GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO.

321

GEO-CONGRESS 2020
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 68TH ANNUAL
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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE

SELECTED PAPERS FROM SESSIONS OF
GEO-CONGRESS 2020

February 25–28, 2020

Minneapolis, Minnesota

SPONSORED BY
The Geo-Institute of the
American Society of Civil Engineers

EDITED BY
Joseph F. Labuz, Ph.D., P.E.
Brent A. Theroux, P.E.
James P. Hambleton, Ph.D.
Roman Makhnenko, Ph.D.
Aaron S. Budge, Ph.D., P.E.

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

Geo-Congress 2020
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Geo-Congress 2020
 Geo-Congress 2020 GSP 321 iii

Preface
This is the 68th offering of the University of Minnesota Annual Geotechnical
Engineering Conference, which was started in 1953, largely through the efforts of
Miles Kersten, University of Minnesota; Charles Britzius, Twin City Testing; C.K.
Preus, Minnesota Highway Department; and Wilfred Darling, Corps of Engineers. The
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speakers at the 1st conference included Kersten, Britzius, and Preus, as well as Herbert
Wright, University of Minnesota; Rockwell Smith, Association of American Railroads;
and Ralph Peck, University of Illinois. In 1979, at the 27th conference, the Kersten
Lecture was established and George Sowers, Georgia Institute of Technology,
presented the first lecture.

The tradition continues through the Planning Committee, whose members represent the
contracting industry, government agencies, consulting engineers, and the University,
with a program offering technical information and discussion on recent projects for the
geoengineering community. Topics at the 68th conference cover energy
geotechnology, numerical modeling in geomechanics, lessons learned from failures,
waste on-site disposal, and case histories. The conference provides a forum to interact
with peers, meet specialty contractors, and hear researchers and practitioners discuss
theory and application of geomechanics.

This volume is one of seven containing the full collection of papers presented at Geo-
Congress 2020, numbering well of 400 in total. Each of the seven volumes were
reviewed in accordance with ASCE GSP standards. Each paper was subjected to
technical review by two or more independent peer reviewers, and publication required
concurrence by at least two peer reviewers. These publications and the conference itself
would not have been possible without the diligent effort of the individuals recognized
in the acknowledgements.

The Editors,

Joseph Labuz, Ph.D., P.E., [Link], University of Minnesota

Brent Theroux, P.E., Barr Engineering
James P. Hambleton, Ph.D., [Link], Northwestern University
Roman Makhnenko, Ph.D., [Link], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Aaron S. Budge, Ph.D., P.E., [Link], Minnesota State University, Mankato

© ASCE

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 Geo-Congress 2020 GSP 321 iv

Acknowledgments

Geo-Congress 2020 and its published proceedings would not have been possible without the
diligent, coordinated effort of numerous people, especially the reviewers who provided detailed
feedback on papers and the session chairs who made decisions and provided editorial assistance
on selected topics. The reviewers recognized below provided assistance specifically with the
papers in this special volume. The editorial team is also profoundly grateful to Mr. Derrick
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Dasenbrock (Conference Chair), Dr. Roman Hryciw (Technical Program Co-Chair), Dr. Nick
Hudyma (Technical Program Co-Chair), Dr. Nima Goudarzi, Mr. Brad Keelor, Ms. Erin Ryan,
and the ASCE publications team for their crucial roles in the production of these proceedings.

Geo-Congress 2020 Conference Program Committee

Conference Chair

 Derrick D. Dasenbrock, P.E., [Link], [Link], Minnesota Department of Transportation

Technical Program Committee

 Roman D. Hryciw, Ph.D., [Link], University of Michigan

 Nick W. Hudyma, Ph.D., P.E., [Link], Boise State University
 Menzer Pehlivan, Ph.D., P.E., [Link], Jacobs
 Lizan N. Gilbert, P.E., [Link], Guy F. Atkinson Construction, LLC
 Jean Côté, Ph.D., Université Laval Québec (Representative, Canadian Geotechnical
Society)
 Domenic D'Argenzio, P.E., [Link], Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers
(Representative, COPRI of ASCE)
 Brent A. Theroux, P.E., Barr Engineering Co. (Representative, Minnesota Geotechnical
Society; Representative, University of Minnesota Annual Conference)

Proceedings Editors

 James P. Hambleton, Ph.D., [Link], Northwestern University

 Roman Makhnenko, Ph.D., [Link], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 Aaron S. Budge, Ph.D., P.E., [Link], Minnesota State University, Mankato

Reviewers

Pouyan Asem Ivan Contreras Megan Hoppe

Chris Behling Ron Farmer Nathan Iverson
Joseph Bentler Bryan Field Joseph Labuz
Ryan Berg Steve Gale Richard Lamb
Aaron Budge Michael Haggerty Dan Mahrt

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 Geo-Congress 2020 GSP 321 v

Steve Olson David Saftner Brent Theroux

Ryan Petersen Brian Sanchez Joseph Westphal
Greg Reuter Joel Swenson
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© ASCE

Geo-Congress 2020
 Geo-Congress 2020 GSP 321 vi

Contents
The Art of Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics .................................................................. 1
Peter A. Cundall

Lessons (Re)learned from Geotechnical Failures .................................................................. 14

Richard J. Finno
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Twenty-Year Performance of a Mixed LLRW/RCRA Waste Disposal Facility................... 29

Rudolph Bonaparte, Beth A. Gross, Ranjiv Gupta, John F. Beech, Leslie M. Griffin,
and David K. Phillips

Gas Explosion Analysis ........................................................................................................... 57

Otto D. L. Strack

The Use of Steel Sheet Pile as Permanent Building Foundation Walls: Lessons
Learned over 15 Years of Design in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA ..................................... 68
Chad A. Underwood

Quo Vadis? Inakeyaa! Inferring Flow Directions Using a Bayesian Approach ................... 78
Randal J. Barnes and Richard Soule

Supporting a Bridge between Countries Case Study: Construction of Baudette

Bridge Drilled Shafts ............................................................................................................... 87
Nathan W. Iverson

Computational Tools for the Analysis of Stability of Embankments in

Frictional-Cohesive Soils....................................................................................................... 100
Carlos Carranza-Torres and David Saftner

Eisenhower Bridge North Abutment and Approach Settlement: A Case History

of Timber Pile Downdrag and Comparative Downdrag Effect on Steel Piles .................... 119
Steven J. Olson

Washington Park Reservoir Improvements: Accommodating Ancient Landslide

Movement with a Compressible Inclusion ........................................................................... 128
Thomas Westover, Dan Hogan, Gerry Heslin, and Andrew Kost

A Retrospective on the Evolution of Geotechnical Sensing and Instrumentation

for Monitoring at MnDOT.................................................................................................... 142
Joel N. Swenson and Derrick D. Dasenbrock

Experimental Study of Forces Induced in Mechanical Excavation of Rock ....................... 156

John Pultorak, Dmitry Drozdov, Jia-Liang Le, and Emmanuel Detournay

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 Geo-Congress 2020 GSP 321 vii

An Overview of Performance Monitoring for Drilled Full Displacement Type

Rigid Inclusions under Highway Embankments ................................................................. 163
Liang Chern Chow, Joseph G. Bentler, Alex Potter-Weight, and Andrew J. Eller

Detecting Pile Length of Sign Structures and High Mast Poles .......................................... 174
Daniel V. Kennedy, Bojan B. Guzina, and Joseph F. Labuz

Sky Harbor Airport Runway Realignment .......................................................................... 187

Hector D. Flores and Brandon J. Twedt
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A Failure Mechanism around Axially Loaded Sockets in Weak Rock ............................... 198
Pouyan Asem and Joseph F. Labuz

Kennedy Bridge Instrumentation: A Pier Review ............................................................... 210

James C. Bennett

A Review of LRFD Bridge Foundation Design and Construction in South Dakota........... 221
Brett E. Belzer, Bret N. Lingwall, and Lance A. Roberts

On Solid Ground: Preventative and Responsive Geotechnical and Structural

Mitigation of Geologic Hazards Impacting Oil and Gas Production .................................. 232
Charles D. Hubbard

© ASCE

Geo-Congress 2020