Mining plan optimisation considering
operational constraints
Rodrigo Zúñiga, Felipe Kremer, José Ignacio Ramírez and Andrés Solar
Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi, Chile
ABSTRACT
The mine planning stage within the value chain of a mining company has to translate its business
strategy into a real plan, optimising the extraction of reserves based on maximising the NPV for the
operation. For this reason, the mine production plan must be robust and feasible, considering a
reasonable risk and a minimum uncertainty.
At present, a fixed maximum of annual movement per phase is considered in a long‐term planning
of an open‐pit, which is not necessarily the best assumption.
This paper shows a practical methodology for incorporating operational information to control the
sinking rate of the mine production plan. The objective is to include the phase design geometry,
and the loading fleet assigned by phase‐bench and by period, in the production plan.
The main advantage of this methodology is to identify the periods and phases where the planned
sinking rates are harder to reach. Another advantage is to compare the different phases and their
impact in the mine production plan.
The resulting mining plan is more aligned from an operational point of view, which reduces the
risk of not achieving the production plan. Also, it allows for making better decisions in the
evaluation stage of a mining project.
–1–
INTRODUCTION
One of the main challenges to be faced in long‐term planning of open pit mines is to establish
methodologies to consider the mineʹs operating restrictions during the construction of the mining
plans, in order to make them more robust and flexible, so that the areas of short and medium term
planning may possibly to implement the plan [1].
In relation to this, Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi, Chile is facing a crucial stage, due to
the start up of the studies that will allow future production expansions.
In this sense, one of the major constraints that can meet the mine expansion desired is the limitation
of the maximum annual tonnage movement from Rosario pit [2]. An operation expansion requires
an annual movement between 800 to 900 ktpd from this pit.
Currently, long‐term mining plans consider mainly three constraints to reflect the mine
development rate:
• A maximum number of benches to be exploited in one year from the same phase
• A maximum tonnage removed of each phase annually
• A maximum number of operating phases at the same time
The aim of this work is to build more operational and robust mine plans by refining the restriction
of maximum tonnage, from the current restriction in phases to a restriction in phase‐benches. This
is, to work on sinking rates based on phase designs.
A review of historical data was done, to establish different configurations of loading equipment
that can simultaneously be in production in a single bench. This methodology establishes different
movement restrictions for different sets of benches within the same phase, describing for example,
reduction in the area available for loading, making it necessary to change from the rope shovels to
only work with smaller equipment as hydraulic shovel or front end loaders.
Thus, by measuring the dimensions of each phase‐bench considered in the long‐term plan, it is possible
to set up more realistic maximum or potential movement, and generating more robust mine plans.
These potentials for phase‐bench depend on the configuration of equipment and its operational
performance, which may vary according to the interference generated among them in operations.
This methodology was tested in building a long term mining plan, which identified the periods and
phases which were restricted by configuration, finally obtaining a mine plan more operationally
aligned. A future work is to implement this methodology directly in the mine planning software
used in Collahuasi [3].
OBJECTIVES
General objective
Reduce the risk of not achieving a long‐term mine plan of an open pit mine, through a methodology
to consider operational constraints to define sinking rate per phase and period.
Specific objectives
• Build a more robust, operational and flexible long term plan
• Conduct a more robust decision making when evaluating alternatives for the mine sequencing
–2–
DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY
Information of mining operation
Based on the information management systems in mining operations it is possible to provide
historical data of three fleets of loading equipment production:
• Rope shovels (56 and 73 cy)
• Hydraulic Shovel (38 cy)
• Front end Loaders (31 cy)
Thus, for each of the phases and operated benches in recent years, can have the following details:
• Which loading equipments are in production at the same time in the same phase‐bench
• What is the tonnage moved by each loading equipment
Table 1 shows the breakdown by bench (each two benches) of tonnages moved by each kind of loading
equipment using as example phase 4. Not showing the tonnage moved by loaders, because they are
proportionately much smaller. In addition it is possible to differentiate rope shovels for 56 and 73 cy.
Table 1 Millions of tonnes moved by the various loading equipment in Phase 4 Rosario pit
Bench Rope Shovels 56 cy Rope Shovels 73 cy Hydraulic shovels Total
4495 0.4 0.8 1.3
4465 3.9 2.3 0.4 6.7
4435 4.1 4.5 0.4 9.1
4405 8.5 3.6 1.2 13.3
4375 8.8 2.9 0.3 12.0
4345 8.2 1.2 0.8 10.2
4315 5.7 1.9 0.9 8.5
4285 3.0 1.5 1.6 6.1
4255 4.3 0.9 5.2
4225 3.4 0.7 4.1
4195 2.4 1.1 3.5
4165 1.0 1.0
The table shows that the 73 cy rope shovels have been in production mainly in the upper benches of
this phase, i.e. production was mostly in waste.
However, for purposes of long term plan only 73 cy rope shovels are included, having a size and
space requirements similar to rope shovels 56 cy. In the following chart with tonnage from each
bench of phase 4, the information is collected in the table above and consolidates the results of the
two rope shovels fleets:
–3–
Million of Tonnes
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
4480
4450
4420
4390
4360
4330
Benches
4300
4270
4240
4210
4180
4150
Rope Shovel Hydraulic Shovel
Figure 1 Mine fleet movements by shovel fleet and by bench of phase 4 Rosario
The table and figure above shows, for example that in bench 4180 there was a shovel in production
with 1.3 Mtonne, but in bench 4165 there is only movement with hydraulic shovels. That is, from
this type of information it is possible to identify the interface where rope shovels were not used and
where only more mobility equipment such as loaders and hydraulic shovels were in production. In
addition, when the temporary variable is considered, it is possible to determine the number of rope
or hydraulic shovels that work simultaneously on the same phase‐bench.
Definition of equipment configurations
From the design phase we can measure the dimensions of each phase‐bench, by measuring its area
in m2. Integrating all the historical information, we can establish a relationship between the number
and type of loading equipment in production, and the dimensions of each phase‐bench.
Table 2 presents the number of ropes shovels according to different ranges of available area in each
phase‐bench.
Table 2 Definition of loading equipment configurations
Configuration N° Rope shovels Condition
0 0 Area < 100.000 m2
1 1 100.000 <= Area < 150.000 m2
2 2 150.000 <= Area < 200.000 m2
3 3 Area >= 200.000 m2
4 4 Area >= 200.000 m2 && Bench > Survey
–4–
The tabble above sho ows that the aarea of each p
phase‐bench defines loadiing equipmen
nt configuratiion
that wiill be assigned here the area is less than 2000,000 m .
d in cases wh 2
For ph hase‐bench wiith area biggeer than or equ ual to 200,000 m2 have setu up three or fo
our rope shovvels
depend ding on whetther the bench h is on topog
graphy, i.e. wh
hether or nott trucks must travel by ram mp
into th
he pit. It is asssumed that in
i cases wherre the bench is on mine to
opography, mine
m equipmeent
have g greater freedo om of space aand movemen nt, and thereffore can work k at the samee time four ro
ope
shovels, instead of tthree rope sho ovels in bench
hes into the p
pit.
Figure 2 shows actuual mine topoography with h plan views of bench 42440 of phase 4 of Rosario, aand
shoes sschematically
y the positionss for rope sho uction in this bench.
ovels in produ
Figurre 2 Example o
of bench betweeen configuratiion 1 and 2. Areea = 150,000 m2
In add
dition to abov
ve, each config
guration musst consider a certain tonnaage to be mov
ved with min
nor
loading
g equipment, such as hydrraulic shovelss and front en
nd loaders.
As a siimplification,, was assumeed that smaller equipment will be used when the number
n of ro
ope
shovels is less than o two, considering also that
n or equal to t the conffigurations 3 3 and 4 will be
commo only present in top bencches which removes
r wasste (it is also
o possible to
o consider baack
hydrau ulic shovels in
i these configurations). Table 3 shows a summaary of these configuration ns,
considering the nu umber and ty ype of equipmment, and th
he potential movement
m in
n million tonnne
(Mtonn ne) for each coonfiguration:
Table 33 Potential m
movement of eeach loading equipment co
onfiguration
Configuratio
on Rope shov
vels Minor equipment TOTAL Mtonne
N° RS Mtonne N° HS N
N° FEL Mton
nne
0 2 1 27.8 27.8
1 1 29.2 2 20.9 50.1
2 2 58.4 1 10.5 68.9
3 3 98.6 98.6
4 4 116.8 116.8
*Note: RS= Rope
R shovels; HS=
= Hydraulic Shovells; FEL= Front endd Loader
–5–
To determine the potential movement of each configuration, typical operating performance was
considered for each of the equipment:
• In rope shovels a performance between 80.000 and 90.000 tonnes per day was considered,
depending on whether it is ore or waste, and interference generated between mine equipment.
• In the hydraulic shovels a performance of 1.800 tonnes per operating hour was considered, or
equivalent to 10.5 million tonnes a year.
• In front end loaders a performance of 1.350 tonnes per operating hour was considered, or
equivalent to 6.9 million tonnes per year.
The next step was to measure the area of each phase‐bench. For example, the following table
presents the results of phase 12 of the Rosario pit (each four benches), establishing the configuration
and potential movement in terms of patterns already defined.
Table 4 Potential consolidated movement for phase 12 of Rosario
Bench Area [m2] Configuration Mtonne
4660 258,593 4 116.8
4600 329,873 4 116.8
4570 433,370 4 116.8
4510 536,852 3 98.6
4480 491,090 3 98.6
4420 407,942 3 98.6
4360 343,266 3 98.6
4300 281,881 3 98.6
4240 243,643 3 98.6
4180 218,106 3 98.6
4120 224,719 3 98.6
4060 167,227 2 68.9
4000 129,806 1 50.1
3940 91,637 0 27.8
This table allows predicting that only hydraulic shovels will be in production in benches below level
3970. In addition, it appears that all benches with more than 200,000 m2 area are associated with three
rope shovels configuration, except top benches because they are located above topography.
–6–
RESULTS
Mine plan and potential movement
To demonstrate the application of the methodology used, it proceeds to build a long term plan. In
building this plan, restrictions or optimisations phase‐bench movement was not considered, but was
first developed in the traditional way. Table 5 shows a consolidated movement for different phases of
Rosario and Ujina. We selected five‐year plan, which for simplicity are called 1 to 5 years.
Table 5 Traditional mine plan
PHASE Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
ROS_F06 4.8
ROS_F08 60.1 35.0
ROS_F09 100.0 95.2 75.1 30.8
ROS_F10 88.7 98.8 98.7 99.1 45.3
ROS_F11 39.7 80.9 99.2 98.4 82.9
ROS_F12 38.7 98.4 97.2
ROS_F13 8.5 8.1 96.8
ROS_F14 9.5
UJI_F07 26.2 1.5
UJI_F08 57.2 57.7 69.1 61.6 39.5
UJI_F09 1.9 3.9 27.8
TOTAL ‐ Mtonne 350.5 393.8 392.8 400.3 399.0
By building the long‐term plan in the traditional way, it is determined the benches and the phases
that will be exploited in each year of the plan. Thus, having the potential movement of the phase‐
bench, it can build a potential consolidated movement per phase for exploitation each year,
integrating the information appropriately for each phase as shown in Table 4 of phase 12, Rosario.
So it can build a new table with the application of the methodology proposed in this study and the
potential calculated mine movement. Finally, comparing plan and potential movement, can identify
the phases and the years that the mine plan is restricted, i.e. when the planned movement is greater
than the potential tonnage calculated as well as phases and years with allowance, with the
possibility of increasing the movement in the plan. Thus, the exercise of comparing plan and
potential movement can essentially make the following direct improvements in the long‐term plan:
• Restriction in the movement of the phases and years where appropriate, it can build a long term
plan more operationally aligned, because of the consideration of operational constraints to limit
the possible maximum tonnage produced.
• Seizing the opportunity to increase movement in the phases or in years that have allowance, it
is possible to optimise the long‐term plan, and in turn make it more realistic to use
opportunities identified from short‐term information.
–7–
To illustrate explicitly the results above, the following Table 6 with the same format as the previous
one, shows the difference between potential and planned tonnages.
This table shows where the difference is negative, i.e. when the plan is being restricted by the
potential, in addition to cases when the potential is greater than planned. For example, the table
highlights that the most restricted situations are:
• Phase 9 pit Rosario (ROS_F09) year 3, because the plan exceeds 11.8 million tonnes
estimated potential
• Phase 10 of the pit Rosario (ROS_F10) year 4, because the plan exceeds 7.3 million tonnes
estimated potential
• Phase 10 of the pit Rosario (ROS_F10) year 5, because the plan exceeds 4.5 million tonnes
estimated potential
Table 6 Mine plan vs. potential mine movement
PHASE Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
ROS_F06 23.0
ROS_F08 5.2 7.1
ROS_F09 ‐1.4 1.7 ‐11.8 5.4
ROS_F10 9.8 ‐0.3 ‐0.2 ‐7.3 ‐4.5
ROS_F11 29.8 33.3 ‐0.6 0.1 15.7
ROS_F12 9.7 7.4 1.4
ROS_F13 26.2 56.9 2.7
ROS_F14 20.9
UJI_F07 21.1 26.3
UJI_F08 17.7 40.9 29.4 36.9 59.0
UJI_F09 25.9 23.9 25.0
TOTAL ‐ Mtonne 84.1 103.7 104.9 123.4 120.2
Notice that these further restrictions occur in phases which are in deep benches in ore zone.
Therefore, the fact to obviate these constraints results in increased risk to comply with production
plan by failing to comply with the required ore to be fed to the plant each year.
The above table also shows that some other phases are restricted to a much lesser extent, in
quantities that may be considered acceptable and do not impact the long‐term mine plan.
On the other hand, it shows that the largest gaps are in phases 7, 8 and 9 Ujina, which are explained
by the lower grades of copper in the pit, with the emphasis in the exploitation of Rosario. In turn,
the major allowances in Rosario are presented in phases 12, 13 and 14.
Final results
To correct the problems identified in the traditional mine plan, the process is to build a new mine
plan restricting movement in the appropriate phases and years, and take advantage of allowances
–8–
that have other phases, in order to maximise fine copper production but under realistic conditions
of mine operation.
Table 7 shows differences between potential and planned tonnages of this new plan (a revised mine
plan) that comply with the new restrictions on movement in years 3 to 5 in phases 9 and 10.
This new mine plan is associated with movements closer to the actual operation, in benches into ore
zones, which reduces the risk of not comply with planned copper production.
Not to consider these restrictions at the time to put a long‐term plan into mine operation, it could
increase the risk of not achieving the movements in the ore zone. This may result in the need to add or
relocate some fleets to ore production, that commonly are assigned to waste production, causing a
decline in the productivity of each loading equipment in ore zone. This operational interference
represents a developmental delay of the next phases that in the coming years will bring ore to the plant.
Table 7 Revised mine plan versus potential mine movement
PHASE Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
ROS_F06 23.0
ROS_F08 5.2 24.6 19.9
ROS_F09 ‐1.4 1.7 1.4 2.7 24.3
ROS_F10 9.8 ‐0.3 ‐0.2 0.5 1.2
ROS_F11 20.2 8.2 0.1 0.6 17.6
ROS_F12 4.4 15.4 0.9
ROS_F13 24.8 37.7 3.0
ROS_F14 20.9
UJI_F07 44.9 45.5 27.0
UJI_F08 17.7 42.5 30.3 36.9 59.0
UJI_F09 24.1 20.8
TOTAL ‐ Mtonne 74.5 121.6 126.2 145.0 147.7
Remember that potential mine movement by phase depends on benches exploited in each period. If
production plan is changed, potential mine movement also change. Very important is to verify that
the new table for comparison doesn’t have restrictions to high.
Currently, this methodology has been implemented directly in a mine plan program, because it is
possible to calculate the time taken to mine a specific phase‐bench of the long‐term plan, with the
following Equation (1) [4]:
RockMass [ Mt ]
MiningTime [ year ] =
SinkingRat e [ Mt / year ] (1)
–9–
Therefore, knowing the area of every phase‐bench to define the potential movement (the sinking
rate), and the rock mass movement planned, it can be defined an annual capacity of 1 for every
phase during one year, as a new constraint to the mine plan programme.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study has described a methodology to integrate operational constraints in the
construction of a long‐term mine plan, in order to predict the potential tonnage of mine movement
of each sector of an open pit. These considerations outweigh the more general assumptions that are
currently planned, assuming a maximum of exploitable benches per phase each year, and a possible
maximum tonnage moved from each phase, with no differentiation between designs of phases.
In particular, the proposed methodology allows refining the maximum tonnage restriction, from the
current restriction in phases to a restriction in phase‐benches, which produces different potential annual
movement per phase (sinking rate), based on considering the different geometries and designs.
This is achieved by determining the most probable configuration of loading equipment, i.e. the number
and type of loading equipment that can be in production at the same time in the same phase‐bench,
depending on the size of phase‐bench which depends mainly on the geometry of the phase design.
To show concrete results obtained with this methodology, it was developed a long term mine plan,
which was compared with the maximum potential volume or movement determined from the
settings of loading equipment that would be available in each period. It is possible to identify the
restricted phases and periods, when it is very difficult or impossible to achieve the mine plan
movement. Specifically, this methodology allows to:
• Build a long term plan more operationally aligned, with mine movement restricted in phases
and periods as required
• Optimise the long‐term plan, increasing the mine movement in phases and periods that have
allowance
• Reduce the risk of non‐compliance with these plans to be developed in the short and medium
term planning
• Maximise the potential movement per phase and periods considering the operational
constraints
• Compare the impact it would have on the plan to use different configurations for loading in
each working area
Currently, this methodology has been implemented directly in a mine plan program. The use of this
program permits to develop this methodology automatically in one step, avoiding the different
steps that have been presented in this paper. It is expected that the coming long‐term plan (Life of
Mine) will be developed considering this way.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Mining Management of Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi. The development
and implementation of this methodology is the result of a team work.
– 10 –
REFERENCES
Hustrulid, W.A. & Kuchta, M., Open pit mining planning & design. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, 1995. [1]
Taylor H.K., Rates of Working Mines – A Simple Rule of Thumb. Technical Note. Transactions IMM Vol. 95,
October 1986, pp. A203‐204. [2]
Wooler R., Optimising Operating Policies for Exploiting Multiple Complex Resources. An Overview of the COMET
Scheduler. AusIMM Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning, Perth, 2004. Pp. 77‐90. [3]
King B., Comet Optimisation Software – Users’ Introduction, Strategy Optimisation Systems Pty Ltd, May 2004.
www.stops.com.au [4]
– 11 –