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Q. 1 Discuss the significance of study of Environmental Science?

Environment is an evergreen subject because it matters a lot to our daily lives. It’s where we live, eat, breathe, and bring
up our children. Our life support systems entirely rely on the well-being of every organism living on planet earth. This is
why a lot has been written and spoken about protection and conservation of the environment. There are even high-value
courses dedicated to the study of environment. A typical example is environment science.
Environmental science is a field that deals with the study of interaction between human systems and natural systems.
Natural systems involve the earth itself and life. Human systems are primarily the populations of the earth.
Environmental science is the academic field that takes physical, biological and chemical sciences to study the environment
and discover solutions to environmental problems. Sciences used in environmental science include geography, zoology,
physics, ecology, oceanology, and geology. Environmental science also branches out into environmental studies
and environmental engineering. It provides integrated and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental
problems.
Environmental studies are the study of social sciences to understand human interactions with the environment.
Environmental engineering is the focus on analyzing and deducing problems with the environment and the effect of man-
made programs on the environment, and for finding solutions to help protect and preserve the environment by disposing
of pollution in the air, water, and land.
Environmental science involves different fields of study. Most often, the study of environmental science includes the study
of climate change, natural resources, energy, pollution, and environmental issues. In environmental sciences, ecologists
study how plants and animals interact with each other, chemists study the living and non-living components of the
environment, geologists study the formation, structure and history of earth, biologists study the biodiversity, Physicists are
involved in thermodynamics, computer scientists are involved in technical innovations and computer modelling and
biomedical experts study the impact of environmental issues on our health and social lives.
The growing complexity of environmental problems are creating a need for scientists with rigorous, interdisciplinary
training in environmental science. Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences
to protect the environment and human health. They must have a solid background in economics, sociology and political
science.
Importance of Environmental Science
To realize that environmental problems are global
Environmental science lets you recognize that environmental problems such as climate change, global warming, ozone
layer depletion, acid rains, and impacts on biodiversity and marine life are not just national problems, but global problems
as well. So, concerted effort from across the world is needed to tackle these problems.
To understand the impacts of development on environment
It’s well documented and quantified that development results in Industrial growth, urbanization, expansion of
telecommunication and transport systems, hi-tech agriculture and expansion of housing. Environmental science seeks to
teach the general population about the need for decentralization of industries to reduce congestion in urban areas.
Decentralization means many people will move out of urban centers to reduce pollution resulting from overpopulation.
The goal is to achieve all this sustainably without compromising the future generation’s ability to satisfy their own needs.
To discover sustainable ways of living
Environmental science is more concerned with discovering ways to live more sustainably. This means utilizing present
resources in a manner that conserves their supplies for the future. Environmental sustainability doesn’t have to outlaw
living luxuriously, but it advocates for creating awareness about consumption of resources and minimizing unnecessary
waste. This includes minimizing household energy consumption, using disposals to dispose of waste, eating locally,
recycling more, growing your own food, drinking from the tap, conserving household water, and driving your car less.
To utilize natural resources efficiently
Natural resources bring a whole lot of benefits to a country. A country’s natural resources may not be utilized efficiently
because of low-level training and lack of management skills. Environmental science teaches us to use natural resources
efficiently by:
Appropriately putting into practice environmental conservation methods
Using the right tools to explore resources
Adding value to our resources
Making sure machines are maintained appropriately
Thorough training of human resources
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Provision of effective and efficient supervision

Using the right techniques to minimize exploitation
To understand behavior of organisms under natural conditions
Behavior is what organisms manifest to respond to, interact with, and control their environment. An animal exhibits
behavior as the first line of defense in response to any change of environment. So, critical look at organism’s behavior can
offer insightful information about animal’s needs, dislikes, preferences and internal condition providing that your
evaluation of those observations firmly hinge on knowledge of species’-natural behavior.
To shed light on contemporary concepts such as how to conserve biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth. The present rate of biodiversity loss is at an all-time high. Environmental science
aims to teach people how to reverse this trend by:
Using sustainable wood products
Using organic foods
Embracing the 3R’s, reduce, reuse, and recycle
Purchasing sustainable seafood
Supporting conservation campaigns at local levels
Conserving power
Minimizing consumption of meat
Utilizing eco-friendly cleaning products
To understand the interrelationship between organisms in population and communities
Organisms and humans depend on each other to get by. Environmental science is important because it enables you to
understand how these relationships work. For example, humans breathe out carbon dioxide, which plants need for
photosynthesis. Plants, on the other hand, produce and release oxygen to the atmosphere, which humans need for
respiration. Animal droppings are sources of nutrients for plants and other microorganisms. Plants are sources of food for
humans and animals. In short, organisms and humans depend on each other for survival.
To learn and create awareness about environmental problems at local, national and international levels
Environmental problems at local, national and international levels mostly occur due to lack of awareness. Environmental
science aims to educate and equip learners with necessary environmental skills to pass to the community in order to
create awareness. Environmental awareness can be created through social media, creating a blog dedicated to creating
awareness, community centered green clubs, women forums, and religious podiums.
Q . 2 Write a note on Forest Resources?
Forests are among the most diverse and widespread ecosystems on earth, and have many functions: they provide timber
and other forest products; have cultural values; deliver recreation benefits and ecosystem services, including regulation of
soil, air and water; are reservoirs for biodiversity; and act as carbon sinks. The forest area differs from state to state in
India. Madhya Pradesh stands at the top in the total forest area, followed by the Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra, and Odisha.
One-fourth of the total forest covered area of the country is in the north-eastern stateForests are among the most diverse
and widespread ecosystems on earth, and have many functions: they provide timber and other forest products; have
cultural values; deliver recreation benefits and ecosystem services, including regulation of soil, air and water; are
reservoirs for biodiversity; and act as carbon sinks. The impact from human activities on forest health and on natural
forest growth and regeneration raises widespread concern. Many forest resources are threatened by overexploitation,
fragmentation, degradation of environmental quality and conversion to other types of land use. The main pressures result
from human activities, including agriculture expansion, transport infrastructure development, unsustainable forestry, air
pollution and intentional burning of forests.
Scientists estimate that India should ideally have 33 percent of its land under forests. Today we have only about 23
percent. Thus we need not only to protect existing forests but also to increase our forest cover. People who live in or near
forests know the value of forest resources first hand because their lives and livelihoods depend directly on these
resources. Deforestation became a major concern in British times when a large amount of timber was extracted for
building their ships. This led the British to develop scientific forestry in India. They however alienated local people by
creating Reserved and Protected Forests which curtailed access to the resources. This led to a loss of stake in the
conservation of the forests which led to a gradual degradation and fragmentation of forests across the length and breadth
of the country. Another period of overutilization and forest degradation occurred in the early period following
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independence as people felt that now that the British had gone they had a right to using our forests in any way we
pleased.
Major Causes of Deforestation:
Expansion of Agriculture
Extension of Cultivation on Hill Slopes
Cattle Ranching
Firewood Collection
Timber Harvesting
Shifting Cultivation
Government Policies: As discussed earlier, the policy followed by Colonial ruler and the policy of government in free India.
The forest area differs from state to state in India. Madhya Pradesh stands at the top in the total forest area, followed by
the Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Odisha. One-fourth of the total forest covered area of the country
is in the north-eastern states.
Q . 3 Write an Essay on Water resource?
Water resource, any of the entire range of natural waters that occur on the Earth, regardless of their state (i.e., vapour,
liquid, or solid) and that are of potential use to humans. Of these, the resources most available for use are the waters of
the oceans, rivers, and lakes; other available water resources include groundwater and deep subsurface waters and
glaciers and permanent [Link]’s water resources constitute a vast potential, both for generating hydroelectricity
and for irrigating crops. Water is important for…
Human use of natural waters, particularly of freshwater resources, has increased steadily over the centuries. It is unlikely
that this trend will change given the continued growth of population and the ever-widening utilization of water for
agricultural, industrial, and recreational purposes. This situation has given rise to growing concern over the availability of
adequate water supplies to accommodate the future needs of society. Surface-water resources are already being used to
their maximum capacity in various regions of the world, as, for example, in the southwestern United States.
Quantity of water is not the only concern. Overuse has resulted in the progressive deterioration of water quality. Seepage
of mineral fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates), pesticides, and herbicides into surface and subsurface waters has not only
rendered them unfit for human consumption but also disrupted aquatic ecosystems. Lakes and rivers also have been
contaminated by the improper disposal of sewage, the discharge of untreated industrial wastes (including such toxicants
as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs), and the release of heated wastewater from nuclear-power plants and other
industrial facilities, which results in thermal pollution and its attendant problems.
Efforts are being made to curb the contamination of water resources. For example, regulatory action by the U.S.
government to reduce phosphorous input into the Great Lakes has had measurable results, as has the implementation of
improved waste-purification technology by certain municipalities in the region. The latter not only helps to restore water
resources but also conserves the water supply by effective recycling. Advanced sewage-treatment facilities have made it
possible to obtain potable water purer than most stream water. Projects to remove salt and other dissolved solids from
brackish surface water as well as from seawater have been undertaken in such countries as Australia, Kuwait, and the
United States. Water from desalination plants is generally suitable for household use and for irrigation. Other procedures
employed for relieving water shortages include control of runoff and the reduction of evaporation by means of
agricultural-engineering measures.

Asia: Water resources

Asia’s water resources constitute a vast potential, both for generating hydroelectricity and for irrigating crops. Water is
important for irrigation in many Asian regions that are either arid (as in much of Central and Southwest Asia), subject to
long dry seasons because of…

property law: Water

Water and the land under and bordering on water are everywhere in the West treated differently from other kinds of
property. Modern law in the West tends to give substantial power over water and land near water to the state. Beyond
that the regimes…
global warming: Socioeconomic consequences of global warming .
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Water resources are likely to be affected substantially by global warming. At current rates of warming, a 10–40 percent
increase in average surface runoff and water availability has been projected in higher latitudes and in certain wet regions
in the tropics by the middle of…
Q . 4. Written an Essay on Mineral Resources?
Definition:
Minerals provide the material used to make most of the things of industrial- based society; roads, cars, computers,
fertilizers, etc. Demand for minerals is increasing world wide as the population increases and the consumption demands of
individual people increase. The mining of earth’s natural resources is, therefore accelerating, and it has accompanying
environmental consequences.
A mineral is a pure inorganic substance that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. All of the Earth’s crust, except the rather
small proportion of the crust that contains organic material, is made up of minerals. Some minerals consist of a single
element such as gold, silver, diamond (carbon), and sulphur.
More than two-thousand minerals have been identified and most of these contain inorganic compounds formed by
various combinations of the eight elements (O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, and Mg) that make up 98.5% of the Earth’s crust.
Industry depends on about 80 of the known minerals.
A mineral deposit is a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material, in or on the Earth’s crust in
such form and amount that its extraction and its conversion into useful materials or items are profitable now or may be so
in the future. Mineral resources are non-renewable and include metals (e.g. iron, copper, and aluminum), and non-metals
(e.g. salt, gypsum, clay, sand, phosphates).
Minerals are valuable natural resources being finite and non-renewable. They constitute the vital raw materials for many
basic industries and are a major resource for development. Management of mineral resources has, therefore, to be closely
integrated with the overall strategy of development; and exploitation of minerals is to be guided by long-term national
goals and perspectives.
Types of Mineral Resources:
Minerals in general have been categorized into three classes’ fuel, metallic and non-metallic. Fuel minerals like coal, oil
and natural gas have been given prime importance as they account for nearly 87% of the value of mineral production
whereas metallic and non-metallic constitutes 6 to 7%.
(A) Fuel Minerals:
Coal, oil and natural gas are the basic fossil fuel. We have good reserves for coal but are very poor in more essential fuel —
oils and natural gas.
(i) Coal:
Proven coal reserves of the country as on January 1994 (estimated by GSI) is about 68 billion tonnes. We are mining about
250 tonnes annually and this rate is expected to go by 400 – 450 tonnes by 2010 A.D. If we could maintain our mining rate
of 400 tonnes per year then the coal reserves might last for about 200 years taking proven reserves as 80 billion tonnes.
(ii) Crude Oil (Petroleum):
It is believed that petroleum has been formed over a period of millions of years, through conversion of remains of micro
organisms living in sea, into hydrocarbon by heat, pressure and catalytic action. The petroleum on fractional distillation
and further processing provides us numerous products and by-products.
Some of the common products obtained on fractional distillation are given in Table 2.4, along with the temperature (just
below the boiling point) at which they tend to liquefy after crude oil feed at the base is heated to about 400°C. One million
tonne of crude oil on fractional distillation provides about 0.8 million tonnes of petroleum products.
The percentage composition varies with the quality of crude oil or it could be varied up to a certain limit depending upon
the requirement or demand. On an average the percentage composition of the common product with their number of
carbon atoms is given in table 2.4.
(iii) Natural Gas:
The proven reserve for natural gas on April 1993 works out to be approx. 700 billion cubic meter (BCM). As regard to
production vis a vis utilization aspect in earlier years, more than half of gas coming out of the wells remained unutilized.
However, in recent years, we have achieved a utilization rate of 80 – 90%. Keeping in view the future demands and proven
gas reserves, it is unlikely that our gas reserves might last for more than 20 years.
(B) Metallic and Non-metallic Minerals:
India is poorly endowed with mineral wealth. Except for iron ore and bauxite our share of world reserves of every other
mineral is one percent or less. However, there has been a phenomenal growth in production since independence. As per
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estimates if the present trend of production continues, we will exhaust our reserves of all the important minerals and
fuels, except coal, iron ore, limestone and bauxite, in 25 to 30 years.
Use and Exploitation:
The use of minerals varies greatly between countries. The greatest use of minerals occurs in developed countries. Like
other natural resources, mineral deposits are unevenly distributed around on the earth. Some countries are rich in mineral
deposits and other countries have no deposits. The use of the mineral depends on its properties. For examplealuminum is
light but strong and durable so it is used for aircraft, shipping and car industries.
Recovery of mineral resources has been with us for a long time. Early Paleolithic man found flint for arrowheads and clay
for pottery before developing codes for warfare. And this was done without geologists for exploration, mining engineers
for recovery or chemists for extraction techniques. Tin and copper mines were necessary for a Bronze Age; gold, silver, and
gemstones adorned the wealthy of early civilizations; and iron mining introduced a new age of man.
Human wealth basically comes from agriculture, manufacturing, and mineral resources. Our complex modern society is
built around the exploitation and use of mineral resources. Since the future of humanity depends on mineral resources,
we must understand that these resources have limits; our known supply of minerals will be used up early in the third
millennium of our calendar.
Furthermore, modern agriculture and the ability to feed an overpopulated world is dependent on mineral resources to
construct the machines that till the soil, enrich it with mineral fertilizers, and to transport the products.
We are now reaching limits of reserves for many minerals. Human population growth and increased modern industry are
depleting our available resources at increasing rates. The pressure of human growth upon the planet’s resources is a very
real problem.
The consumption of natural resources proceeded at a phenomenal rate during the past hundred years and population and
production increases cannot continue without increasing pollution and depletion of mineral resources.
The geometric rise of population as shown in Fig. 2.3 has been joined by a period of rapid industrialization, which has
placed incredible pressure on the natural resources. Limits of growth in the world are imposed not as much by pollution as
by the depletion of natural resources.

As the industrialized nations of the world continue the rapid depletion of energy and mineral resources, and resource-rich
less-developed nations become increasingly aware of the value of their raw materials, resource driven conflicts will
increase.
In Fig. 2.4., we see that by about the middle of the next century the critical factors come together to impose a drastic
population reduction by catastrophe. We can avert this only if we embark on a planet-wide program of transition to a new
physical, economic, and social world that recognizes limits of growth of both population and resource use.
In a world that has finite mineral resources, exponential growth and expanding consumption is impossible. Fundamental
adjustments must be made to the present growth culture to a steady-state [Link] will pose problems in that
industrialized nations are already feeling a loss in their standard of living and in non-industrialized nations that feel they
have a right to achieve higher standards of living created by industrialization. The population growth continues upward
and the supply of resources continues to diminish. With the increasing shortages of many minerals, we have been driven
to search for new sources.
Q . 5 Write a Note on Environmental impact?
An environmental impact is defined as any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, resulting from a
facility’s activities, products, or services.[2] In other words it is the effect that people's actions have on the environment.
For example, when volatile organic compounds are released into the environment, the effect or impact is pollution in the
form of smog, in this case being negative. It can go the other way, as a person picking up litter can have a beneficial impact
on the local environment.
Negative Impacts
The primary impacts of concern in an energy dependent society often come as a result of our energy use.
Burning hydrocarbons like coal and oil to provide us with useful energy results in the emission of carbon dioxide and
other pollutants. Other activities causing harm include improper waste disposal to bodies of water and soil, accidental
spills of chemicals, increased demand for resources as populations increase (especially due to consumerism), and much
more. The impacts that these have on the environment have become clear and include:
Climate change including Global warming
Acid rain, photochemical smog and other forms of pollution
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Ocean acidification
Displacement/extinction of wildlife
Resource depletion - forests, water, food and more . There are many issues in the world that are causing one or more of
these effects. The oil sands, for instance, are of great concern to many these days as they essentially contribute to each of
the above impacts, see environmental impacts of oil sands.
Assessing Impacts
The environmental impact a specific action may have can be analyzed using a life cycle assessment, which is the process of
observing a product from its "cradle to grave" and determining the impacts associated with it at each step.[3] These
methods are somewhat subjective and resource intensive.[2]
Emission inventories for example may quantify the emission of pollutants, while risk assessments can analyze the effects
these pollutants will have on the health of those within the environment.
Process hazard analysis involves identifying and assessing potential impacts of unplanned hazardous materials. A team
may rank the possible hazards and focus on preventing those that can cause the most harm.
Q. 6 Explain the Functions of an Ecosystem?
The functional attributes of the ecosystem keep the components running together. Ecosystem functions are
natural processes or exchange of energy that take place in various plant and animal communities of different biomes of
the [Link] instance, green leaves prepare food and roots absorb nutrients from the soil, herbivores feed on the leaves
and the roots and in turn serve as food for the [Link] execute the functions of breaking down complex
organic materials into simple inorganic products, which are used by the [Link], ecosystem functions
are exchange of energy and nutrients in the food chain. These exchanges sustain plant and animal life on the planet as
well as the decomposition of organic matter and the production of [Link] these functions of the ecosystem take
place through delicately balanced and controlled processes.
Food Chain
The order of living organisms in a community in which one organism consumes other and is itself consumed by another
organism to transfer energy is called a food chain. Food chain is also defined as “a chain of organisms, existing in any
natural community, through which energy is transferred”.
Every living being irrespective of their size and habitat, from the tiniest algae to giant blue whales, need food to survive.
Food chain is structured differently for different species in different ecosystems. Each food chain is the vital pathway for
energy and nutrients to follow through the ecosystem.

Food chains were first introduced by the African-Arab scientist and philosopher Al-Jahiz in the 9th century and later
popularized in a book published in 1927 by Charles Elton.
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A food chain starts with a producer such as plants. Producers form the basis of the food chains. Then there are consumers
of many orders. Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms. All organisms in a food chain, except the first
organism, are consumers.
Plants are called producers because they produce their own food through photosynthesis. Animals are called consumers
because they depend on plants or other animals for food to get energy they need.
In a certain food chain, each organism gets energy from the one at the level below. In a food chain, there is reliable energy
transfer through each stage. All the energy at one stage of the chain is not absorbed by the organism at the next stage.
Trophic Levels in a Food Chain
Trophic levels are different stages of feeding position in a food chain such as primary producers and consumers of
different types. Organisms in a food chain are categorized under different groups called trophic levels. They are as follows.
Producers (First Trophic Level) − Producers otherwise called autotrophs prepare their food by themselves. They form the
first level of every food chain. Plants and one-celled organisms, some types of bacteria, algae, etc. come under the
category of Autotrophs. Virtually, almost all autotrophs use a process called photosynthesis to prepare food.
Consumers − At the second trophic level, there are consumers who depend upon others for food.
Primary Consumers (Second Trophic Level) − Primary consumers eat the producers. They are called herbivores. Deer,
turtle, and many types of birds are herbivores.
Secondary Consumers (Third Trophic Level) − Secondary consumers based at the third trophic level eat plants and
herbivores. They are both carnivores (meateaters) and omnivores (animals that eat both animals and plants). In a desert
ecosystem, a secondary consumer may be a snake that eats a mouse. Secondary consumers may eat animals bigger than
they are. Some lions, for example, kill and eat buffalo. The buffalo weighs twice as much as the lions do.
Tertiary Consumers (Fourth Trophic Level) − Tertiary consumers are animals eating other carnivores. The secretary bird in
Africa and the King Cobra specialize in killing and eating snakes but all snakes are carnivores. The leopard seal eats mostly
other carnivores - mainly other seals, squids, and penguins, all of which are carnivores.
Decomposers − Decomposers which don’t always appear in the pictorial presentation of the food chain, play an important
part in completing the food chain. These organisms break down dead organic material and wastes. Fungi and bacteria are
the key decomposers in many ecosystems; they use the chemical energy in dead matter and wastes to fuel their metabolic
processes. Other decomposers are detritivores—detritus eaters or debris eaters.
Understanding the food chain helps us know the feeding interrelationship and interaction between an organism and the
ecosystem. It also enables us to know the mechanism of energy flow in an ecosystem.
Food Web
The word ‘web’ means network. Food web can be defined as ‘a network of interconnected food chains so as to form a
number of feeding relationships amongst different organism of a biotic community.
A food chain cannot stand isolated in an ecosystem. The same food resource may be a part of more than one chain. This is
possible when the resource is at the lower tropic level.
A food web comprises all the food chains in a single ecosystem. It is essential to know that each living thing in an
ecosystem is a part of multiple food chains.
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A single food chain is the single possible path that energy and nutrients may make while passing through the ecosystem.
All the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a food web.
Food webs are significant tools in understanding that plants are the foundation of all ecosystem and food chains,
sustaining life by providing nourishment and oxygen needed for survival and reproduction. The food web provides stability
to the ecosystem.
The tertiary consumers are eaten by quaternary consumers. For example, a hawk that eats owls. Each food chain ends
with a top predator and animal with no natural enemies (such as an alligator, hawk, or polar bear).
Q . 7 .Discuss the Functions of Biodiversity?
Biodiversity is critical for the functioning of ecosystems; despite extensive research, however, new pressing questions
need to be answered and novel theory has to be developed regarding the scaling of biodiversity effects. It is essential to
understand how different facets of biodiversity, ranging from genes to species interactions, affect ecosystem functions.
Most theory and information on biodiversity’s influence on ecosystem functions stems from small experimental plots, and
the challenge now is to understand how local interactions and variation in abiotic parameters and species turnover scale
up to influence landscape-level relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Recent work by iDiv
researchers integrated biome-scale data to address these questions and stressed the key role of multitrophic interactions
in driving the multifunctionality of ecosystems. iDiv’s new experimental platforms, such as the Ecotron and MyDiv, will
enable us to study the consequences of variation in horizontal (i.e. diversity within one trophic level) and vertical diversity
(i.e. diversity across trophic levels) for ecosystem functions and services.
Further, platforms like the GCEF and global networks of experiments will allow to study impacts of human-driven
environmental and climate change on the future relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Answers to
these questions are crucial to understanding the mechanisms behind the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem
functioning and service provisioning, and to bridge experimental results, ecological theory, management-relevant scales,
and societal needs.
Conservation of Biodiversity
The surrounding in which we live comprises of numerous biological organisms. Be it the birds, fishes, and trees, all of them are
part of a biodiversity. What exactly does it mean? The term biodiversity was framed as a reduction of biological diversity in
1985 by E.O. Wilson. What is biodiversity and biodiversity conservation?
In simple terms, it is the variability and variety of living organisms together with ecological facilities in which they exist. Let us
try to understand biodiversity as a whole and biodiversity conservation which has become a major issue in this developing
[Link] the years, the depletion of biodiversity has been quite active. This is happening as a result of habitat loss, excessive
exploitation of resources, climatic changes, diseases, pollution, poaching of animals etc. In order to correct this
scenario, biodiversity conservation has been majorly stressed by governments and social organizations.
It must be understood that human beings cherish almost all benefits from the biodiversity. Hence, they should focus on taking
proper care associated with the preservation of biodiversity in different forms. It is important because there must be
something left for the future generation to look at. We as human beings should curb the degradation as well as the destruction
of the habitats, upholding the biodiversity at its prime level.
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Biodiversity conservation is basically aimed at protection, enhancement and scientific management of the biodiversity. To be
precise, manage it at its threshold level and acquire sustainable benefits both for the present and future population.
Biodiversity conservation has three prime objectives:
Maintain crucial ecological processes as well as life support systems.
Preserve the variety of species.
Make sustainable exploitation of ecosystems and species.
Q. 8 Enumerate the Causes Effect and control measures of Environmental Pollution?
Pollution is the contamination of the environment by introduction of contaminants that can cause damage to environment
and harm or discomfort to humans or other living species. It is the addition of another form of any substance or form of
energy to the environment at a rate faster than the environment can accommodate it by dispersion, breakdown, recycling,
or storage in some harmless [Link] pollution is one the greatest challenges that the world is facing today. It
began since industrial revolution, increasing day by day and causing irreparable damage to Mother Earth. Environmental
pollution has its own causes, effects and solutions. Looking into these will help you identify the causes and what steps you
can take to mitigate those effects. Broadly, environmental pollution consists of six basic types of pollution, i.e. air, water,
land, soil, noise, and light.
When people think of environmental pollution, most focus on fossil fuel and carbon emissions, but there are different
contributing factors. Chemical pollution in bodies of water contributes to illnesses. Electromagnetic pollution has effects
on human health but is uncommonly considered in present times despite the fact we essentially expose ourselves to it on
a daily basis. Taking a look at causes and effects of environmental pollution will pull any mind on a rapid downward spiral.
Solutions are in the works and, if we work together across the world, there is hope remaining, at least for the time being.
Causes of Environmental Pollution
Pollution from cars, trucks, and other vehicles is and has been our major environmental pollution issue for almost a
century now. The problem is we did not realize this until the problem had manifested to monumental proportions.
Fossil fuel emissions from power plants which burn coal as fuel contributed heavily, along with vehicles burning fossil
fuels, to the production of smog. Smog is the result of fossil fuel combustion combined with sunlight and heat. The result
is a toxic gas which now surrounds our once pristine planet. This is known as “ozone smog” and means we have more
problems down here than we do in the sky.
Carbon dioxide is another product from all of the vehicles on the planet as well as unreformed power plants and other
industrial facilities. A continually growing population of humans and clear cutting of forests has exacerbated this
problem so natural defenses are no longer present and carbon dioxide levels are on the rise.
Water pollution is a major issue. Many industries dump wastes into rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams in an attempt to
hide wastes from EPA inspectors. These water sources feed major crops and food becomes contaminated with a variety of
chemicals and bacteria, causing rampant health problems.
Radiation comes into play as well. This is an exceedingly nasty pollution issue and requires extensive description. Primarily,
there is radiation from the sun. As the natural ozone layer around the Earth has become depleted. The sun is
wonderful, but the only reason we are able to survive on this planet so close to the sun is due to the fact of natural
shielding against solar radiation. As the protective ozone layer around the planet has become thinner, ultraviolet radiation
has risen significantly, causing increases in skin cancers and other types of cancer in all countries, killing millions of people
every year.
More radiation is a problem. The sun shining brightly on a naked planet is not the only source of radiation we are exposed
to. Electromagnetic radiation is another insidious culprit. Once upon a time, the major concern around this type of
radiation was due to high tension wires which carry huge amounts of electricity to cities. Now, we even carry sources of
this radiation with us as cell phones, laptops, tablets and other wireless devices.
Effects of Environmental Pollution
The polluting gases mentioned above have an interesting effect on climate. Essentially, these gases form a veil around
the planet which holds heat in, increasing the overall temperature of the planet. The rise in planetary temperature, or
global warming, is not immediately noticeable. However, even a rise of a few degrees Centigrade causes catastrophic
changes in weather. This is happening now.
Pollen has increased. It is ironic, but even with fewer trees in the world; the increase of carbon dioxide emissions
induces plants such as ragweed and many trees to produce more pollen than ever before. This has resulted in rampant
allergies across the world, affecting the health of billions of people.
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One of the solutions to tamp out carbon monoxide emissions from coal burning power plants was and still is to use
radioactive power plants. While this does cut down on gas emissions significantly, there is radioactive waste which
causes various cancers to bloom in major cities and small towns all around while destroying ecosystems entirely.
Global temperature has risen significantly over the years. The protective atmosphere is further being polluted by
methane gas released from melting icecaps. This is causing rampant weather issues around the planet.
This all seems like a fairly bleak outlook for the planet and all the creatures on it. It is, in fact, a load of dark and very real
truth. For much of it, there is little turning back. Being realistic, though solutions are in the works to combat global
warming, the hope is dim. Radiation does not go away quickly either, especially in a technological age requiring more
power, more gas, and intensified depletion of protective gases around the planet. We are on a significant downhill
snowball ride to hell. There are things we can do. Let us take a look at some of the solutions which are currently being
implemented to reduce pollution.
Solutions to Environmental Pollution
Gas emission pollution is being mitigated in a variety of ways with car emission control, electric and hybrid vehicles and
public transportation systems. Not all major cities have successful implementation and decent public transportation in
place, but the world is working on this issue constantly and we have managed to reduce emissions profoundly over the
last decade. There is much catching up to do.
The cost of radioactive power plants is becoming apparent and the days of coal power plants are nearly dead. The
radiation is a serious issue. Radioactive leakage from power plants and nuclear testing have already contaminated oceanic
life to such a degree that it will take hundreds of years to return to normal. More radiation solutions are in the works with
various ecologically friendly power technologies being built every day.
Solar power is a fantastic solution. Now that solar radiation is at a climactic peak, we can reap power from the sun
using solar panel systems. These range from home systems to larger scale systems powering entire communities and
cities.
Wind power is coming into play. This may not seem like much at first, but when you get about 100 feet off the ground,
there is a great deal of wind up there. By building wind turbines to harvest natural wind energy, electricity is produced.
Wind turbine power and solar power are both powerful forces against fossil fuel power and radioactive power. The one
problem here is power companies. They want to stay with radioactive power plants because they actually can’t be
removed. It has become the crusades of many individuals and small corporations to make the switch and there are plenty
of people following this as populations cry out for help.
Electromagnetic radiation (ER) reduction. Once major manufacturers of computers and electronic devices realized the
blatant potential for huge ER emissions directly into the eyes and brains of users, they started to implement hardware
protocols to minimize risks and reduce ER production significantly. Newer devices are in the lead to knock this problem
out and, fortunately, this is working.
Also, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is well aware of all leaks and tricks industries are using to dump wastes.
This agency now has extremely strict protocols and testing procedures implemented against such facilities so populations
are not affected. Additionally, the EPA is measuring air pollution and implementing regulatory procedures for vehicle
emissions. They also monitor pollen issues and, with the help of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), they implement
solutions to reduce pollen in the air.
Dropping pollen counts is a major focus for EPA and CDC activities. Asthma and other allergic conditions are flooding
medical care facilities and pharmaceutical companies with serious public health problems. The response has been swift
and various methods to control emissions and reduce pollen counts are in the works. Children and elderly people are at
the highest risk for environmental pollution related health problems. The good news is we are directly on the horizon to
cut down the causes and risks while providing practical health solutions for the general public throughout the world.
Q. 9 What is disaster management? Discuss?
The United Nations defines a disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. Disasters
involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own [Link] Red Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster
management as the organisation and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian
aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
Types of disasters
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There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies. There are four main types of
disaster.
Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human
health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis.
Environmental emergencies: including technological or industrial accidents, usually involving the production, use or
transportation of hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced, used or transported, and forest fires
caused by humans.
Complex emergencies: involving a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations, including conflict
situations and war.
Pandemic emergencies: involving a sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health, disrupts services and
businesses, brings economic and social costs.
Any disaster can interrupt essential services, such as health care, electricity, water, sewage/garbage removal,
transportation and communications. The interruption can seriously affect the health, social and economic networks of
local communities and countries. Disasters have a major and long-lasting impact on people long after the immediate effect
has been mitigated. Poorly planned relief activities can have a significant negative impact not only on the disaster victims
but also on donors and relief agencies. So it is important that physical therapists join established programmes rather than
attempting individual efforts.
Local, regional, national and international organisations are all involved in mounting a humanitarian response to disasters.
Each will have a prepared disaster management plan. These plans cover prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery.
Disaster prevention
These are activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. Not all disasters, particularly natural
disasters, can be prevented, but the risk of loss of life and injury can be mitigated with good evacuation plans,
environmental planning and design standards. In January 2005, 168 Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for
natural disaster risk reduction called the Hyogo Framework. It offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and practical
means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities.
Disaster preparedness
These activities are designed to minimise loss of life and damage – for example by removing people and property from a
threatened location and by facilitating timely and effective rescue, relief and rehabilitation. Preparedness is the main way
of reducing the impact of disasters. Community-based preparedness and management should be a high priority in physical
therapy practice management.
Disaster relief
This is a coordinated multi-agency response to reduce the impact of a disaster and its long-term results. Relief activities
include rescue, relocation, providing food and water, preventing disease and disability, repairing vital services such as
telecommunications and transport, providing temporary shelter and emergency health care.
Disaster recovery
Once emergency needs have been met and the initial crisis is over, the people affected and the communities that support
them are still vulnerable. Recovery activities include rebuilding infrastructure, health care and rehabilitation. These should
blend with development activities, such as building human resources for health and developing policies and practices to
avoid similar situations in future.
Disaster management is linked with sustainable development, particularly in relation to vulnerable people such as those
with disabilities, elderly people, children and other marginalised groups. Health Volunteers Overseas publications address
some of the common misunderstandings about disaster management.
Q .10. What is the ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTION OF POLLUTION?
Environment protection has been burning issue in last half century. In order to tackle the menace of pollution, urgent
steps have to be taken at not only global or country level, but also at local level. In fact, the role of individuals in
prevention of pollution is of critical importance, because it is the individuals that make a community or country. Effort by
each individual at his or her level can have a significant effect on global level. It has been aptly said “charity begins at
home”.
Aware and inspired individuals are strongest tool to tackle pollution. This is because an aware individual not only lessens
the burden on state but also he/she can tackle problem of pollution more effectively as he/she is more familiar with
problems persisting at local level and he himself/herself deals with them in his/her day to day life. It is better and more
viable to prevent pollution by educating individuals than controlling pollution. Individuals should encourage to modify
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their lifestyle and living habits if that are not healthy for environment.
Role of An Individual in Prevention of Pollution
Individuals should minimize wastage of resources such as electricity. Every unit of electricity saved is equivalent unit of
electricity produced as it not only saves the fuel that would be used to produce that electricity, but also help to prevent
pollution that is accompanied by burning of that fuel. Therefore, person should always switch off appliances when not in
use.
Individuals should prefer walking or use cycles instead of using motor vehicles, especially when distances to be travelled
are small.
Individuals can make considerable contribution by using mass transport (buses, trains, etc) instead of using personal
vehicles.
When going to workplace, colleagues from nearby localities should pool vehicles instead of going in individual personal
vehicles.
Taking personal vehicles for periodic pollution checks at centres approved by authorities.
Individuals should reuse items whenever possible.
Products that are made of recycled material should be given preference.
Use gunny bags made of jute instead of plastic bags.
Take part in environment conservation drives such as tree planting drives.
Use water resources efficiently.
Use renewable resources by installing equipment such as solar heaters and using solar cookers.
Dispose potentially harmful products such as cells, batteries, pesticide containers, etc properly.
Use of refrigerators should be minimised wherever possible as they are main source of CFC, which is responsible for Ozone
layer depletion.
Follow and promote family planning, as more population means more resources utilized and more resources utilized imply
more pollution.
Avoid making noise producing activities such as listening to loud music.
Use handkerchiefs instead of paper tissues.
Organize drives to clean streets and clean drains with help of other people of locality.
Spread awareness and inspire other people to prevent pollution. Individuals should be encouraged to acquire information
and innovations from world over and implement them locally.
Q . 11 What is the Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health?
When you talk about information technology, it has a significant hand in improving the status in the fields of
environmental education and human health as compared to that of the other respective areas such as business,
economics, and culture or politics. The emerging growth of the internet services and facilities, geographic information
system or GIS, and the data that gets transmitted through satellites, etc. have generated a higher affluence of the updated
information on several aspects of the environment as well as health. When you look for the variety of software in the
market, you will come across a number of them that created for the health and environment studies in a better way. They
are quite user-friendly and certainly help a learner to understand the respective subject with ease.
Database on the Environment System
Understanding the meaning of database is super easy and straightforward; it is a collection of connected data on some
subjects. It comes in a computerized form, and you can retrieve the data at any hour of the day whenever needed. The
information of database can easily extract in a computer. When it comes to comprehensive databases, things that include
in it are wildlife database, forest cover database, and conservation database, etc. the databases are also available for
some diseases which include malaria, fluorosis, HIV/AIDS, etc.
National management information system (NMIS).
Environmental information system (ENVIS).
Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS).
Geographical information system (GIS).
The World Wide Web (WWW).
National Management Information System (Nmis)
According to NMIS of the department of science and technology, it can understand that it has a database compilation that
base on research and development projects, as well as information that is related to research scientists and personnel, are
included.
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Environmental Information System (Envis)

According to the ministry of environment and forests, the government of India has developed an information system
known as ecological information system or ENVIS. It has its headquarters based in Delhi and has its branches all over India.
ENVIS established back in 1982, and since then, its main aim is to provide environmental information to all the decision
makers, engineers, scientists, and policy planners that reside in all over the country. The centers of ENVIS implement the
work hours in generating a new network for databases in areas such as clean technologies, pollution control, biodiversity,
wildlife, environmental management, remote sensing, and renewable energy.
Remote Sensing And Geographical Information System (Gis)
The process of remote sensing that accesses through satellites can be used to get through the ongoing alterations in the
environment as well as to predict the natural hazards before time such as floods, droughts, volcanic eruptions, starvation,
etc. It is one of the most useful techniques in exploring the availability of mineral deposits, crude oil, and locating other
geothermal powerhouses.
Geographical Information System (GIS)
GIS or geographic information system consider as one of the most effective tools in the entire environmental management
topic. It is a process of superimposing different thematic maps with the help of digital data on a large scale of
interconnected aspects. The different thematic maps that contain digital information and database on various elements
such as forest land, water resources, soil type, cropland, industrial growth, human settlement, and industrial growth, etc.
are placed in a layered prospectus in the computer with the help of software.
GIS also helps in identifying some deadly and chronic diseases that come from the infested areas which are very much
prone to vector-borne diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria, etc. based on the geographical map of that area. There
are some distribution information centers (DICs) in India that are interrelated with each other and with the central
information network getting its access to the international database.
They are also capable of availing information and facts about the atmospheric phenomena such as the upcoming
monsoon, inversion phenomena, the depletion of the ozone layer, smog, etc. It is the reason why remote sensing and GIS
play a significant role in resource mapping, management, planning, environmental conservation, and environmental
impact assessment as well.
The World Wide Web (WWW)
With the availability of resources on every aspect, things like classroom activities, digital files of photos, web-exercises,
animations, PowerPoint lecture presentations, and quiz competitions have proved to be more helpful for both the
students as well as the teachers who pursue environmental studies.
Features Of Online Learning Centre Websites
Student-Friendly Aspects:
It includes tips how to study smartly, detailed information and hyperlinks on every important topic, practice quiz, web
exercises, case studies, key-terms, career information, current affairs, an interactive encyclopedia, environmental maps,
current articles, and tips to contact your elected officials.
Teacher-Friendly Aspects:
It includes additional case studies, solutions to critical thinking, questions, answers to web exercises, editing facility to
imply or delete the items and make multiple versions of the same test, etc.
Seeking Online Help for Information on Health
The online portals provide a wide range of information on various subjects such as human health and environment. You
can access help from the national institute of occupational health as it avails electronic information on the professional
and fundamental health of people who work in hazardous working conditions such as industries, etc. and provide safety
measures as well.
Q .12 Elaborate the Human Rights and Value Education?
These days the news is full of stories of attacks on refugees, asylum seekers and migrants. Hatred of ethnic, cultural and
religious minorities is expressed more openly, not only by extremist groups, but also by politicians and on social media.
This fuels discrimination towards and social exclusion of minorities, which is a growing challenge to countries in Europe
and elsewhere. Marginalized and vulnerable groups, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and intersex people, face
discrimination and exclusion not only by the public but also by professionals in the education, healthcare and law
enforcement sectors. Our children are bullied and harassed in schools due to discrimination and prejudice.
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The more I read news reports and hear individual experiences, the more I am convinced that our education systems are
failing to foster the attitudes and skills needed to help our children appreciate diversity and difference, and to build
mutual respect for human dignity and shared values.
As a human rights educator, I have seen the power of human rights education to developing a culture of human rights and
a society that embraces dignity, inclusion and equality.
Human rights education has a fundamental role to play to ensure the full realization of ALL human rights. Human rights
education equips learners with knowledge of human rights and the mechanisms that protect them and instills values and
attitudes that uphold human rights. It empowers people to become active participants in their communities, taking action
for the realization of their rights and the rights of others. Thus human rights education contributes to social
transformation towards rights-respecting societies, sustainable participative democracy and social justice.
States are required under international law to respect, protect and fulfil human rights, and therefore must ensure that
education is directed to the full development or the human personality and to strengthening respect for and enjoyment of
human rights and fundamental freedoms. The obligation has been recognized in Goal 4.7 of the recently adopted United
Nations Sustainable Development Goals which serve as aspirations for all countries to promote “education for human
rights, gender equality, a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity”.
International instruments such as the UN Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training and regional frameworks
such as the Council of Europe’s Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education also provide
a common framework for action by states to implement democratic citizenship and human rights education, disseminate
good practice and raise standards.
All components and processes of education must reflect human rights values and principles. This includes not only the
curricula, but also extracurricular activities, educational processes and teaching methodologies, school policies, school
governance structures and practices, opportunities for participation, and the environment within which education takes
place. Human rights education must be learned through experience, through being exposed to human rights in practice.
This means that the how and where human rights education is taking place (the context and methodology) must also
reflect human rights values.
While teachers are crucial to fostering social and human rights values in education, international and regional institutions
and organizations also have a role to play. Such bodies have developed policies and supported the implementation of
human rights education, including education aimed at tackling discrimination and exclusion in schools. Education
International’s recent symposium on Human Rights and Values in Education held from 7 to 8 June in Riga, Latvia saw
participants from the educational sector, government, civil society and trade unions of primarily Baltic states, discuss how
to instill an appreciation of equality, inclusion and respect for diversity through the educational experience.
Noting that both education workers and unions have been in the forefront of the struggle for democratic change and
social equality, Fred van Leeuwen, General Secretary of Education International, said that “Schools should be places where
children and young people learn to live together, understanding the richness of diversity, because the societies in which
they must live in the future will all be diverse, multi-cultural democracies.”
The symposium contributed to dialogue and the sharing of innovative ideas on realizing human rights education. It
recognized the need for and encouraged greater coordination, cooperation and collaboration amongst national and
European institutions and organizations (including civil society organizations, educational institutions, and trade unions),
regional and local authorities, and families and local communities, to tackle discrimination and exclusion, and develop a
socially cohesive society based on democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights.
Q. 13 Discuss the Causes of Population growth and explosion. It’s effect and remedies.
Causes of population growth:
i. Decline in the Death Rate:
The fall in death rates that is decline in mortality rate is one fundamental causes of overpopulation. Owing to the
advancements in medicine, man has found cures to the previously fatal diseases. The new inventions in medicine have
brought in treatments for most of the dreadful diseases. This has resulted in an increase in the life expectancy of
individuals. Mortality rate has declined leading to an increase in population.
Owing to modern medications and improved treatments to various illnesses, the overall death rate has gone down. The
brighter side of it is that we have been able to fight many diseases and prevent deaths. On the other hand, the medical
boon has brought with it, the curse of overpopulation.
ii. Rise in the Birth Rate:
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Thanks to the new discoveries in nutritional science, we have been able to bring in increase in the fertility rates of human
beings. Medicines of today can boost the reproductive rate in human beings. There are medicines and treatments, which
can help in conception. Thus, science has led to an increase in birth rate. This is certainly a reason to be proud and happy
but advances in medicine have also become a cause of overpopulation.
iii. Migration:
Immigration is a problem in some parts of the world. If the inhabitants of various countries migrate to a particular part of
the world and settle over there, the area is bound to suffer from the ill effects of overpopulation. If the rates of emigration
from a certain nation do not match the rates of immigration to that country, overpopulation makes its way. The country
becomes overly populated. Crowding of immigrants in certain parts of the world, results in an imbalance in the density of
population.
iv. Lack of Education:
Illiteracy is another important cause of overpopulation. Those lacking education fail to understand the need to prevent
excessive growth of population. They are unable to understand the harmful effects that overpopulation has.
They are unaware of the ways to control population. Lack of family planning is commonly seen in the illiterate lot of the
world. This is one of the major factors leading to overpopulation. Due to ignorance, they do not take to family planning
measures, thus contributing to a rise in population.
Viewing the issue of increasing population optimistically, one may say that overpopulation means the increase in human
resources. The increase in the number of people is the increase in the number of productive hands and creative minds. But
we cannot ignore the fact that the increase in the number producers implies an increase in the number of consumers.
Greater number of people requires a greater number of resources.
Not every nation is capable of providing its people with the adequate amount of resources. The ever-increasing population
will eventually leave no nation capable of providing its people with the resources they need to thrive. When the
environment fails to accommodate the living beings that inhabit it, overpopulation becomes a disaster.

Population Explosion:
There has been a dramatic reduction in the doubling time of the global human population, as we have already discussed.
In the 20th century, human population has grown much faster than ever before. Between 1950-1990, in just 40 years the
population crossed 5 billion marks with current addition of about 92 million every year, or so to say, adding a New Mexico
every year. In the year 2000, the world population was 6.3 billion and it is predicted to grow four times in the next 100
years. This unprecedented growth of human population at an alarming rate is referred to as population explosion.
India is the second most populous country of the world with 1 billion people. If the current growth rates continue, it will
have 1.63 billion people by 2050 and will become the most populous country surpassing China. So we are heading for very
serious ramifications of the population explosion problem.
If we look at the population statistics of our country we find that in just 35 years after independence we added another
India in terms of population. On 11th May, 2000 we became 1 billion and now we can say that every 6th person in this
world is an Indian.
Population explosion is causing severe resource depletion and environmental degradation. Our resources like land, water,
fossil fuels, minerals etc. are limited and due to over exploitation, these resources are getting exhausted.
Even many of the renewable resources like forests, grasslands etc. are under tremendous pressure. Industrial and
economic growth are raising our quality of life but adding toxic pollutants into the air, water and soil. As a result, the
ecological life-support systems are getting jeopardized.
There is a fierce debate on this issue as to whether we should immediately reduce fertility rates through worldwide birth
control programs in order to stabilize or even shrink the population or whether human beings will devise new technologies
for alternate resources, so that the problem of crossing the carrying capacity of the earth will never actually come. There
are two very important views on population growth which need a mention here:
Remedies
Better Education: One of the first measures is to implement policies reflecting social change. Educating the masses helps
them understand the need to have one or two children at the most. Similarly, education plays a vital role in understanding
latest technologies like Cloud Desktop Online that are making huge waves in the world of computing. Families that are
facing a hard life and choose to have four or five children should be discouraged. Family planning and efficient birth
control can help in women making their own reproductive choices. Open dialogue on abortion and voluntary sterilization
should be seen when talking about overpopulation.
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Making People Aware of Family Planning: As population of this world is growing at a rapid pace, raising awareness among
people regarding family planning and letting them know about serious after effects of overpopulation can help curb
population growth. One of the best way is to let them know about various safe sex techniques and contraceptives
methods available to avoid any unwanted pregnancy.
Tax Benefits or Concessions: Government of various countries might have to come with various policies related to tax
exemptions to curb overpopulation. One of them might be to waive of certain part of income tax or lowering rates of
income tax for those married couples who have single or two children. As we humans are more inclined towards money,
this may produce some positive results.
Knowledge of Sex Education: Imparting sex education to young kids at elementary level should be must. Most parents feel
shy in discussing such things with their kids which result in their children going out and look out for such information on
internet or discuss it with their peers. Mostly, the information is incomplete which results in sexually active teenagers
unaware of contraceptives and embarrassed to seek information about same. It is therefore important for parents and
teachers to shed their old inhibitions and make their kids or students aware of solid sex education.
Q . 14 What is Environmental Awareness? Explain?
To define environmental awareness, we must first understand the environmentalist movement. Environmentalism is an
ideology that evokes the necessity and responsibility of humans to respect, protect, and preserve the natural world from
its anthropogenic (caused by humans) afflictions.
Environmental awareness is an integral part of the movement’s success. By teaching our friends and family that the
physical environment is fragile and indispensable we can begin fixing the problems that threaten it.
Numerous resources are available to promote environmental awareness; group learning (in or outside of class),
informational and inspirational seminars, such as our Awakening the Dreamer Program, and environmental books and
brochures are just a few of the tools that can get you involved in promoting the environment.
Promote Environmental Awareness
When learning about the environment’s declining health it is easy to feel discouraged, but what keeps us fighting for a
healthy world is the future of our children. They should not have to inherit our environmental problems and in order to
keep their future bright, spreading awareness is imperative. Before you can begin promoting environmental awareness in
your own community you must first make sure that you have a thorough understanding of environmental issues. Staying
up to date on environmental news and reading comprehensive books about environmental threats are both great
resources, but if you’re the type of person who prefers a more interactive approach, attending environmental seminars is
a great option. Our Awakening the Dreamer Symposium is an inspirational and informative seminar that discusses man-
made environmental issues, while also instilling a sense of hopefulness for the future.
A 4-minute introduction to the experience that will transform your relationship to the crisis and opportunity of this time in
history.
Our Awakening the Dreamer Symposium, created by Pachamama Alliance, is an invaluable resource to help you become
environmentally aware. Specifically, the symposium demonstrates that environmental destruction is the result of a flaw in
the modern world’s belief system, in which our actions lack consequences. Meanwhile, our partners in the Amazon forest,
the Achuar, (along with the rest of the world) are experiencing our consequences daily with the continued threat of big oil
destroying their home. In order to keep their rainforest pristine, we need to stop our dependence on fossil fuel and begin
using environmentally sustainable resources.
The symposium makes a powerful point that the environment is in critical condition and while there is still hope to change
our course, time is of the essence. During the symposium a desire and urgency to become an environmental steward is
inspired; the symposium appropriately calls this desire as being in a state of “blessed unrest”.Once the participant
has awakened into this state of “blessed unrest”, they are supplied with courses of action and resources to begin
promoting environmental awareness in their community.
Make a Difference
After you have become environmentally aware you can begin teaching those around you. The symposium acts a catalyst
for you to begin your role as an environmental steward and provides online courses and other resources to keep you on
track.A good course of action that ensures your continued participation as a global citizen is to pick an environmental issue
that strikes you as most urgent. The amount of environmental issue seems limitless and while they are all important it is
best to initially focus on one cause. You will soon see that all environmental issues are intertwined and will find your niche
of interest. After your decision is made you then explain its importance and urgency to your community, friends, and
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family, create beneficial communal projects, and find more causes to become a part of.
Examples of Environmental Issues That Need Fixing
Here are several cause-and-effect problems that harm our environment:
Oil Drilling- This issue is one that causes a great deal of environmental destruction. Our dependence on fossil fuel is a
global addiction that affects every aspect of the world. Oil spills and offshore drilling poison marine life, oil drilling (on
land) suffocates the earth, and the combustion of fossil fuels add to the increased atmospheric CO₂, which in turns causes
the progression of global warming and ocean acidification. This is a multifaceted issue and is a good cause to get involved
with because it covers such a broad spectrum of issues.
Deforestation- Millions of acres of forest are cut down for industrial benefit, such as large scale farming, oil mining, and
the production of paper goods. Deforestation causes wildlife and biodiversity extinction. The International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has a Red List of environmentally threatened species with up-to-date information.
Oftentimes, the cause for their threatened existence is listed as loss of habitat as it is for many Amazonian species.
Production of Plastic Goods- Currently our society creates a great deal of waste and much of that waste is comprised of
plastic. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2010 alone 31 million tons of plastic waste was
created. This waste ends up all over the globe in both land and water, a good example is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
Not only is plastic waste an issue, but the production of plastic is also dependent on fossil fuel combustion. According to
the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) in 2010 191 million barrels of liquid petroleum gases(LPG) and natural gas
liquids (NGL) were used in the U.S. alone to produce plastic goods.
A solar powered water pump in the Amazon forest; a great alternative energy source.
Possibilities:
Once you’re well versed in environmental issues, use that knowledge to create beneficial project in your home and in your
community.
Instead of driving to work or school, take the bus, carpool, walk, or ride your bike to cut down on greenhouse gas
emissions. According to the EPA transportation adds to 33% of the total atmospheric CO₂.
Consider investing in appropriate technology like clean power (solar or wind), if not for your home maybe for a community
centre. This will also help wean ourselves off fossil fuels.
Buy reusable products such as glass bottles, reusable bags and cups etc. Avoid buying paper towels, plastic bottles and
bags.
Start composting and recycling, which will help cut down our waste production.
Support local businesses and farmers by only buying organic food at farmers markets. Make sure the food is pesticide free.
This will help your community become self-reliant.
Q .15 . WHAT ARE THE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTION of GLOBAL WARMING?
Global warming is a most burning topic gained the attention of many social thinkers, scientists, policy makers, Corporate,
researchers and student community worldwide. It is a concept seriously bothered by our ever living former president
[Link] Kalam with social concern as a responsible citizen and as well as a scientist. Almost he has insisted in his
addresses everywhere, everyone to account global warming in the light of protecting the generation next. Hence, it is the
intention of the author both to create awareness among the mind of the readers and also to pay homage to the soul of
the incomparable personality [Link] Kalam,
[Link],anattempthasbeenmadetoexplaintheconceptofGlobalWarmingalongwithits’relevant
phenomenon Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effects and also to offer constructive solutions to the issue of Global
Warming by taking into account the effects of Global Warming.
Global Warming
Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere trapping heat and warming
the Planet. Global Warming is nothing but the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to the effect of
greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane emissions out of human activities such as burning fossil fuels or
from deforestation.
Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide and other air pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and
solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space but these
pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. As we
burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas for energy or cut down and burn forests to create pastures and plantations,
carbon accumulates and overloads our atmosphere. Certain waste management and agricultural practices aggravate the
problem by releasing other potent global warming gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide. Increasing rainfall also leads
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to larger amounts of agricultural pollution, as heavy rains wash manure and fertilizer off of farm fields and into our
streams and lakes. These gases can trap heat in the atmosphere, causing steady increase in temperatures.
Greenhouse Gases and Effects:
A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation and the ability of these gases to trap
heat is what causes the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Fluorinated Gas and
Chlorofluorocarbons are examples of greenhouse gases. So, the more greenhouse gases you have in the atmosphere, the
more heat stays on Earth. There are two ways that a greenhouse gas can enter our atmosphere. One of them is through
human activities. The main human sources of GHG emissions are fossil fuel use, deforestation, intensive livestock farming,
use of synthetic fertilizers and industrial processes. Since the Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century,
human activities have been a major source of all forcing greenhouse gases. The other is through natural processes like
animal and plantrespiration.
Greenhouse gases keep the earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect. The natural process between the
sun, the atmosphere and the Earth is called the Greenhouse Effect. The exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation
warms the earth is often referred to as the greenhouse effect. Energy radiated by the sun coverts to heat and when it
reaches the earth some of the heat is reflected back through the atmosphere, while some observed by atmospheric gases
and radiated back to the earth.
“A phenomenon in which the atmosphere of a planet traps radiation emitted by its sun, caused by gases such as carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but retain heat radiated back from the
planet's surface”.
Effects of Greenhouse Gases
Global warming is changing our world and it is a global threat with real implications for everyone no matter where you
live. As global warming alters weather patterns across the globe such as scorching hot summers and extreme
unpredictable weather are expected to become the norm. This will result in more droughts as well as more floods and
increasing uncertainty in the existing climate to the future. As temperatures rise, air quality problems worsen and would
lead to increased asthma and other health impacts would be significant. Severe allergies can also lead to missed days of
work and school, and an overall lower quality of life. Wildlife and trees will feel the impacts [Link] gases are a
group of compounds that are able to trap heat (long wave radiation) in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth's surface
warmer than it would be if they were not [Link] gases are the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The
ability of these gases to trap heat is what causes the greenhouseeffect.
Increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere enhances the greenhouse effect which is creating global
warming and consequently climate change. Greenhouse gases allow sunlight (short wave radiation) to pass through the
atmospherefreely.
Some of the energy radiated by the sun bounces back out towards space as heat. Of the heat emitted back to space, some
is intercepted and absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and then re-emit it towards the earth which increases
global temperatures.
Forcing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases take many years to leave the
atmosphere as are all well-mixed gases in the atmosphere. They do not react to changes in either temperature or air
pressure and thus do not get removed easily like water that condenses to become rain or snow. Their long atmospheric
lifetime allows them to have a lasting effect on global warming and climatechange.
5 . Water vapor is a highly active component of the climate system that responds rapidly to changes in conditions by either
condensing into rain or snow, or evaporating to return to the atmosphere.

6. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth and without them; surface temperatures would be on an
average about 32.5°Ccolder.

Importance of Climate
Climate is reshaping human civilization. But, how we will respond to the climate will determine the future of our species.
Substantial scientific evidence indicates that an increase in the global average temperature of more than 2°F above where
we are today poses severe risks to natural systems and human health and well-being. In the 21st Century, we should not
be using deadly and outdated technology to power our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses. Extracting, burning and
transporting fossil fuels all carry significant risks to our public health, to the climate and to those directly involved in these
archaic industries. To keep global warming under 1.5°C, we have to keep the majority of known fossil fuel reserves in the
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ground. Ensuring climate stability, establishing protection from storm, assuring sufficient food and availability of sufficient
drinkable water are the main elements demand the preservation of climate.
Issues in Climate Change
Dependence on fossil fuels: The burning of fossil fuels is the main source of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. If
emissions continue to rise, we will be locked in to devastating rises in temperature. A more diversified, cleaner energy
portfolio and increased energy efficiency are critical steps toward reducing our emissions.
Vulnerable coasts: About50% of the global population lives near the coast. But habitat destruction and land use changes
are degrading and destroying wetlands and coastal forests, the natural buffers that help protect coastal areas against
storm surges, rising sea levels anderosion.
Deforestation and land use change: Massive amounts of carbon are stored in tropical forests. When we destroy these
areas to clear land for ranches or farms, that carbon gets released into the atmosphere and accelerates climate change.
Studies show that deforestation accounts for 11% of all human-caused greenhouse gasemissions.
Insufficient funding: Global contributions to climate finance fall severely short of what is needed. Even though it would
only take an estimated US$ 70 billion per year [less than 0.1% of global GDP] to make the changes of humanity needs to
adapt to a warming world.

Major effects of global warming or climate change:

Global Warming Affect Rainfall: Global warming is expected to intensify extreme precipitation, but the rate at which it
does so in the tropics has remained unclear. With every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature, the tropical regions will see
10 percent heavier rainfall extremes, with possible impacts for flooding in populous regions.
Increased Melting of Ice: Some of the effects of global warming include increased melting of land ice, faster rises in sea
level and increased temperature averages. It also increases the demand for energy and contributes to extreme weather
conditions. As the ice melts, it flows into the sea and contributes to increases in the sea level. Global warming disturbs the
balance of ecosystems by changing the salinity of ocean waters. Hence, fish and other organisms unable to adapt, die or
experience growth or reproductive issues. Global warming also increases the temperatures at and above the ocean
surface.
Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes: One of the most immediate and obvious effects of global
warming is the increase in temperatures around the world. The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4
degrees Fahrenheit over the past 100 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Extreme weather is an effect of global warming. While experiencing some of the hottest summers on record, much of the
United States also has been experiencing colder than normal winters. Global warming may also lead to extreme weather
other than cold or heat extremes.
Plants and Animals: Many species of plants and animals are already moving their range northward or to higher altitudes as
a result of warming temperatures. They are not just moving north, but they are moving from the equator toward the
poles. They are quite simply following the range of comfortable temperatures which is migrating to the poles as the global
average temperature warms. This becomes a problem when the rate of climate change velocity is faster than the rate that
many organisms can migrate. Because of this, many animals may not be able to compete in the new climate regime and
may go extinct.
Social Effects: Agricultural systems will likely be dealt a crippling blow. Though growing seasons in some areas will expand,
the combined impacts of drought, severe weather, lack of snowmelt, greater number and diversity of pests, lower
groundwater tables and a loss of arable land could cause severe crop failures and livestock shortagesworldwide.

Solution:
Use of energy efficient products: Energy efficient products like fluorescent bulbs go long way in saving energy and that too
at low cost. Energy produced by electronic gadgets at home or industry are largest producer of global warming. Using
energy efficient products has vast potential to save both energy and money, and can be deployedquickly.

Adopt to nuclear: Nuclear technology produce low carbon emissions, an increase in the use of nuclear energy could help in
reducing global warming. Though, nuclear technology pose serious threat to health and security but its’ safe use can help
in reducing global warming to greatextent.
Passing out fossil fuels: Burning of fossil fuels like wood or coal produces more carbon emissions than other product.
Phasing out coal burning power plants and not burning fossil fuels directly will reduce dependence on fossilfuels.
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Put off gadgets: Often when we go out and we forget to switch off fans, bulbs, and gadgets when actually there is no use
of them. These devices generate heat which in itself contributes to global warming. Switching off these devices will save
electricity, lower down electricity bills and reduce globalwarming.
Stop deforestation: Less trees means less absorption of green house gases which are in itself responsible for more global
warming. We can fight global warming by reducing deforestation and reducing forest degradation. Managing forests and
agriculture therefore should be the top priority to reduce carbonemissions.
Use of public transportation: Pollution from vehicles account for major portion of carbon emissions. Usage of public
transportation, car pooling and low carbon fuels not only reduce pollution but also reduce vehicular traffic on the road.
Public transportation appears to be more cost friendly and does not pinch the pocket in the longrun.
Explore renewable sources: Renewable sources like Solar, Wind, Geothermal and Bio-energy would create clean energy
and have been in use around the world for many years. These technologies can be deployed quickly, cost-effective and
create jobs for millions ofpeople.
Pushing for tough standards: Government should ensure that no subsidies, incentives or commitments are made to new
coal-fired plants unless they produce zeroemissions.
Developing low carbon technologies: Research and development of low carbon technologies will further help in reducing
carbon emissions.
Creation of awareness: Word of mouth is the best way to create awareness among the people to stop carbon emissions.
Presentations, Meetings and Discussions over global warming provide information about viable solutions to global
warming, and reinforcing the economic benefits available throughout the Midwest from the development of renewable
energy and energyefficiency.
Further, fossil free heating or cooling of our houses, avoiding fossil driven cars, less use of voyage service, Preferring
organic foods, normal usage of meat, purchasing locally produced articles, minimum use of goods and articles, buying
quality oriented and used products, preferring eco-friendly products and companies, fossil free investments and savings,
engaging environmental movements and emphasizing for clean energy and clean environment are the easy ways and
means for reducing global warming..

Conclusion:
Climate is reshaping human civilization. But, how we will respond to the climate will determine the future of our species.
Ensuring climate stability, establishing protection from storm, assuring sufficient food and availability of sufficient
drinkable water are the main elements demand the preservation of climate. Substantial scientific evidence indicates that
an increase in the global average temperature of more than 2°F above where we are today poses severe risks to natural
systems and human health and well- being. Extracting, burning and transporting fossil fuels all carry significant risks to our
public health, to the climate and to those directly involved in these archaic industries. Therefore, we should not be using
deadly and outdated technology to power our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses but, we have to keep the majority
of known fossil fuel reserves in the ground. The climate and the future of our kids will be saved when all of us are moving
in the samedirection.