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Slide 5 How do scientists study human Since Charles Darwin’s time, scientists have
evolution?
Humans evolved from
gathered a huge amount of evidence about human
apeTHEORY
ape--like creatures evolution. Using the scientific method they form
Humans and apes
Observation
share many
Humans and apes
HYPOTHESIS
have a common
2.
1. There
Humansshould
Prediction
fossils
should with
and be
human
share
apes
a high
and test ideas to build theories about human
biological features ancestor and ape-likeof
percentage features
DNA
evolution.
1. Measure
Gather DNA
evidence,
differences between
test with
humans and apes.
experiments
2. Examine fossils from
Ideas generally start with an observation, from
several million years ago.
which scientists form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is
a testable statement about the world based on
observations. From a hypothesis we can make a
prediction about what would happen in the
hypothesis was true or false, and scientist then
gather evidence to test whether their hypothesis is
true. If the hypothesis is supported by multiple lines
of evidence, it becomes a theory. In science a
theory doesn’t mean a guess or a hunch. It means
a well-supported explanation for some aspect of
the natural world that incorporates facts, laws,
observations and testable hypotheses.
30
are much more closely related– diverging only 5-6
Time
(million yrs ago)
million years ago.
Allan Wilson 1934 - 1991
Slide 9 Molecular differences show that humans Allan Wilson took advantage of the fact that DNA
diverged from chimpanzees 5-6 million years ago
and therefore proteins change at a known rate over
0
Monkey Chimp Human time. Because of this, DNA (and proteins that are
10 produced from DNA) can act as a molecular clock.
20
30
By measuring the number of changes in DNA or
proteins between two different species, we can
Time
(million yrs ago)
Allan Wilson 1934 - 1991
Sequence difference
10 millions of years ago as was originally thought, then
20
30
there should be a large number of differences
Time
(million yrs ago)
Human – monkey difference
Human – chimp difference
between the DNA and protein sequences of
0
Monkey Chimp Human
humans and apes (almost as many as the number
Sequence difference
10
20
of differences between humans and monkeys).
30
Slide 11 Our earliest ancestors lived in Africa The genetic results were also supported by
evidence from fossils.
Slide 18 Homo habilis was the first to use stone tools Homo habilis was more recognisably human than
the Australopithecines – he had a smaller jaw,
larger brain and ate meat. Eating meat may have
driven development of larger brains.
Slide 20 Homo erectus was the first This development may have allowed early humans
to migrate out of Africa
to move out of Africa for the first time, probably
from about 1.8 million years ago onwards.
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By 170,000 years ago there were hominids living in
Au ne
Slide 26 Mitochondrial DNA traces the female line Imagine these dots represent a population in Africa
living 200,000 years ago - each one of the dots a
female person. Some mitochondrial types get
passed down to the next generation (click 1).
Occasionally there is a mutation, or spelling
mistake in the DNA (click 2). Usually this is not
harmful, so it gets passed down to the next
generation (click 3). Some mitochondrial lineages
die out over time (click 4), and gradually one
lineage will replace all the others (clicks 5-9).
Slide 28 Modern humans colonize the globe Modern humans began to migrate out of Africa
4500
around 100,000 years ago. This map shows the
migration paths (in red) that modern humans took,
15,000
25,000
40,000
100,000
70,000
12,000