

( )
1. Minimum beam width b = 200mm MIDSPAN DEFLECTION OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS
2. Effective depth, d =1.5 to 2.5b ( )
3. Reinforcing Bar Size
Main Bar: 16mm ( ( ))
Stirrups: Use 10mm for main bars 28mm and small
Use 12mm for main bars 28mm and larger
4. Clear Bar Covering
Use 40mm if member is not exposed to weather
Use 50mm if member is exposed to weather Concrete Compression area = ab
Use 75mm if member is exposed to earth
5. Minimum clear spacing between bars
( )
1 bar diameter but not less than 25mm
1 1/3 size of coarse aggregates Tension Steel Ratio Requirements
6. Maximum Permissible Nominal Aggregate Size
1/5 of the narrowest distance between side forms
1/3 of the beam depth minimum ratio
¾ of the minimum clear bar spacing
( *
Flexural Crack Control Provisions
( *
Maximum Permissible Width of Crack

coefficient of resistance

steel ratio index

√
 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS √

√ * +

Detailed Calculation

( ) [√ ] √
( )
( )

[ ]

√ * +
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
INCLINED STIRRUPS
( )

( )
REGIONS FOR REQUIRED STIRRUP SPACING

reg Condition Spacing

1 Stirrups not required
Solve for Mu given As and A’s
1. Assume not yielding 2
2. Find c (T = Cs + Cc)
3. Check if right assumptiom 3
4. Compute M1 = concrete(d – a/2)
5. Compute M2 = Cs(d – d’) 4

Solve for As and As’ given Mu

1. Solve M1 in rho max
2. Find M2 = Mn – M1 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
3. Assume yielding M2 = Asfy(d – d’)
4. Check if yielding TENSION
5. If not yielding, A’sf’s = Asfy
√

T-BEAMS AND IRREGULAR SECTIONS √

Modifications for Modified basic development length
408.13 T-beam construction ( )
1. Slabs on both sides FACTOR CONDITION
Flange width a. 1.0 any of
√

2. Slabs on one side

Flange width
b. 2.0 any of

c. 1.4 not meeting (a) and (b)

d. 0.8 all of
SHEAR REQUIREMENTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS 32mm bars or smaller

e. 0.75 (heavy reinforced)

 1.3 LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE

for ties, 12mm ties and not more than

100mm spacing 407.2 Standard Hooks
f. Check
√
Development Length

For stirrups and tie hooks

FACTOR CONDITION
a. 16mm bar and smaller, 90-deg bend plus 6db at the
A. 1.3 TOP REINFORCEMENT
free end
B. 1.3 or LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
b. 20 and 25mm, 90-deg bend plus 12db at free end
√ c. 25mm bar and smaller, 135-deg bend plus 6db
extension at free end of bar.
EXCESS REINFORCEMENT 407.3 Minimum Bend Diameter
a. for stirrups and ties – 4db
b. other bars
10 to 25mm - 6db
28 and 32mm – 8db
DEFORMED BARS IN COMPRESSION 36 mm – 10db

BASIC DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

√ ONE WAY SLAB

Development Length Table 409 – 1 Minimum Thickness of Non-prestressed beams

or one way slabs unless deflections are computed

FACTOR CONDTION
EXCESS REINFORCEMENT Member Simply One Cont Two Cont Cantilever
Slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
0.75 (heavy reinforced) Beam L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

for ties, 12mm ties and not more than for structural lightweight concrete, values shall be multiplied
100mm spacing by (1.65 – 0.0005wc) where wc is in kg/m3
for fy other than 415MPa, the values shall be multiplied by
(0.4 +fy/700)
STANDARD HOOKS IN TENSION

Shrinkage and Temperature Bars

√
Applied to gross area but not less than 0.0014
Development Length Grade 230 and 275 deformed bars - 0.002
Grade 415 are used – 0.0018
Exceeds 415MPa – 0.0018(400/fy)
Shall not be spaced not farther than five times the slab
FACTOR CONDITION thickness nor 450mm
bar yield strength other than 415MPa

0.7 Concrete cover Moment Coefficients Summary:

POSITIVE MOMENTS
EXCESS REINFORCEMENT End Spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained = 11
Discontinuous end integral with support = 14 LONG COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Interior spans = 16
UNBRACED FRAME

NEGATIVE MOMENTS
EXTERIOR FACE OF FIRST INTERIOR SUPPORT BRACED FRAME
two spans = 9 ( *
more than two spans = 10
OTHER NEGATIVE INTERIOR SUPPORT = 11 it shall be permitted to ignore the slenderness effect for
compression members which satisfy these eq.
NEGATIVE MOMENT AT EXTERIOR SUPPORT SPANDREL = 24
NEGATIVE MOMENT AT EXTERIOR SUPPORT COLUMN = 16

SHEAR COEFFICIENT

SHEAR IN END MEMBER AT FACE OF FIRST INTERIOR = 1.15/2 ( )

SHEAR AT FACE OF ALL OTHER SUPPORTS = ½ ( )

Ln – clear span for positive moment or shear ( )

Ln – average of adjacent clear spans for negative
moment
simplified equation
detailed equation (if reinforcements are given)
AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

- infinite neutral axis

NOTE: creep factor is zero for lateral loads
Steel ratio shall not be less than 0.01 nor more than 0.08
Minimum number of main bars shall be 4 for rectangular or ( *
circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular bars, and 6 for bars ( )
enclosed by spirals note: use minimum moment if it is greater than the applied
moment.
( *
( )
Clear spacing between longitudinal bars shall not be less than
1.5db or 40mm ( )
Spacing between spirals shall not be exceed 75mm, nor be L – unsupported length
less than 25mm FACTOR
410.4.6.1 For non-prestressed members with spiral Condition at Far Sidesway Sidesway
reinforcement End prevented Uninhibited
[ ( ) ] Pinned 1.5 0.50
Fixed against 2.0 0.67
410.4.6.1 For non-prestressed members with tie rotation
reinforcement For column ends – pinned connection (10), fixed (1)
[ ( ) ]

Dc – diameter of core = Diameter – clear cover

PLASTIC CENTROID
- location of the column resultant load in order to
produce uniform strain over the entire column section.
 1. Solve for c using the balanced equation
2. Solve for a
Top Bottom 3. Solve for forces
4. Solve for P and e by varignon’s theorem

INTERACTION DIAGRAM

Note:

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN 1. X-axis represent axial ratio

2. Y-axis represent moment ratio
Small axial compression
3. radial lines represent eccentricity ratio
when ultimate load is under small axial compression 4. γh = distance from bar to bar.
For spiral column
BRESLERS FORMULA

For tied column

FOOTINGS
AT IDEAL CONDITION
( )

considered concrete displaced

( )
One way shear (governs for square footing)
neglect concrete displaced
√
( ( ) )
( ) ( ) ( )
HOW TO SOLVE FOR FORCES GIVEN ECCENTRICITY AND LOAD Two way shear (governs for rectangular footing)
1. Solve for length of compression block, “a”, by taking critical section at d from the face of the column
moment at the tension bars. Assume condition like
tension bar yields or compression bar does not yield √
2. Solve for c. reinforcement for short direction for rectangular footing
3. Check from strain diagram if the assumptions made
are correct, adjust step 1 for corrections.
4. Solve for forces using the corrected value of a.
SOLVE FOR FORCES GIVEN IDEAL CONDITION
 ( )( *

( )
WALL FOOTING
Ash – area of ties parallel to the shear force
MOMENT s – spacing of ties
critical section at the face of the column Ach – area of core = area of section without clear cover
hc – distance between ties outer ties.
Length of confinement, Lo, shall not be less than
COMBINED FOOTINGS a. Least dimension
b. One sixth of the clear span
FOR COMBINED FOOTING c. 450mm
shall designed to have uniform settlement. The resultant of
the loads should coincide with the soil pressure resultant.
FOOTING ON PILES PRESTRESS CONCRETE
Reaction of piles outside the critical section will be
considered to produce shear.
Reaction is linearly proportional to the part of the diameter
inside the critical section. LOAD BALANCING MEHTOD
PILE UNDER ECCCENTRIC LOAD for parabolic profile tendon

h = distance of tendon from NA at midspan

DYNAMIC PILE CAPACITY FORMULAS
if wb = w (no bending, additional load will only be the cause
FS = 6
of the bending of the section)
gen formula
for simple beam carrying concentrated load (bent up tendon
( )
profile)
Drop Hammer
( )
Single Acting
Steam Hammer ( ) PRESTRESS BEAM DEFLECTION
Double Acting ( ) 1. Initial deflection
Steam Hammer ( )
R – pile capacity (kN) 2. Long term deflection
W – weight of hammer (kN)
h – height of drop hammer (m)
s – average penetration (mm) DEFLECTION FORMULAS DUE TO PRESTRESS ALONE
C – loss of energy defined in terms of the equivalent
penetration ( )
pA – additional driving force at top of the ram driver (kN)
p – steam pressure (kPa) ( )
A – ram cross section area (m2)
STRAP FOOTING ( *
for strap footing, critical section is at the interior face of the ( )
edge footing in consideration. ( )
( )
SPECIAL PROVISION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
( *
MAXIMUM SPACING BETWEEN COLUMN TIES (100-150) INSTANTENEOUS PRESTRESS LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC
the maximum spacing of ties shall not be less than SHORTENING
( )
( )

hx = biggest center to center spacing between cross ties

TORSION DESIGN
 Load Distribution
1. Torsion moment arm is from the center of beam to
the overhanging slab.
2. Create
( )
( )
Torsion shall not be considered if
√ Miscellaneous
( )
1. USD prestress

( ( ( )+)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
for minimum shear reinforcement

Minimum Total Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement

√
( * ( )
IF RESULTS IS NEGATIVE
( * ( )
IF:

After which, divide area of steel by 3 (top, middle, bottom), ( )

add to the steel area from flexure. underreinforced (use full value of fps)
( )
Spacing of torsion reinforcement

IF:
ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMET
( )
( ) over reinforced

Aoh – area enclosed by center line of the outermost closed ( )

transverse torsional reinforcement
Ph – perimeter of Aoh

DIAGONAL CRACK SHALL OCCUR

√
( )

ADEQUACY OF SECTION FROM COMBINED VERTICAL SHEAR

AND TORSION (adequate if)

√( * ( * ( √ *
 STEEL DESIGN bolts
Two fasteners 0.75

For L and angle section use for axial struts

Flatten the section into one plane, subtract thickness of the
Design of Purlins (MIDSPAN) section
Block Shear
( )

(THIRD POINTS) STAGGERED HOLES

( )

( )
( ∑ ∑ )

LOCAL WEB YIELDING SHEAR IN BOLTS

( )
(load not at the end of the beam) ( )
( )
( )
(load at the end of the beam) BEARING

TENSION ( )

Combined Shear and Tension

Failure to Gross Fasteners Threads Included Excluded

A307
Rupture to Net Area A325 √ √
A490 √ √
NET AREA A502 Gr. 1
A502 Gr. 2

ECCENTRICALLY BOLTED CONNECTIONS (SHEAR AND

FACTORS TORSION)
Condition Factor (U)
(lap joints, splice joints) All segments are 1.0
connected to transmit the tension.
W, M, or S sections 0.9 ∑ ∑

∑ ∑
or tees with √( ) ( )
COLUMS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Minimum of three fasteners per line in the
( )
direction of tension
Ratio greater than 2/3 and minimum of 0.85
( )
three fasteners
Angle connections of only one leg with ( )
AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING OF COLUMN
1.
Case 4 – Eccentric Load with e >N/3
2.
( * ( )

( )
( )

( *

WELDED CONNECTIONS

critical slenderness ratio

( )
( )
( ,
√

( ) Thickness of thicker part Minimum size

6mm inclusive 3
over 6 – 12 mm 5
over 12 – 20mm 6
over 20mm 8
LOCAL BUCKLING (UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS) Maximum Size of Fillet
a. Less than 6mm, t = thickness of plate
b. More than 6, t = thickness of plate – 1.5mm
√
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION

In determining the plate thickness under a W-shape column,

it is assumed that part of the baseplate outboard from 0.95d * +
x 0.8bf
SHEAR AND BENDING
Case 1

√ √

Case 1B – For small load, it is assumed to be distributed over

the perimeter of the column.

( )
Case 2 – Eccentric Load with e < B/6, trapezoidal distribution BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Case 3 – Eccentric Load with B/6 < e < B/3
COMPACT SECTION
 ( )
√
WEB CRIPPLING
( )
√
( ( *( ) +√
√
when concentrated load applied at end of member of
( ) member not less than d/2
1. When section is fully compact
( ) ( ( *( ) +√
2. When flange is noncompact (tension and comp)
when concentrated load applied at end of member of
( √ )
member not less than d/2

( √ ) BEAM BEARING PLATE

A=NxB
Find N from cases of web crippling or web buckling
( )

3. When flange and web are non-compact

( )
( )

√ √
SPACING OF RIVETS IN BUILT UP BEAMS
( )
( ,

√
COMPOSITE BEAMS

( )

-transform concrete section into steel section

FULL COMPOSITE ACTION

( * ( * WORKING STRESS WITH SHORING
( )

( )

SHEAR WITHOUT SHORING

( )

WEB STIFFENERS NO OF STUDS

( )( )
Horizontal deflection of column at the center or at the free
end

* ( √ ) +

( )

Max stress of column section

* √ +

Shear Center

For wide flange

 STATICS

Belt Friction MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA

3D Mechanics 2
I = Mk k – polar radius of gyration

Solid Cylinder

√ Hollow Cylinder
( )
⃗ Uniform SlenderRid
( ) ( )
Solid Sphere
√
Spherical Shell

M = rF Right Circular Cone

Right Elliptical Cylinder

( )

Moving Load
( *
( )
( )

( )

( )

√( *

Centroid

Square Threaded Screw

( )
P – force, a – moment arm, W – weight, r – mean radius
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS when the center of the beam is midway between that load
and the resultant of all loads then on the span.
SECTION MODULUS

tangential stress, circumferential stress, hoop stress, girth

stress
SHEAR STRESS

longitudinal stress

rectangle

circle

POISSON’S RATIO

( )
( )

( ( ))

( )

( )

FLANGED BOLT AND COUPLINGS

∑

HELICAL SPRING
( *

( *

MOVING LOAD
The bending moment under a particular load is a maximum
 ( )

( *

APPENDIX A – MOMENT OF INERTIA Combined Stress

∫

∫ distance from center for zero stress

Neutral Axis of Line of zero stress equation

√
Kern of Section
̅ for rectangle
MOMENT OF INERTIA AND RADIUS OF GYRATION
̅ Kern of a section for circular sections

( *

( *
 TIMBER DESIGN 2. If the side members are more than one half of the
main member, no increase in the main member shall
Section 615.1.1 Repetitive Member System be permitted.
3. If the side members are less than one half of the
Section 615.3.5 Size Factor Adjustment main member, twice the thickness of the side
member shall be use in finding the allowable for the
( * main member.
Section 615.3.6 Slenderness Factor and Flexural Stress

( ( * )

615.3.7 Form Factor Adjustment (Nonprismatic Members)

SECTION 616: HORIZONTAL MEMBER DESIGN

Section 616.4 Horizontal Shear in Notched Beams

SECTION 617 COLUMN DESIGN

( ( )) ( ( ))

[ √( ) ]

( )

HAKINSONS FORMULA

TIMBER CONNECTION AND FASTERNERS

1. The allowable loads for bolts shall be directly applied

when the side members of wood are each one half
the thickness of the main member.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES

Determinancy of Structures
1. Planar Case

2. 3D Case

1. The moment diagram of the real beam is the load of

the conjugate beam
2. Fixed end = free end
3. free end = fixed end
4. Support = support.
5. The shear at any point of the conjugate divided by EI
is the slope of the beam
6. The moment at any point of the conjugate divided by
EI is the deflection of the beam.

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

( ) 1. Carry Over Moment, Ma = -Mb/2
2. Beam stiffness, K = I/L
3. Distribution Factor, DF = K/ΣK
PROCEDURE
1. Assume all supports to be fixed and compute fixed
end moments
1. The angle between the tangents at two points A and 2. Unlock each support and distribute the unbalanced
B of the elastic curve of a beam equals the area of moment at each one to each adjacent span by
the moment diagram between A and B divided by applying the distribution factor
the flexural rigidity EI. 3. Carry over half of this amount with the same sign to
2. The deviation of B with respect to a tangent drawn the other each of each span.
at A (t B/A) in a direction perpendicular to the
original position of the beam is equal to the area of SAMPLE
100
the moment diagram between A and B multiplied by 30
the distance from B to the centroid of the area of
moment diagram divided by the flexural rigidity EI. 5m 5m 10m

Joint A B C
Mem AB BA BC CB
K 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10
DF 0 0.5 0.5 1
FEM -125 125 250 250
DM 0 62.5 62.5 -250
CO 31.25 0 -125 31.25
DM 0 62.5 62.5 -31.25
CO 31.25 0 -15.625 31.25
DM 0 7.813 7.813 -31.25
CO 3.91 0 -15.625 3.91
DM 0 7.813 7.813 -3.91
CO 3.91 0 -1.955 3.91
DM 0 0.98 0.98 -3.91
FINAL -54.68 266.60 -266.60 0

( ) ( *
 ( √ )

√ √

MATRIX

( )

[ ]

( )

[ ]
Beams

* +

If rotation of beam is only concerned

[ ]

[ ] [ ][ ]
SOLVING FOR BEAM AND FRAMES USING DSM
1. Find dimension array
2. Find the stiffness matrix from k.
3. Find structure stiffness matrix. (k)
4. Find member fixing forces
5. Find member force matrix (Pf)
Approximate Analysis of Structures
6. ur = -k*Pf
7. Find member forces. (P = P1 + ku)
1. Cantilever Method
The axial force in each column is directly
proportional to its distance from the center of
gravity of all columns on that level.
2. Portal Method
Degrees of Freedom – number of free movements in a
The horizontal shear at a given story is distributed
among the columns such that each interior column structure
resists twice as much as each exterior column.
Trusses
Virtual Work
∫ 1. Axial Load Only

∫
* +
∑
Slope Deflection Method
( )
Dynamic (Impact Loading) * +
* +

P = Sd
Base Name Usage great gross counting; hours and
months timekeeping; years
2 Binary Digital computing of Chinese zodiac

Cantor set (all points in [0,1] 13 Tridecimal A cycle of the Maya calendar
that can be represented in ternary
with no 1s); counting Tasbih in Islam; Programming for the HP 9100A/B
[4]
3 Ternary hand-foot-yard and teaspoon- 14 Tetradecimal calculator and image processing
[5]
tablepoon-shot measurement applications
systems; most economical integer
base Telephony routing over IP, and
15 Pentadecimal
the Huli language
Data transmission and Hilbert
4 Quaternary curves; Chumashan languages, Base16 encoding; compact notation
and Kharosthi numerals 16 Hexadecimal for binary data or quaternary
numbers
Gumatj, Nunggubuyu, Kuurn Kopan
Noot, and Saraveca languages; A cycle of the Mesoamerican Long
5 Quinary 18 Octodecimal
common count grouping e.g. tally Count calendar
marks
Celtic, Maya, Inuit, Yoruba, Tlingit,
Diceware, Ndom language, 20 Vigesimal and Dzongkha numerals; Santali,
6 Senary and Proto-Uralic and Ainu languages
language (suspected)
24 Tetravigesimal Kaugel language; hours timekeeping
7 Septenary Week cycle
Compact notation of quinary
25 Pentavigesimal
Charles XII of Sweden, Unix-like numbers
8 Octal permissions, DEC PDP-11, compact
notation for binary numbers Uses of letters without digits, e.g.
26 Hexavigesimal
spreadsheet column numeration
compact notation of ternary
9 Nonary
numbers Telefol and Oksapmin languages;
27 Septemvigesimal compact notation of ternary
Most widely used by modern numbers
10 Decimal [1][2][3]
civilizations
Four week month of thirteen month
28 Octovigesimal
Jokingly proposed during the French calendar
revolution to settle a dispute
11 Undecimal between those proposing a shift to 30 Trigesimal Month cycle for various calendars
duodecimal and those who were
content with decimal Base32 encoding, and the Ngiti
32 Duotrigesimal
language
Languages in the Nigerian Middle
Belt Janji, Gbiri-Niragu, Piti, and the Base36 encoding; compact notation
12 Duodecimal Nimbia dialect 36 Hexatrigesimal
of senary numbers
of Gwandara; Chepang
language ofNepal, and the Mahl
60 Sexagesimal Babylonian numerals; degrees-
dialect of Maldivian; dozen-gross-
minutes-seconds and hours-
 minutes-seconds measurement
systems

Base64 encoding; compact notation

64 Tetrasexagesimal of binary, quaternary or octal
numbers

85 Pentaoctagesimal Ascii85 encoding

120 Centovigesimal Great hundred