0% found this document useful (0 votes)
257 views225 pagesB 935 BF 24
Algebra2
Uploaded by
yhshengCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
257 views225 pagesB 935 BF 24
Algebra2
Uploaded by
yhshengCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
1.1 ROHHARR
PAR LRP HK Tew — PRA. BRD EDR
HARA ABT ARS IC PRN TEE NLS A
EERE MR BCE — ERM TRA. MAE
R—TEA BARRON, SAB RE BR A, BAR AL Z. KAD
WA RES C, BORE R, ABE OBE. RA A hig
WHRa WMA HHT, RM oCA dima RFA. BM, WR
RTM b AIRF A WARM OE A,
BRAAMB RATRS WR A PETRA B PIC, Bl
a€A>acB,
SU A HHH Bi — (FSR, Fe ACB RH BDA, WR ACB 3
HBCA,BI
a€ASacB,
RWHATHRS A 5B ASANTE MWR ASB
HY RM A=B. WR A EB OTRIF AREF BM A my B
WAFE, RAM ACB RH BDA, RSE THI AY
BE AUIS. SREREETRAWER, |
TWAS GRARRA— MAME. UNE A AR
ARBRE (ATAD FER ay 900 yan (EN) 5 WIA BEA AT BEAL
A= {ary san}, AAARE ATR OR AA AR, UY FRE. FLA rn HHH
REMY n TH, TR RRA | Al =n. ERIE FORA S
PAAR P WEITER RNR ie
{x € S| xc AERP).
flAN < BBS A (0, 2,4, ++) Zea
{n € Z| n=0(mod 2)}.
Ha —-2E SE AA PE a SE OE SH
FRERAN-#REBEH. RANBERTRA. ENA
FTRARMNRA WA AB 3 ARM ANB, BD
AN B= (zl r€ AjfH sz EB).
FH n PRE ALA, BON
AA =A NAN 1A = (212 € Anl cC, (ge f(a) =g(f(a)).
Ba oof Mf Be WA RB.
Bf Me HEME A SRA BDH NES f Ale HS
CRABKM f= 2) RMF aC AWA fla=gla).
511 (ARUSHA ADE f:A>B, g:B>C, h:C
DEBRA HIB HY
Ae(gef—=Chegeof.
iE MF a€A,S fla)=0, g(b)=c, h(c)=d. I
(ge fila) =c, (he g)(b) =d. FB
(he (ge f(a) = he) = d, (Che g)° f(a) = (he gb) =
MME a CA, Che (ge f)) (a) =Cheg)e f) (a) CRB
he(ge f)= (hog) f. WEE.
Hf: A>B BRA WBG. MF A EEF A’S
fA) = fla) |x E AY,’
BO BNF ALE f SFR. HW MF BOER
3 B’,& f7(B)=(2E Al f(x) € BY} SE A BFS OH ie BY AR
SR. MR f(A)=B, BN BPR ATCHRIGE A PET IGR CE FZ
PRT fF YE. FT Ta. OR A PAS Tr HR BK fF We
BARC Ba, a’ CA, aX%a’=>f(@A# f(a’), WU f OY i
St. BG fA SB PRL AST AAT IU FO —— BRST RR —
RL. GAN EA A PE CBE Seat
la:A> A, laCa) =a.
BE A BIA H—— TD. BRAT 1s YARRA ATS RT, HL
RAD FS | LAI A RB A ——
3/2 BR f:A>B B-—WMWKOOEA EER
fi} BAAR fog=le, gef=las.
TEAR WSR f A —— A, HE AG RE AT AEH EB,
SOFETEME—AY aE A (EE f(b) =a EE TE RF f EST ME—
ent f 2A FEA eH
g:B—A, g(b) = f7().
HWE ge f=1s A feg=la BL.
ATH WR f RA MUTE OC B.S =O.
PRUE TORT ¢: BA (fog) (b) = f(b) Ab. FESS
Aly. WE f AHEM, FETE a, a CA, ata’ AR f(a) =
fla! =b, MAM FEM g: BA, (ge f)(@=K) = (arf)
(@’) FE oe fF la. BOB g: BoA RE fog=la HH eof
= 1). WS f -—. TEHE.
4 f,A>BE——MMIN WR fog=le Mage fala AB
g BoABIR— A). BEEN. 2: BA MAHER fog’ =la
gf=las
We =e cole=e (fog =e fNog=lig=e.
BURNS ME FETE ROBT OH Cf BT ea a fT.
BABRRA RAAXAMESTER MRE A LAF
HER. WR (a,b) CRB a 6 HKARR, AM aR. HAN RXR
4 PER
R= ((a,6) CRXR| a tho k}
WSK a Hb ARAR Wika Wb KRM AP RA. WK
RTRAICM a>d. REA R LWKRS AF REP). P AA
PRASARA NOH ¢:P>E WE fog=le, ge f=le Ai f
fe GSE 2). DDL RE A LMS KRAA WD
HRE—— xt.
PAWN F RRR Se ee Hy SR. EF be SB
AMT A, BEF,
A~BS& FEKA BIB N——Hm,
ROE F LW SRA CA RYE: 2: A>A —— RL, Mi A~
A SRME a f * A>BE—— XM IW fo! + BA B—— st,
Aili A~B>B~A, (BHF G3 F RAPS. BI
SHIRE A BE SB AY. Ue URL, BBR (BE
ATRL) FEE EE ETA A SCH BN | A| = 1B]. BERK
SEN SYM SES MY BOT Be PRS BFE AY AR AT
KA. RALBRA REDTUBE. TERN AIK E AT
RADRE WAGER ——HM NE, n> 2n. RMAF UR
WA RRA A MW —-TS AFR A SR
BARRA. MAXA BIA HURST
fiAXA>A
WBE A EAI —AM 70) ER. PAGO FH AE I BE I
f:CXC-+C, flap) =atB :
RMNAKIERG A LWBARAM + BNMF a, bEA, fla,d)
Bas CARA EH AE RM ab.
jo E + ACH RAAT IB
a+ (bec) = (a+b) + COMMER a,b,c € AD.
JOH + Wi CHR ET
a+b=b+ att a,b € A).
EARP EEE (PRED) TH. A
BS ARB. AHURA Raat.
6 7 &
1. HB. A;GEDIGBHA. RIE:
i »Bn(Yay=Uana,
il) an
ii) » Qa Ua..
2. fs A+B errs A BARBRA. RIE:
1S ASG © FFE g: BA, HE ge fla.
Wf AN © FFE h: BOA, RIB foh=
3. WR f:A>B, ¢:B>C HE—— Xt Ml
NM Age Sf lege
1p.
eef:Arc the
4. BLA APR, PCA) A WEBBER CELI 2S BE) THK
HYSRIK GLUE | PCA) | =2'4'. ATADL n TOR ASER 2" ARDY
FR.
5. Rf:A>BRRAWRH. ERA A LMF EL—PR
ROMER a, a’ CA, a~a’ SAIL f(a) = fa’). IRIE RE
NHKRE—MERER.
6. EASA ETRAE ET,
FER T AREA ETE = TARP.
7 RA BEAT ARRS.
iA BIB BAST
DA EAM HI BRASS
12 t+ 42 & #
UBT RE.
Wee CA
EX RASMS LWAAAAW TBs - BMI
7 BGO BER. ROMER RCS, «RATER SJE x y
WHR TSM xy.
WRIA MW LCE CS, + MASE BE, Se a AB
RS P=ner, POHL e(=z- 2", 21)
EX WS EHH eS MBCERS WARK. BM
BH cES, xe=exr=z,
URE SHAT e ME AMEN, WA e ATR,
We’ =e'e =e, BATE S PIXE KER CA EN
TWD MICLE 1s MH 1, AA LTH KR,
EM RSEAAEH. TH yeS MMU ce S WRIT
‘RBA zy=yr=1,
MR «AAR, WEEE. AHF y thes HBT,
WW ay’ =y'x=1, FE
y=ytl=yay) =(n)y =ley sy’,
UB 2 RA MIR, BAT TE Re ie fe a
axe =xx2=1,
EM PRGWRALTH IFAS TRA HM G my
WR. HSb PES HE AL CHE I GU a Se eB OY BT
(Abel) #.
FS ERA.
Gl HM WAR MRS, (M, +) AK OER, X
RE 0 AERER, AAR 0 POET M pHa,
Zs QsRsC KF FHM HIE BT I ELBE , OY RM IIE BE, Fg
IES.
(Ns + HER A CHR TEE) EE, ATK 1 ERB. S
Q* HARSH BAK WO , + BR, ATT 1 ERA
FER a WIGEB EH a. APE ERIE HE RRA CR, +)
FLCC , + ) HEAR Ba] OL AE
BW UMaAORRAM m Fn WIPE RM HRS EG
8 RYE ATE EB, & ORL ERE PEI A= (ay AY
MRE —A=(—a5). LAM, (3a n BYTE, ERE
RRA, ATORB MUTE 1. HR An BEET
A BREMNER detA0, Ki MORE, IFA
Yi n>2 Wt, BAER M, CC) AR BEE He AY, SE ADA I Be RE
Mun R) » & SEH M, (QO).
BIS A RIESE. UDA RRM A BA SIKORA
REE. WWD A TB SBS TE Re ERE, ATE A
Ef SOR Ls. 1.1 51S 2 BTA, DCAD PRR f AT REA TEE
RUETE f Jo——RY MY. ELA24 | A> 1 et, CAD ARERR I BEE
DA ABRN.
BA ERP TRE Rh RPA EG BE BS AR Hy iz Bh HBR BS
Bh. PK Rie y R ASS EMM AE eS
FEU GIB) » TP PR RIS HY A VE BK RIE A, MTT PRK ER
STE ARE, OOF LISS Cte RE,
WS Rn HEB RE Z be PRAM BM a
Alb,
a~bSn|a—Dd(Bl a = b(modn))
Sy NEGA » FRBRRA Z Bn PEP OT
n—1, SOR 7 Bean i BREASTS, BD T= (mC Z|m=i(modn)}. ii
{051,2,-,.n— 1) 2 ZO FEM m RKRW—-TES
UZ, #278 E38 n PERU RAA. TE Z, be MRK:
atb=a+b
Ay Fed eR eB Se I TI eS, PK
GUM AR no PARSE) PRR TEA BK EK IFA Z, RIE
OTE, ATER 0,300 Be oo INTER.
WHER Z, PRE FE ’
ab=ab WZ, SUFI E & ZOE, ATH 1. PS a b= 1 HH
FMA ab=1(modn), MA FRGC AE MFA EN 2, FETE b
WAL ab=1(modn) HIB (aon) =1. AT a PF ERE
AT BFC RARE EE(a yn) =1,
HRM, +) RRA, BTL UCM) RE OM * RK RE MM
"PAY BCR HK.
HBL ACM, +) AR AE MICO), + BAR.
TEAR I’ = 1 FL 1=1m UCM). #Ha,bEUCM), Ma,
6 SM, A Oa fe ab MBIGR, Mi abCUCM). Ak +
UM) EM 7038 BR. BUa RE UM) 4 LA
(UCM), + 2 2B. HF UCM) PPR o AT WD
a EMA AA a fea HR), At a CUM. JATMUCD
4 TIGRE UCM) Pa i. RE ML UCM i. EH.
PRE ATTY IF.
Ca) BAK 2 EFT ESL Tr TG RA HY HE BEY nn RAR
Bee, RAM GLn,C). EAH GL(n,R),GL(n,Q)¥.
(OKA HABSRA A AAAS LW HA—— MMF
BUSA TE RR, SE A LTR RMS BIRR, HM
SCA), EPICA (Hl A BIA AI —— RTD) RS A LR.
(Oi n AEB Ra WER a HK n RE. MISES
Zi = {a | (an) = 1}
RY FHT BOB DL AE. MBA on) SICK. LH o(n) fe 1 Bl
n Pin BRERA (e(n) MY BR).
RGR. GRA CAR, G WAR, BUY RH. a
ARE G SEA n DICH A G OY ne BYR RLAY me TCH n= |G] MAR
BREE G RUBY.
AT SES PR ZAR TRH ZB. (AE
RALERADA CH PURER SPSS RR UM.
HUE :
10 EX UG, ANG’, EBI-N. BUR £:G->G’ MY a G
BIG’ HBAS, AEH a .bEG
fla +b) = fla) + flO) CTIA flab) = fla) fCb)).
Db ae f SA RRS Uf SS OY oe Bel AS i ae TE AS. WSR IA]
aS f HL—— AL MUR f SBE G SBE GC’ WS AS. I PTE G
CO REMH, RAM C=OCRH f GSC’.
‘BUCA EAA 5c 2 E . TEBRIC ORA
BARE TH RITE ERIE AA el SE I IR
A MUASLHC TREE HTEE.
G1 erRweat
det ;GL(n,C) + C’ ,A --adet(A),
BBE n BALM MEA BRE AIT det(A) Gk RARER
BO. HF det(AB) =(detA) (detB) , Al det RIVA A. It A
Sy AX RAS. 4 n>? HY ANEMIA,
2 i n HIER. C,=(e |0 Zys Dy ea.
a
daw
fler « en y= fe 7?) =a@Pb=at
= fer)» fleP),
PAUL f BREA GOR f LRM JATTE f SHERDMY.
WR n>3. BB O AUD AVIE n WIG
(BL WEARE). BG, JED. O Jat HELLiE n
WIE SRE. MUR o RRM THE (
62M G.= (Loot so} CER ot =1=
o). DEA HG, SRT C,.Z, FAY.
REAR ELT RRR BO LE ETA
ul
1 ae, DA Ea,
HGRA SHAS CAM MB GM ARACA RM). WL
AUQRAH GC HARMSK, HESWIEEM TS is BH
WHALEN C LHS 8 (A SO). ER GRE
HEM GAM H Aut(G) (Bake G HE A ey
Aut(G) RRR) ARIE — BE a
Gl SRR Z, +). Rf Z-ZEZ AA. SD
RF fO)=0, f(—n) =— f(n) (JH 15). MiH fC) =1EZ,
WS Q)=fA+D=fO)+ fC) =t+1= 22, BCE BD At
FES TERR rn, f(r) =nt, KA f(—n) = —ne. AREA HH Ante EL
RODIN TMAH Z 09 GAS. Het BRASIL f,. ANDY 2 MIR
FURY BAS. Pte Z a9 aS AER WF, [EZ).
BIAS f, WRAlin| EZ}. Mili f. WA {1n|nEz)
=Z£01= +1, Alt Aut(Q=(fi, fa}(Ie)). RPA A
AS AA. £1 AW n> —n. Au(Z) PRBAE
fare fa=fie
3 6
1. N BA Xn LEMAR ORE, PBEM
REM TRBE 1 HLS AaMORA Jo YH,
TRUE. N A P ABLE.
2 4G BEBO (a,b), aH0 WHE. EG LEM
(a,b) (c,d) = (ac,ad +6).
iRiE G BR.
3. © 0 BAER —MER.G E—TB 20 BIG PAR
RRA. MER TB fe C.0°, ORE fe BIKE HNO
Sf HER 0 €O, fela)= fla) ga). RUE OF BUR.
4. & GRITABAKF r in Xn BHRWRE EES
PERFRIE B G Rae RE.
12 5. B—MERN BF, CRE ALR: BETAS
+ROAF, CRE.
6. GRP EM.
I GHEALA Te, MINER a€G,ea=a,
ID GBR a AM a HE a ase, EGER.
1 &G EER. MRUER a, bEG, FE ca=b WHE
ay=btEG AA i Jl G ER.
8 RGR SARE, EG AWAKE a, Be
ax=aym ra = ya FL PEM c=y, Ill G ERE.
9. RG eR AH, DEG.
1) WER a ABH a MW a HAM IK A (a)! =a,
1) MR a Mb PRAWITCR Ml abd HABER, A
(ab)? = ba,
10. b ER ASHG PICK a WWI 4 AY Mae
aba = a filab’a = 1,
lL. 4G kin BYAIRR, a1.a2,° a, BBG WER n PG
R RETA A. REG EM p Ag, ln/2. HE
SHER @ CG, E4E a, bES {48 g =ab,
14. B f:G>H BAA AS. iE
fe) = ln BRE 2 € G, f(a) = f(xy.
15. SHER a€G,a >a EH GC HAY B14 G BT
SER. :
16. Ra BRACE O BY TEE AutQ.
17. TERA Se O AEB A BBR A O * AIRY.
18. TERA: :
1) AP SBOMHE O AIEA BARE O* RTH. i) SEC R TAF IE SIAR E R*.
19. HG WAM o PAAR IY DY HT GY
(ERICK 61, al gg. URAC RA PRA RA AH
AW e He’ =1,W GEERT A.
13 F#RRRAR
HEM BG, + WHA WG HFS. UURCA, » AR,
KAAG WFR, RRM AG. WIDE ASG, WK AAG WHA
FH, RRMAabE ACA G PERE A POG R). HE
RATE DERE FF PTR,
Bl 1 ARSE BR n, nZ={nalae Z} ee MIME BZ
BOF RE nS] Bt ERIS Z Fa.
F2 USL ORRTARH 1 n SRA. EE
— RACER GL. ©) 15 FFF 5 OY BATRA TERR,
KRG A.A, BAG [Link]. Said
= (ar |xr€ A}, Aa ={ra |r € A},
At = {a"' |a € A}, AB = {ab |a€ A, bE B}.
BL RG [Link]. ELG LWKAWIMF g. he
G, g~h @gh EA, W~ BG LEHR, HALE g Wut
SORA NS ORE Ag.
14 TEAR (1) XY CEG, HF gg | =1E A, Mii g~e. (2)
He~h Ml gh CA, HF A BTH. Mili hg! =(Cgh") EA,
FHh~g. 3) Be~h, h~L, WY gh, AL CA. A gl =
gh )ALYEA. FE e~l RA ERMA ~ HG EWS
R.
Hf :2~h @ gh =a CA Sh=agEAg. ATS g SHt
HTREMAREA Ag iE.
FSFE 1 BY, EG ORE Ag WERE TSN
Ag WAG SIFFR A MARES. WR R=(g iC DE CM FE
RENKAWEARRLA MOH GHA HEBRRE
TLR. FRADE
G =U As CPR HIF
EN GFR A Ba BESS AR. FG ET BOW || RAL
(G:A]. WER R WA PRS, WG: A]=|R| EI. HR BM
$8, WiROG:A]=co, [G:A] MAF HE A FRG HBR.
JELLY RE SHE GPF RE A Be BSE CE RIB
gAFEE A REF iX BUS ETE G HOA ABT BCT 8.9).
eon BE SE o> A A I FA. BRE TE RG Oh A
ER. .
EB 1 ChB CJ. Lagrange) 22) i G WARE,
A |Agl= 2) [Al=[ Ale] RI=1A [+ [GA] GEE.
AOE EBLE TA AED, PALL: AP 6 BE
15 AREA 1,2,3,6 BFA, AREA 4 BYR 5 BYP RK. Sun, ROE
RAFAH.
DSB AE HLCA— TEER. 2 CG AREER
n fF "= 1, UT ER B/N TEE no OY A go HOY HELE
AARAICR. GM lo 1 WICH. MRR ER v 1 2"
=1 UK ¢ LARMICR. AM CG HEATRMLA RMIT
RRRAN SBR eg go). BF GARR ATTA OZ,, gi >i BREN. TELE.
RPA MTATRR p. pRBAR ERAT,
Bl Z,.
SLE R WEA
51384 FEB RUBE 6.
TEAR A S/FE 3 A 2,3,5 BRR A 1 CREAR
POOL EP BE. 908 4 70H G. HEHE 2,G PIG eA] WG ARE 2
M4 WR GPR 4 TCR 2 MW G={1.g.2’ EZ, ATA
TE. BUG PET cA] HOBYAB 2, SIRE 2 Fe te Se Bay
SUE. SOtUEAA YT 4 WVAESQE TAR. Ba. WS; RABE
{1,2, 3} HOM PRAEC BN (12,33) MPR RIG MH). BH 6(=3
X 2) 70H: S, = {I, (12), (13), (23), (123), (132)}. AF C2)
(13) =(182)4(123) = (13) (12), Mili S5 ARMK BR. Ake
NSE BaD SELEY BY BCE 6. TEHE.
EH3 Ke th ARG PRK
DF g ten WOK, WMT EH m. 2" WBE
n/Cn, n),
(2% gh=hg, Hm g AIA HA m Flin, FAC, m)=1,
WM gh ABTA am,
WA (D4 ge” BEN. BF
Cg ie = (gn ym == 1 ERE n/ (myn) m/ (msn) € Z)
Wi N|n/(nyn). F3—Tr ih Hg” = Cg") "= 1, A 2 | mN, FE
| N. He” align Le Ae IN. Ae
— n
(m,n)"
(Dik gh WPAN. AF gh=he, Mili (gh) =e" he =
(g")"(h")"=1, Alt Niam. A—Tr TH HC) Bee" KOBE m/(n,
m)=msX "= g"h"=(gh)" Ai a" HBT N/ (a, N). Fe m=
17
Gand Gis n)- N/a, N), Bll m|N. FRESE n| N. FF om Filn BK, A ifiemn| N.
fe N=nm. YEH.
HHA iG WARH,A, BX bb! EAN Bobb! EAS ALA AD’. WH
[Bt ANBI<(G: A]. AmilG + ANBJ=(G? BILB: ANBI<
18 [G+ BIG: Aj. A—Frit. BH EXAILG * BI|[G? ANB). fe
A@lG: AJILG+ ANB]. AFLG: B]M(G: AJR, MUG:
BUG: A]|[G+ ANB). FRMAR(G + ANBI=[LG: A][G:
B] WIGI/IANBI =f. amici =LALALL eae
com AB] AL 1B pate |AB|=1G! 8 AB=G. iE.
EM RAMB ERG HHTTR. WREE 2 CC HE
g 'Ag=B, We; A i B 348.
AMEE Hi FE G WFR SAM KAE SNR. BPS
‘RU MESS. Bg ' Ag] =|Al. MTB SEHEN Se A
FAS. MG AG TRAM Ag BEG TR, Mi
A WERT RE. Mili G OITA F Rt RH, TOR gag
Aik a HOHE TCH. :
EM BMEHC HTS.
No(M) = {g € G| g'Mg = M}
BGWFROSTAD it M WIEMLF. ZS
CoM) = {g € G| gag = 2,344 a © M}.
HF glag=a WAT ag=ga, Mii CoM BEG PBEM
HICH ATA TORS. ei ke G RUF UM BME,
Auk CoG) PICRMED G PBAICR IY FY SEHR APHE TER IX
Wit G Aa FER , FH CCG) = Co (G) AYA G AO Abs. FEEG
Ab EH SG=C(G). BLA CCG) WKN BRT BF EG BUSS BREE
BRE. Mea MA Co CM) No (M). Ff AT ETI REG,
Cola) = Nga).
EHS KMEHRG HFRS MEG FRTRE
[G:? NGM]. +
TER 4 MSM RAB 6 'Me(e€O). (LE
a 'Mg= ' Mg! & g'g 'Mga’>
TH =M® gg’ € NGM) © No(Mg
= No(W)g’.
JAI M BSSESEFRBE FE G Xt NG CM) ABET. TEE.
KR RacG, WY a HPN TR MKS FIG ¢ Co(a)],
FX REET HEL PBA aR.
HIG Kp AKB.n>1, GH p" BHR. MW|CCG) |>1, Bp
CHEFLAARA DN POE.
VER i r=|C(G)|. HF 1ECG), Mifi r>1. 4 C(G)=
{arssa,}. AE MA a AG HPCE RA a Bea Kk
0. BUN G or bt SEE TE RAI, BE UD ER a;
AVS) ARK, MAREK ERAS FH. (8
RACH S HAT ABTHMRWTR YE o' = |G HA
F. LL
? =1itit- ctl + pit pe tes Gaye S 1).
Auk =0(modp) r2>1. Mili |CG) | =r>p. MAE
(BD p-1 DAA 1 TE. HEE.
RM GAUL 4 WHEE Be ACRE. BEE BT LEA
EET ER p. po’ Brae G MAR.
TEA 2 140EG, No HH p MH po? URI A ERD.
WR G PATE p? BYTE g. WW G= (1. ggg?) BT
RCAF Ze). BMGT ICR oA LE p MICK. HEH 6 MG
PREP LICR oA 1, i a MBE p. ATM FR A=(1a,-,
a HEAT RW Bh De. HEIG| =p’, |Al=p, BRL G
HAIER DEA, TH b AVL p ARHEUEBR: A, Ab, Ab? , +, Abe
EGA AISA GS Al" = Ab", 0|G|,QUG= AB.
8. EG HUSA REM TH A WEARER
BR cA CCE G)WIE(G MA HARRA).
9. WR R RG WEF A WAR RICK. WW ROU
HGMFA WARERRIGR.
10. RAG, BKG, MRA a, bEG, i18 Aa= Bb, Wl
A=B,
lL. BH ALK SSA PRG BT. RHE
| HeK |=|H|| Ki g Hg) K|.
12. RA BRG HAA ARBRE, BE EE G HY —
MCR 21.820 ENTE A EG PH ARRRRITR,
MALE A £EG PRIESTER.
13. Ba, b ERG MERMTICK. iE a Ma, ab Filba
21 AHIR.
14. 4 G=GL(n,.C),P REMAREN TRIN 1 nxn
ba RSe RIG MFR. ta NoCP), Co CP) Al P RA
CP),
15. BURG BRE G TAF RRR Be a
MHEG. BOM ARE BL?
16. HG APRA. RUE g MB) et BC WTA
#4 ALY k MIG AR.
17. BG APTA RH aC Aut(G) Ba? =1. >
G=(g€Gla(g)=g}, Ga=(geGla(g)=g '}. IE
G=G@,GAGNG-.=1.
18. BEG WHE WET ICR 2CG, WN FEM f, * GG * RHE
BreG, f,(@)=g ‘zg. BE f, 2G WARM, A Sf, ASA
4 B14 gCCG).
1.4 8 BF
GHAR. SEG WFR.G PHA S WEODFHA 0 fi
S ERM FR, RAMA=(S) CER: AA MA, HWA SHT
FMW ANA: HEAR SMF MES SFR YS PAA
B+. BEL. ERE CG PAA S HATHA). BR
Xt SPRITE a, a Ma WRF (CS) AMIR a1 sam ESU
Sof aya E 4S) (AE AE BRN TCR ZS AM AX
HERMIT HACER AFH AMEE S
FRR. Fie
(S) = {ay-a, | m0, a € SUS}
GX HY m=0 TERA a) +a, =1).
WR G BSR S ARH. BI G=(S), PRS 2G
PERIER WR C=(S)IFH S BAM, GARR RR.
22 Rea G HNIC a ERM. BD G= (a), of G EGER. EH
BEL — AS IR RT AYE 5 ASG FE A AE A HER FE ERT,
REV Rove EH Be.
KG= (a) RAE. 4 a LERCH. M-,a-" aon",
ssa? gat a? =Leaya® yea" yo BELA DA TE, Se BE:
GM G IAF Z MFCR CM AT f + GZ,a" >n).
WR a RARATCR,S a HHA n>1, WRN ZU G=
{1,a,a? se,a"") FBR nm INE RE Z, (DH. PER ATUEHA T
FE 1 TPR ORES Te BOE HE Z, nm TERRE
Fa)PY TZ... SA TTT] Bit GE HR BY Oe a Td 4 AS TB BYR
lala.
REX En EBA LAAT BURR ZC4 n
=oolkf BR Z,. AF ZAM Z, EMSS MERA MR IE
NS ER REND AEM SRE Pe AR EY
PiGULEK. ARAMA NTH.
EB2 PANTRY EM. FAR C= (a) 2
RR. .
CD) & G RARE WUT ETE RE mG AML
Aim WFR Gn =(a") FF AEN LE C MSAFE,
Q) BG ken GARE Ut 2 EET mG A
—MEBOA m 2 FRG, =o") LEAT GC MET.
1ER RH EG= QW. AR HAL). > m EE
— CH NED ERR. DAM ETE n, a" CH @m|n. FH
=(a") =Gy, HAY a HAMAR [Gt G,, J=m. RIE
TD. a Fen PICK Ml m| GR n=mqtr, 0Gy flat) = a™ HER O FRR:
Sn * fot = Som’. SERIA) Aut(G) AF Z, PHBE A To AE
FORE Zs BE o(n) BTL ERE. :
a @ ,
1. DAE 2" = 1 19 SE SESE TEI RK FS on BME
24 EME.
2. HG RAAF AFR WRAUEAFEG= (1 RG ER
SMEAR.
3. ABER E O EAE EE UE RE FD
EAR.
4. a Alb RRG WICK. RANE n Am, (nym)=1 A
ab= ba, iRiUE (ab) G AY mn BATHE.
5. E n BYOB G *BXt n TIER F m. Bty m WICH
ea g6rn) Ty HIER GK Dim) =n.
6. RG Rtn ARH. Bx n HR-AF mG PES
RA—* m FR G EAR.
7. AFH MBARG WRAL, MIRAE GC HF B
{1 M(2) et gEG. HOO MA 2 EG (RB gN=
Ng’. HF 1EN, Mili g=g ° 1 Ng’. lt Ng=Ng’=gN. 35K
EAA TT (2). HEH.
BANG. a=Na=aN. RUTTER G={a|a€G) b
ENATEHR a + b=0b. KVEAWA EVELAK. #7 =a,
=), BN a’N=aN, 6’'N=0N, Mil
ab” = a'b'N = a'b'NN = a’Nb'N = qNbN = ab.
ARHEMDIE G SULIS FUE RUE, ATER 1=1 + N=N, iia =
26 a. RAVER Cm AG HEMT N WER, RRM C=
G/N. W05R G AG MERE WW G/N|=1G? N|=|GI/| NI.
DEA PREBAR.
EH (ARRAEH) Wh sf:.C>C RRMA. Ml Inf
=((O# GNF, Kerf=f"' (D=(gEG| f(g) =) GE
MTR. HAAR
F#G/Kerfximf, f(g) = fle).
(mf #il Kerf Sy 5 RIAs f RAVE)
WEAR See Imf WG WTR. BR lo = fe) € lof. #
a’,b' Elmf MWA a, BEG (EE f(a)=a’, fo)=0'. FRG)
= fla) =fla") Elmf, a’b’ = f(a) f(b) = f (ab) € Imf.
#H Imf EG WTR.
FRE Kerf CRRHME. Ml
(Ll) f HARA © Kerf=({1}.
(2) & f AWWAIAS MA CEM Fea fF * G/Ker fC’.
iE () & ee i Kerf=f~ (e) Riktaa—t
TH 1g, Hl Kerf= {1}. RZ, Kerf={1}, 04 a, be GH,
flay= Vee 1=>a bE Ker f= (1} a1 6=1>a=0d.
FB f ABMA.
(2) A RIASSEA EE. et Imf=C".
| SRRITERLCAASEAEH HT HRS RZ
KAR RNBETOEMABA AAS. BEEBE
BAF.
G1 AMEMGIE f+ Z>Z,, fla)=a BIRDS eB
a BER a Hin AR). FHA Kerf=nZ=(nala€Z). FER
VEIT Z/nZ=Z,. RUB n DEEZ, ERS
BZ /n WFBK.
Bl2 Be det? GL(n, O-C* BREAK A, CHE
Sn GAT Tr EM BRR ETT IK detM, JAI
Ker(det) = {M € GL(n,©) | detM = 1} = SL(n,©.
Flt SL(n,©) GL. 3$ A. GL(n,©)/SL(n, © A FEBS
BIRR C*.
HH2 KRNIG. 4 ARBRG=GC/N HSATRARW
Sa, 4=(M|N
A,M>M=M/N #—-—xtM GER NIG, NSMN4q4
MD). HX MEM, MIG OMG,
“EAR (EBL ,
tAM>M, Mi{ge€G|gN=g EM) WES BE: 4 MC AA h(M)=(g€Gig=gNEM) 2 GWE
POF AAa Nii BM AB ABU. BaP
faMD) = fUg€ Gl eNEM))=M, GtMe D
hf (M) = h(MD) = M (Xt M € WO,
JAW f Ah AT. Alle f kk —— tM. HET MIG ©
eg Mg=MM4 c€G) eM g=MOt Bt g€G) M4
[Link]#,
B32 RARER AN 4 50H. HEM 4 cH G HET
HR AT G ETF EAE EBL. 45 GH 4 BTC, WM GZ,
GEA). BME aE GAD HIGH 2. Ma€G, aAl, I a?
=1,Bla=a™. G/M, gN gM. HERR TBAT
Ue M1 gN=g'N(g,2'€G), I gg’ ENSM, Bl gg’
M72 gM=e'M. ST, f BAMLWISS. BUG 2 eG,
gN € Kerf © gEM=MS ge MS gNEM/N.
kilt Kerf=M/N, JB Plas ab se & On CEN ~ G/M,
TEE.
31
1. & GBB (a,b) 040 HATE
(a,b) (esd) = (ae sad +)
ROT. GUE K={ (1,5) ;6€R} 42 G MIEMF HE G/KER* XB
RETBREA R* AZT.
2. HG BR.N (EGU ALTER).
AP (ASO =1, (FRO =—1. Wh LRTARERA
&S. 4 nS2 ith fCL)=1, faa) =—-1, 081 f BAA.
Kerf 2S Hy BS FBO i m IESE LAY ZC REA,
WA, 2S, WiEMFRHIFACS, +A,J=2, |A,|=nt/204 n>2
AY).
DEBE S, ALA, KE MCR
HEHE 1 46 S, BYEHE(1, 2,-5.0) EAM ARRE, MY ne at
(12), 13) ++, In) 2 S, W—MVERITR.
TER HFRS EART MIRZA, MY i5, Mi B
=(asaias) € Ay» Wl o1 = Poh * = Caran) Casas) EN, FE 00) =
(a3a4) Caras) = Casayas) EN, MEK 3 HSK. Bo BARA 5
Aa: WLS EAES BR:
(—) o ASK ESH4 WER, BI o=(aiarazay-). B=
(azasay) € Ans Will oy = Boh! = Cayasayaz +++) EN, Wil 15 AY,
o(a;)=01(a;) SAT N Pos ' BBR 4A Hh a: KG o BHa;
BOB MER IE.
(2) o PHARRAK EW 3, Il o= Carrs) Caqasee) e+ AF
o BPRS Sa: Si o HECK 3 FR. AUR o Bb
AEB 6 PS a;. BK P= (a2a;a,) € A,» WW o1 = Poh? = (ayaza1) Caras
MENT N PRR oo BEES Ha jHXMPRAP I.
(2) Bo BMRB = (arar) (asay) 0, FBDEH 6
A a; BM B= (azasay) CA, Ml o: = Poh! =Caiaz) (ayaz) EN,
oo; (EN) Rah 4h a, AE. RE LR, AN PASTOR
KW 3 WR.
(2) FRE: PAK 3 ORR No CD POIEaK
3 HCH o FN. BU EA, PIER —TKY 3 ANS, HH
Fo Mo AR ATTA cE S, fo’ =c or EH 3). H re
An So CN. 4 cA, Me WA, HF nS Ao BA
RRM RMR) a, AM a2. S P= (araz), Wl Po=o8. FE
(Br) (P= IB obr=r or=o'. Ti Bre A,» KAT BAI oo! €
N. FEN ASA KA 3 HR.
(3) GRE 2, SMR 3 HEE R A,. Alt N=A,. Bw
A, SURE CSS). TERS.
35 KH 4 nDS MA, ZS, AMA E LEME.
TA RNC AWE A. S,. HH RAI} ANAS,
5 NSA, N3 BY .CCS,)={(1}.
9. 4 nS if BRIE n—2 4 3 HOHR(123), (124) y+, (120)
36
=1L A, HIS BUG.
10. Ror Mor ES, PHPIME BR, IE 0, Flo HES, 1p
SL, CATE A, Pte?
11, 34 n>2 Bt WUE (12) Al(123---n) 42 S, AAA aE.
17 #EROLA ER
RATA ASLORAZ KARAS. AT RR
RG, BARA RE AE WE SLL G
SPAT OAS Ea GE. BUR PE B, —
ARERR. —T HG BSAA G th
ERRT MAAGHHAAURERR. PRAWRERRER
CH-+ROUAX, ALES HART, CeO MOEA
SSFSH MMA BE WA. AH WEP BRR
BhOH)— Hea A,
ROE—[Link])BD_LM MER, HG BSCR
MAAS f + G>SCL) ABI AGE G ERA D EPR.
Fe f AAAS, MUR f BSR. RAY MFG PARANIER g.
MORTEM ER. HGF ERR f ERA DS
LE REL. HK c€C ERAT EMER RE BK fe) Xt
TE cE LEM ga= f(g).
Br: G>S()E—TSERRM. TED LE MMF WKH
Fa, b€X, a~b OF EG, (EE ga=o.
RE—TERRA,. AAD 26) D AEM, MT
Bh aE X, les a=a, Bl a~as(2) MR a~b, WA eeG ie
ga=b, FH g'b=a, Bl b~a3(3) Ha~b, b~c, Ml ga=b, hb=
oH g, hEG, Fhg)a=c. FV a~c. EZ ~ BR
A, AAG BB.)
MPLRSRRA, DRT a HEM SORE Le] =Go=
37 {galg€G). ETS — + CHE RH PPLE. FERS
Sy MAG Ea LET 2G TE
—tRKRERA—TICR HAA GUE A PRA aT DAE
i ER GES ERE RATE UR G ED LEN.
BR, WIRE CAREER—+ GHB LMR WG BRB
BA.
Bll RGR RU=G. MP ERA: p:G>S(G),
p(Qa=ga MET g, a€G. BREW MF cEG, p ORRFA
G LIN FER: CHG METICR a BEM ga. HH G LAE
EAT poe G LAER.
(eae a = ple) (ple’a) = o(g)(g’a) = ge’a = pl gg’ a,
Jill 06g) 06g”) =p( ga’) » Bl o:G->S(G) AAI AAS, Alt, o AF
CERAG L—-T ERA DOM GH G MAEM RR. HT
g€ Kerp © ga=a, Va€GOgale
FE p HRMS, WATMRRE SH.
FRADE
1:G>S(G), r(g)a=ag™',
r(g)t(g a= gag’! =ag’ gg! =al ge’) =cl gg’ da,
Ale RE-SRAA. RA ce KG HMRENRT, CREE
SeHy.
TEA TEAR I BAA
EB 1 (BK Cayley) SPASM TET ERE,
TEA IER op RF 0) :G-SO@EBEH, HEA
AEA EEL. AVF 0(G) Tit (OER A G LX PH S(G) Ht)
FH UAH (COBRA G LNB RE. TER.
EMERALD Bhan th BREA BEA Es — DOE. (B
BORD RA GAK, Rill ar AE HG BUDA DE
WEBER. AAR n= | Ul Bvh, SOD =S, WFR
BHR. : .
38 Gl2 ACG. KDO= (aH |a€G) Hse CMFH He
SEH PRM EM
eu? G> SCD), px(g) (aH) = gaH,
HME g CG, px(g)IURR oH BM gal. RBRAOLNE
RIEHL on RAOIALAS ATT prs S3tH G BRR HE
CMY TH H HARSHER. HT
g€Kerpy © gaH =aH, VaC Gea'ga@ eH, YaeG
© g€aHa", Va Gog € (\aHe™.
IAT Kerpn = [\aHaW' =H i Bra SOF PRAISE,
AWA EL GMEFH A WHBRRR: U—{Hala€G},
ty? G>S(D), tH(g) (Ha) =Hag™. Kerry 82 H WRAK
MTN. ,
BI3 KHABHG WILBTR. RU=(aAa'|a€G} CHA
WEARER). EM
nt? G~>S(D), r(g)(aAa) = gaAa 1g) = (ga)A(ga)",
LT BRR WG GFA BRET. HT
g € Kern © gaAa'g =aAa",
Va€Gea'ga € Nc(A),
Va€GegeaN,(A)a’, Va€G.
IA Kern= (\aNo( Ada BI IESUCF No (A) i FH HEF
BN,
HE G (EAFHA DZ Lb WHER ee D, G={geG
|ga=a) FE GH —TS FFE TCR o HET EH.
2 GUARD EARE GHA FRAD Eee DM
IGl=IG. | |Call.
ERE GMT RG, WRF. G= 2G. UeG, UU
eG n=[G? GJ]. 4 ga=ais 1SiSG)=Sy,. HF p BBN
2B GX p(G) , FU RM BARE o(G) EWA SBE. ERE G tha
A 2RIGK gel, PC =1L AF p(gaXa, p(gy’a=a, Wae
G, BR og) HER Ca, (ga) ZA. G SEA 2n PIER MT
ol ads n SRSA. HB n BAR, og) WER. RTE
TH 0G) PAA a ER, Mii 0G) PHB RT o(G) AIK
3805 2 FRE BOW 2 FREE ALY EE.
Heel PRE
EH3 RG HARE, |G|>6 BIG|=2Cmodd) GARE
AH.
512 RG HARE.» ZIG MBDRAT. WR NS,, Kero=
Dla! NaS(X), e(g)M=Mg™, VgEG, MED. V4HRR—
see T, 2H
43 DUT Dl= DI [ti |n|=te+ a3.
Jeb A= (g€G| Mg"! =M,) RAGE T. PEER M, HORE
FH dF M,A,=M,, M, aILLSP Rat
M=U eiAn gy EM 1 n,J=95 1Gmedpn)
SUES, 20 1 BN nM, YB. BERIT, =n 1A, |
=p kh =1>M,—gA. TE pF RB=gAg) SMi= -
aA; ERIS T, 2h. HH XT, HW Xg=M=Bg,, X=
Bagg” GET. Pn TRAE G MF p' BRB, Hn
ASE. BERL n TP PESEP IRB, SICAL 1, WIA
FH. RRC HUE po TRIER Mn me EYL
Ub. FR DIN. i
Chr = nN (p")(modgn).
PARES. f'n BEG Hy Ror, ARR GW p'n BYORI
HOMER po BFR ACA EBA Ch =n(modpn). F
Fé n=nN(p")(modpn) Mili NCp")==1(modp). HE.
EM HGH p'n HHH .p WRB.7>1, phn Ill GH
TE pb” FROG BAER Sylow) p FFE.
EB UHBA) RGHARE TY
CD MIG METRE p SRE G AE pF RE:
(2) GARR pF BSE ,
(3) G WER p- FHA TR=1 (mod);
44 (4) BP AG HMR pF MG ABR oF RY
BATG * NeCP)].
iE (DA(3) eH 1 BRE OAR BEC), MT
RitiE(2). OSE G MAK pF RRS OG SET
(HATH. >A BTC HUA PCD APS P HIE A
ASR R—E P-HuUE, H P-HU KEE | P| =p WEF.
WR PCA FH PA SAR P-SU eP’c =P’, Ver
€P, Ml) Pq, NCp)=nptila iii aq. WM NCp)=nptllar
Ss. N=Kery, J NIG. AFIG|=48> |S) |=6, ATi NA
{1}. RAF [Link]» Ps Buse. NAG. FE NEG HSE PLIE
SUF RE. AL 48 BrRAR AL. SS {DL AT TE 24 BEAR.
HIG] =36=2? X 3? MY G MARE 3A OW 1 ak 4,
ENOD=1LMW GRA. HNO) =4, 5 GERBER 3-FRIPL,
P2» Ps, Pi} HIS AE AU SEE PE FR HH IAD AS op * G—>Sy. oh EE
ABE CAIEFILIEMT RG RE BB.
BG IE|G|=60. BIEL As WAR, BERTIE 60 Br
HG DMAIRD POE As. RNS G ABBCH 5 BM 12 BHR.
> PRG Ht 4 HBA RNG =[G* NoCP)]. AG
RB TN (4) Al, bE NCA) 43, Mt
47 4<|No(P)|<15. HF 4] |NeCP)| 160,402 | No CP) | 412, Ww
&|Ne(P)|=4, GA 15 SMH 2-FR. ORE NW RBA
HRA lo MEMH GE Ci 15X3+1=46 HEH. HFG HM
HG WHR 5-FRELA 64, EH 6X44+1=25 PIER.
XR ETA FRR ERT ASTOR 1. MLSE 46-+25
—1=70 43EK fA|G| =60,3%e— 7a eee
KR 2-FH P A P FEE BH PO P’=KA(1}. HF P A PRE
Bal OL ECHR, CP, P’) $2 CoO IF ER. By P#P’, P AP’ READ
BCP, POR AF 4, Fab 4<|Co(K)|<15. {4 4| |CoGK)| 160,
REI Co(K) | =12. tk Gee 12 BF.
BEN AG W 12 I FHLG MN WSR PAA 0:C
7S. HF 0 EMAS.G UWF S; HS 60 FHM. MES
AYIEY SUE SAF HEM WRN As. BORLSE ART ETE,
1
1. & p BIG MRAF WH CBA p HIER.
2 RG Rtn BR, pin H-TRAT. REDE 2? =1
TERE G HRI BCE p HOARE.
3. TEN] 6 WHERE RE S;.
4. GATE: 200 BHI G 2 A—TEMINAIE ARE.
5. WARE S. HOBART ERI,
6. Hie S. HA TORE AutS,.
7. BN Se MUG —TESLT RR. WR p AIG/NI ER,
TWN 28 G MTR BBK p- TR.
8 KG BERMAN 2G ERT H, PRG H—
PAE oF A. BIE
I) NOP RN Wa BK oF HR.
i) PN/N G/N Hae pF.
il) NeCP)N/N==New (PN/N).
48 9. & Pis Poy) Py BARC NARBBR p FR. BR
WHERE i4) A
[Pt PNP I>e,
Wl) N=1(modp’).
10. ©G BRAD EMER. P EG WARK p FH ce
21. MR pb” SR [Ga| I p” HRI Pal.
lL. ¢GRRAD LNB. HER ce DP REF
BG, WHER P-FH.A BA Ga EP EA PSR
Se. RIE No CP) 4 A _LAS ERLE EN.
12. BHF G 3 24 BHA C(G)=1. RIE GES,.
19 Bee RW
SREER AE — LT EE BE HY, ESP RR ED
Wet — 8 BAUR Ae RAR.
TBA et RUT AB ER ES HERR.
SHARPS IOR 21 ote 90005 ty FETE WR — PR. FE zap
Zn Al yi v2" Ym FAS WR n= m Ati=yiy 1i2 Bt. FCS) Se FCB BD RE.
PF isi BE 7 EOE.
RE1 MBL AAO. BARE REA
BRE a ee ERO AS
TER AGW. RG H-TERTAD (MNT RU=G).
ENB S={X. (cE XL) HRB f+ FS) >+G, RH
F(X.) =a, f(X) =a RMF AE UU LT U) | f@) =1, Vae P).
SOP ANE AT COU G ATL. BMS S = {a,b}, K
F(S) PRICK a? F(ab)? EA IE MT EWR G Ok ,
TUG WATT SRG = (A,B | A’ = (AB)? = 1).
Gl UpRRKARRANER. G= (S|) MBL S HH
HA aE, Aiea K = {1}, G& F(S)/{1} = FCS).
B22, = 3) WI MAH D, & 2n HH. EGERMITR
foot} HH =e =1, (oP =1 SFR O) WRW AH
# Wa RENAL f+ F>D,, f@O=o fl =r. HAA
ELA MD, & F/Kerf. HF fla") =o =1, f=
f((ba)?) = (re)? =1, a", #, (aa)® € Kerf. & K AF sta", ,
&, (Oa)* AMY ERE FRE WU K < Kerf.
SLES RSE F/K. UA AB DSR a Ab HE F/K PRY
BM A" = B? = (BA)? = 1, F/K BT {A,B) ER, AF BA
= A'B =A™“'B,F/K PRE RRM A'B (OHxXK, hk >(h,k).
Hy LR FT AE —— RG IEA
FARR) = f Cah’ kk") = Chh’, kk’) = fCnR) fk),
Sitti f Aer, Hil G=H XK, iE,
PERE HTM WFR TK. We G=
GX XG, PICK (gi Ly DEAF Gi PICK on, HK G.
BM GC MEMF RH. RVUM.G..-.G, BARWARG KEM
FH ATT G EPIC RE — WM = gig, (Bi EG).
EH2 BG.+G.1G2.>2. WU PERE REM
Sori.
(1) G=G, X+" XG,
(2) G PRTC ME — RAM g = erg, HP CG;
(3) G=Gi-G,» LET m, 1), We BERTIE GS PIG Cas +g) ME
—H Ser shores DC se 15g.) = 21 "Lae
(2)=>(3). R BE (GitGu-) Gn WA gi EG; 1B g = 21
Bn = Smo THE L= B11 Bm. FC 2) PEPE ge = 1.
SIE B= Sn = 15 BMG Ga) Gn = {1}.
(32>). F In=GieGn. HG: IGUK2, G.= lal) XX (at), G/G, =
Car) / — Br <<
n) FIER dh sod, (HB di | de | | d., HAG BUY
{dizi s,d.c,} SEH Bi eb be Ol.
WEAR n= 1 WY, CBR OR PEAY FE BY Ae 1
ML. PERE BM FRAN n HBP A ea oe. LL S
RRA
jsez
EE F 2 EC on} ENE G PAR
Jem sy beget t+ Ran hi € Z) MICK
TERR (yori otto) WAL FASE ATT ke © S. SARS
KES. HT GHA (0), SPHIESRR. ARB SES, I —seS, A
iS PARSER, WA di BA S PHB ERM, FATE v
=dinn theye tet kan € G, Ski = dg-+nO 0, lm << m, Am | m | + | m.
TEA ARH AA(0}, A Bin SCREW. FE A
MPRA n BY A TECH ARE: AS=F/K. Wn K= {0}
A=F, Wie r=n,t=0 WATE. WR F FR KA(0},
ERE 1 WY AETE x1 yt ty © Fedistryd, € Zsdi | dr |e | des
(878 F = (21) @- O(a, K= (din) OO dz... dar
si =d, =0, RITA
G& F/K = (a) / TABI
(1) PENSE EK. & om, = ph pls BOP pi sep BAA MRK,
A; SPERM, WW Zn Za Oo OZ ya Hb Zt 900 1 Ze CAME
CBE EY BAM (EAB (2) PK. AIP AR
FG TTL WE SEAR PERN {am +7} A {pit oo, De} AEP.
TESRASEIE {pp +s pe) HIME —PE. BRM AEE
58 p ARLE G AER oF RE BUEN FA GPT p
FEMI CWEEK p FR. 4G HABA
BM, BT FH RS AOS, Mit |G METRAF p, G
RAMEN — TARE 0 FRG, SHAG, HEC PAM p THE
ICRA ARIF. |G |= php BIGMRAF ARR,
TW | G,, |= par. AHEBH G=G,, Oo OG, » BETA PRGA IT
FREEMRARBRT RNA . 9 TAB ET EY A UE
BL (pha pe) PEE, RI RAMEN ETAT A,
TEREST. DAP A ARB pp EBD A MT p
WAAR. XAT, AZ," Oo OZ,” AAT AAEM (a 5++50,}
HEHE. AMR 1 1 I ZnOZ, WARBAFA( (msn), [msn]}.
& RZ OZ OZ HUSATARERF.
9. HP R—-TREH Zp OZ HBL p° BFA?
10. HUEFES BGA C* HSA FR BE.
LL. BIDE pHG RABE MRE a € G, a? = 1.
HG AMSH MA pH rank(G) = 1,G ABD MAFR?
12. RG.A, BHAA MAR. We GDA~GOB, RIE
A=B,
lll ApH a
APSE BPR STA. PRE
WHERE AF RS RAE A, BAR p Al p?.
EH] WRC 2p HEM NAHE p BARK. MGS
D, CE p REM EREED.
ER WATS Nip) RA GHAR oOFRNTH, WI
N(p) = kp+1|2 SA N(p) =1.40 8G p HTK. Ma)
32 GH p PEM TH. G PFE 2 BIT 6,0 (a) AF | G|=
2p.G = (asb). (a) RIEMF HR, Aut bab =a' 0S,. K=KerfS, WARAS ATILS, § [(G@)]=2,
1S, 14 12 BT HRRA A, eat G=A,.
4K=P [Link]. Ati G RAM WK 3-F HP. A
KG RABT 3 BIER Mc? AFLG + CoS F ¢ HSHETE
DIK JATT LG + CoCo] = 1 BE 2, | CeCe) |= 12 Be 6, At CoCo)
A 2 BICK df a= cd = de, a 6 HK, FR OAG
ERT.
Heb ¢ (a), B1, tab? =a'(O2). FE
82) G AFR
GDG® PG® PD PGE” PG? Dee
PH Co MERM—F CO? HEMT H.
EN HG UATE HA n>] HG? = (1).
EN TL ERED SE FT AE (BG? = (1}), TA
FE 2 CARR ARAE E T S.
(2)45 NIG, Ml G HRS N FIG/N BHT.
ER (DK f' CoH ARMAS. DAMBFT IS1 fF
(G?) Bia. BLL G/N BN HATA. 7 ABE SU AS
f* G>G/N. G/N BOAT AR PERT INA n (EAE f CG = (G/N)
=(1}, BIG G,>
G2SG,= (1). HH Go =G,G,={1}. MRE G, WE Gir
HEMT EH OS 1G. | > 1G: | >
iG RAR. LA n HBG, = (1). FE G>G > >G, B
EG WPA RAI.
(24 G AE WA n HG ={1}. FR GSG® SSG
= (1 EEA. BF CG? /GS? Sy Be ELBE, TAG RE A AT,
RX C ELEAF G=G.>G, > >G, = {1}. WW G/G,
PER, FEC! A> Oy
MET BD D, FT ARE.
B2 BIG =pq, Ki p Aq BRA, p>. AM GH p-Ar
WARE H BG WEMF RH OLS 8 ERE 3 TER). |H|=p,
GDHD (1) EMT A, A G/H A H/(1} S59 9 BEA p BYE
HH. FG APR.
RHBER Burnside HAG: HT AFB WY A PR AE AG OT fe
BE BMPAUZE 1963 4E oy W. Feit J. Thompson STiEHA , CBE
3K 255
RAR TY AAS LLB DL EE A ARE BRAT SE
HOP. ECS aRE 5 ASS BAY OU EL BER AE ST A CL TT ZTE
HAD. BT —28 8 BY SE ENT FEE OT EN A EE
fi. :
4 4 nd At n TEMPE S, AAD.
TEARS, FU FRE A, CATA. (RGR A, (n>5)
JARDA ELAS REGS 6 eH 4). PL A, ANA. RE
BAS, (nS) RAT AE. ELE. :
7 @
1. EBA So AS, SEATS.
68 2. p.go7 HERR CORDA. BOE por BHREER ETT RR.
3. *GoARHMAA. Hh A BOAR REG <
Kerf.
69 Soe H MM kh
“Ac RIL EA ECHR A SNE rez
FRR. CEA BE AT ER SR — Beak 6 IA SE —
SU FH ACESS RL.
21 #£ KR
EX KE-TEARAR LPIA ERR
E+ AE + ARAN CR, +, +) FARA FER
RAF:
CD (Ry +) EB EE. EY & TER AEA RR On (RK
SIL 0) MBH R WSK.
(2) (Ry 2A RRS R PRIA RAE.
(3) DRAATR RACE. BITE a,b,c RA
a(b+c) = abt+ac, (b+ cla = ba +a.
Eid MRAM TAG MBA RABE RY)
PUREE RE CR, + ) UMBC UE DLT W9 R GAA. TE REAR HF (3
NEB ADAIR Ei ATE RO
WR ROAR
(4) SARA a, BER, ab=ba.
WBS R AZeHREG, FALL 3k BEBE HR” FRE AEA RFA TB LBC
Beet Ch HH PS te ok ae LE A 38 BRED. FG He TRE BF
(Ry RAAT WM .
70 (5) FETCH lee R RAM BATE aR, lea =ale=a.
TW RWB AR. TH le RAMA DM WER HATH.
Hid HWRPWECRER—W MRK RAZR WE
thE — A.
ERC PE FER nid nH 2 AIH na TH a 4S
a RAE 0" 5 BRE MBAS FEA LA A BAY OP AR EIR.
EH BRAK.
(1) HT a@ER, 0a=a0=0,
(2) MBP a,bER, (—a)b = a(— » =— (ab),
(-a)(—6) =
(3) HF a, 6 ERs Sandon Sen,
(Ox Fn € Z,a,b6€ R WG = = a(n) = nab).
WEA (1) 0a = (0+-0)a = 0a'+ 0a KAiffi Oa =0. FEAT GE
a0=0.
(2) ab + (—a)b = (a+ (—a))b = 0+6=0, Kil (ab
—ab. [ARFATWE a(— b) =— ab. Bia (—a)(— b) =—a(—b) =
—(—ab) = ab.
(3) ALFA RCE AK AE CHER
(Sade = Dac, (8)= Dm
FE
(Ya(Ds)= Ya Ya))= Y Dass.
(4) BHC) (2) (3) HEH. HEHE.
EM RRS CR BR PABA F, Re AE
SIR OER AKG ab=0. AMMA ba=0, Ml a MIKR HESA
F. Uke AN BASAT MESA MN o MHOKR NPAT.
HR AREH, DAR PETA RA) SAFHRSAF,
71 MiiktAaFT ASAFAS ATR ELAe— we.
EX BREAAH.R PUR o WMA BY LIE c
ER (848 ca = 1 IXY c WOT a AAR. FSD HH AT WE AT
BRAM. MR a AMAA MAM, Wo ERKAALH
CR, + FRAT BETCR AAT o RAE — RI EH a. FRR of
AMIR a WAY WHR Pity Br unit). FAR RP WA
(ITE ARIAT OB BES 2 TEFL 1) MER RY BE ZEA
WRUCR).
GREAAZGHR, NAW ATMA MILER
— Bu.
EN KBRATASRM, HH OAL. UR RRASAF,
SU] R FY HER (Domain), HR WA AA HOAL. MRR PIES
FORA A A UCR) =R— {0}, WR AYRE (Skew-field), WR
SAE BEARIA , V mY Bedae ( Field).
A bE AT A:
C) BR MAAR BS IT ICR :0 Al 1.
(2) FARR AKHREREER WAESICR EA MR
wa.
(3) STRBLED,. AAR UCRABESA FT.
BETES HE UAE.
BIL R=(0}. BU —TPSICR AIH, OY D. FATT
AAAI, WE BE RARER.
Bl 2 nm BST EEA F E F A
FWY AK n BrSe Ty BER , ARM M, (R), SICK W n HBS, A
TERA n PYM PE L,. SDL ae XAG BE PEK M,, (QD » 52H
HM, (O¥. 4 nS2 WY, HMEMAIR ESR,
BR WER R, RATA RG BEE ICRF
RAGS n BAe ERY IN FRI » BY LE Bea ES RIC BR on BT
PETE BH MYER R EAI n Ors BER, HAMM, (R). WRIK RA
72 dr
ATR 1p WH M,(R) hw ATH = - MET. MRR
le
FEB BATA LAGE MABE A = Cay) © M,CR) BOFTHISK
detA = »> SNCS) Atg(1) 8° Arend ©
oes,
ET R WAAR, RANT A detA (HAA TWA
ABLGHE SE. ffs
(1) (detA) (detB) = det(AB),
(2) ACadjA) = (adjA)A = (detA) « I.
Hi adjA Fay A WYPEREAT PE, BD adjA = (A;) 1 Ay FEA 5G
Ra, WRBRER. LMA DAR, 4 RASA
FSC
det’:M,(R) > R,A — det(A)
SEFC E BEL AAS GF BS AS AS). Bae R JZ IRM, (R)
PATA? Ml detA HEAR HA AMLONTA?). RZ MER detA
€ UCR) , Wa ETS (2) RATHI (detA)T adjA HLA HIER, Bl
A €U(M,(R)). RESET TEBE M, CR) ROE GE
RHGLERM:
UCM, (R)) = {A € M,CR) | detA € U(R)}.
FESR UCM, (R)) MW A BRIK REA nn KARR EE Be
RUGL (n,R). Hi/M GL(n,Z) = {A € M,(Z) | detA =+1}, Xt
{ERR F, GL(n,F) = {A € M,(F) | detA #0}.
G3 Bin HIER. Z, = Z/nd MF EB n ARE LE
OME FATE RE A BEG , MY WAR n BLRRIB. 2 2 LE
REE WR a ZARA a +n, REE
U(Z,) = {a | (ayn) = 1},
Yn ARAM Z, WR GD. in RARMM,Z, EERE
RMA SAF).
73 4 BERBERA, Ro cIRRABET ROS
Fla) Sa, barat + a,c" BRR. BATA Boe ARE
ENBHRIME AIL » BY
(Qjae')+ (Syb2")= Dato,
(Dace')(Sae)= Saat,
Re = Dua ATLL ME REx Ie HEARIR, A BR RE
EE. as R ABH, MM Rix ERM. MIR RA
SHH 1, 1 WE REx HY ATOR. RAM ENS PARE
FMLARMA Roar oxo 00 ty]. RATER 5 PRAM SARA
feet ASE.
BS ABBA O MMH IE AR, MA BOR. RA
SRC R ABBR C. WERMA HAMA. ijk B=EMK
EES RA SBOR. UL RR
= {ay taitajtask | a, € RO0), MAMET nZ HETH Mi Z WS
FIBA (nZ | n>0}.
Bd BPAY AAMELFH. SHO) MH R AS.
ARICA ORAS A Be PRAT EM
BIA — TSAI ARTE OIE ELH HF AS.
EM BRAS AW. BUY f+ R>S PRAMAS, BMS
AabER,
fla+b) = fla) + f(b), flab) = fla) fo).
ERED SBE HY TA] AS RI AY TA AS. MATTE f On) =
O.» f(—a) =~ fla). RAIA f EAST GRE IU f mY 8 BaAS
(HERAS) WR fA —— If SAY. Bet eo A f+
RIS, ii R ALS OATH. WOR fo} + SR Fe f
AEH f WEM HM. MHF f+ R> Sg: S> TYR
RA. MW ef? =R>T BEDMAM RRM WES HX
REMC UAH LE — TS, PICEA LL
RAAREED PHAMSK. CHRHDREAAES I.
HR Bl A SAO AS A WER R 4 ASA A. HE
BL AWRMSRAAAE RE. OS ROAR, BM
Aut(R) REM R Hy BRE HE XE
B+ R>SAHWHMAR. FEMF R PRANK a, b,
R f(a A f(O) FE S PAATCR. Ae (CREE S RAFI AL
RAT R. BARA f RATT LIEAR BRS POTH fF
(R), AER PCR S Hee f(a). Ab, HH BAA f te
PEM R BUGS AGRA.
wR f * R>SAMHMWAS HAR AS BALTE,M
@fUk) = Is5 Gia € UCR)> fla) € US), HEB fla) =
76 Sa)” (DG 6). BNE RAS BAIR Tf: RS HHA
Bt, GD ANGI) MOA. ROMP RR f yt ea MD. JSD AT aE
SUR CBD HUE A. He Gal) 9 SEE,
BL n50, ENMBA Z>Z/nZ,k>k BPANIAS, FOP k
RAE Hin AK,
BI2 SH R AF 1 BITE M, (R). TYG 1Syrie(,0).
REE ER ARLA, SREB EAR ATOR RAT
BBS ZH,
G6 SIETR ELE RELAY A AM. ef Z>Z
IRIS. WUE £00) =0, FD =1. TEE EB ,
17 f= ftlt 4) = fD+ Ff) ++ 6D)
=nf(l=n-l=n
FE f(—n) =— f(r) =—1, RRR HZ AAS AA
#4. BD Aut(Z)={1}.
FADE BE op EO YA TAHA, Wb AIEEE gn) =n
ONE 2 EZ). ALESSI HEE pn) = fn)! OF Om
EZ). MTD FSA AB n/m(m F Oy n € Z),—(n/m) =
g(ngn") = g(n)gn)* = n/m. FEA BBR O HAAS
A lelfy.
SHR R HARM RA—T IE) AES BR
ARAM LBS. pin Sse90"a+b/—Ira—b/—1Ca,
DER) ELE C HIMES BH.
3
L (CD SHAFRAS AM, TEM R TU RAS
FTE.
2) MRa RS ZHPADUAK IFA a HRASAT,
Na RAE Ww.
2. tha RMR PIS ORE:
(Da KER PEFAFWREAHE:b, CER, ab=ac, Ml
(2) a KER PREAF HRB D, cER, ba=ca, Ii)
3. Be n>2 WiE RR RIE:
CD KZ, PHRa TMH CRAEE Cn) =1.
(2) & p WHAM Z, Hk. A nD? RH RA MZ, RHE
aH,
4.) RH Z [VT] AO. TEI eR
Em. .
78 (2) WER Z L/— 3] = {a t+bV—3|a,b€Z) ERE.
5. BRAS BHEAW. 0sAls. ft RS AMMA.
sw
() fdr) =1s. (2) Ra € UCR), Ii fla) € UCS),
FH fla") = flay.
6. HA AER RE End(A) 2 BF A BOE 8 Te AS AR
AMF f.e€End(A) EX
(ft+e)(a) = fla)+ gla), (f+ g(a) = flg(@) (ae A).
ORiE End(A)XiF LIER ED AM,
7. EG BERL AW. EMEA
RIG]={ Dre |r,ER FFA RAARE*+ 1,40}. ERE RIG]
LhRM
Dreet Lee ret oes
(Sree) (Dt) = 2S ee :
set 5,= Dre.
CL) REL VME MRKERS RIG HHH sie,
If A. RIG] ca HG RA CO BU G TEM R EA BER. ).
(2) RIG] EZRA OR BAER B GC RID HE.
(3) WR R BATCH 1p TH G MAMUICHN eM 1, B
BEH RIGIM ATR.
(4) WDA R ERG RE ROGIER.
8. RUE OLV2]={atbv2|a, bEQ) EHR R FR.
9. CD) RE Zn MEARE RCA m HERS.
(2) RE OMOWZ HSM R.
(3) BE AutQL/2], AutZ,,.
10. & fEAut(R) a, BER. RIE
79 (D a>0Sfla)>0.
(2) a>p>fl@>fP.
(3) Aut(R)= (1).
LL. YpRERE SE BOR CHR BI M, CR) FN?
12. & R WH,a€ RR. RiE(rE Rl ra=ar} HR WHFH.
13. 4 ft R>S BAW AA ORIE SR = (fH) |r R)
SHER.
14. BU B—-PRA. SEU HEMT RMR, BI S=
{V|VEU}. 3A, BES, EN
A-—B={c€U|cEA, c¢B}.
A+B=(A—B)U(B—A), A+ B=ANB.
SRIUE(S, +, + ZRH. HS RBH ATR?
15. RRAWK. MRBTICK aR OWE a’ =a, KR
2K (Boole) FR. RE
(1) ARH R DBR 3 A ata=0e OT a ER).
(2) FH 15 HHH S BAR.
16. KRREARBH IA |R|S2,0 Rp AR.
7. & t={(_= “Vie, weC} 3th wo hw tse
wz
2. RUE L AK HAS CR
18. BOR Z MH BE EY Be?
19. BR PTR o WRB. AEB m, eS
a” =0
) RUE R ABHRAK, A a Alb YHRSICRH. Ml ato
WERE.
(2) WR RAE, (D PAE UIE MIL?
20. Rab RAAHR PMI. Ml: 1—ab Ro 1—ba
at :
21. FAPPRRRGAST—-TEY MEURARRE
80 VEE.
22. UCR) BARA AER RM ft R>R ARR. EL
(f+g)(a) = fla) + gla), (f+ g)(a) = fla) + gla). MF Sf,
gE CCR), a € (R). RUE COR) BIL RAS 4 EBA. isha] CR)
BENE? BEARER? REH CRM AULA.
23. BD AA BRUK. SRGE a!”! =a( xt aE D).
24. RG BOI. REM Z (CA.
2.2 RAR RE
PAAR EIA HE AURA WRAL. WTR
HAA RA MESA S E.
Hit PHS MSY FHC HEMT KRAE ER,
FRNA TER RU S EDR FHM S BE
Ba AER BFR, FA ek RE R/S, BAAS BE R/S
LE BPR E MIRE AE R/S AH. STH BR FE MFI, BNE AS
Ba + b=ab. KEPT: Be RRR AUEY,
BALL ASB RCH DSR RATE A HEI? LK, R/S MEF MMe a +O=
a+bMR a b= abRBE RI? FT| BR WT BIE
26, Te BN FIN LE.
5/2 WSEAR WFR. AT MARR R/S MPR a
+ b=ab BHF ARBRE SHEUPER:
CD MFR ER Mla€S,ra€S#HHar ES,
ee BUR R/S aT inks +b= boat CRORE a - b=ab BH,
S. READE ra€ S.
RZ BSP) Mar. ULICMER LH BNE
WE: a=a", b=0, Mab=a'0". KAW: 4 a=a’, DTH, a
—a’ES, b—W ES, HALE) AT ab—a'b’ = (a—a’ ba’ (b—
81 6 ES, Aitab=ab”, HEM FGIE R/S ce eFe RP, RUSE OE Fe
SAA AIM STK DCE AERA DAY. BM a +c)
a(bFe) =a Fo) =a b+ac=ab+ac=a b +ac=alb te)
5 EH,
EM WEB PAADNFH S MBH R ABA. tha)
TBE. A RAFRS AR RE LT
(DM a, bES,M ates;
(2) mn rER, a€S,M ar, ra€S.
BHA RAR HE RE LIBS RG R/A MARE
HIME MIGAIE BH , HBR MFR A AEE.
Bll BSESH REAPPEAR . ADE BEAR (0) AH
RAS. RAY ABE BCR, ARETE: BAM R BB
I 8AAR PAM I=R. Ba AR A,
Bl2 RNA. BAH ZAFAYABK mZ (m>0)
ARHERE CATERED? Z Wy BEAR, MTT UE Z A.
BIS BALE DWAR i —BeHBA Me ATT ANE LAL th
ZER WEEE.
ER RX ARR H-*+FRA KR PAS X HE)
AERA X EROS FARR MX. |
RE LAG 3. AON AE X MAAS. A
FW. HF ORAK R HBR ERAS TRH HRE:
2X = {Di meri|m; € 2, 2 EX, nD1}s
i=)
RX = (Sinai|ri € Rs aE X, n>};
i=1
XR = (Sarin € Ry x EX nD};
ied
RXR = (Straw, rie ERs 1 © Xin D1}.
i=1
82 MORRIE XM Xt Xoo +X, = ha tae te +x, |21€ KAS
iS BHAA. He
Imf = f(R) = (f(r) |r € R}
YB AS f HOR, MOSES
Kerf = f7(0) = {rE R| f(r) = 0}
WY AIRIAS f AIK.
EH A-AWED WR R-SEHHAD.
Kerf WHR HAE If ABR
Fi R/Kerf->S,7=f@) (réR)
FESPA ALAS GRA), BoP or Rea HE R/Kerf Pi 7K r+
Kerf. 85 H8 FTA AS
f + R/KerfSiImf
EA BE RATER IC POA Kerf BR MARE HK
KF rER, a€Kerf, Ml fra) = f) + fla) = f(r) +0=0, A
fet fCar) =0. A ra. ar © Kerf. mR Kerf IPR WE
SEER CT EAI TBR fF AY SOE IF BR BE
: 83 AAS. Bit FG +7) = FCP) = for’) = ff) =
FOF) OFF rs CR), RUA F BIRMIAS. BUG PRT CERE
WHOABEMT f EAH. FA F:R/KerfSlmf B—-—MM
TRY HY. TELE.
EH2 KIA BAR OS
QD Gx RMD
VON D=UED/T RHA)
2) = Rae UR ICS, A
(R/D.R -
G/D= 7 CESTAED
iE (D856. AB MIE I] BR HTH, I+) OH
48. FEBS
fPIeUtD/I, ara=aty
BATEREIO PEED DE A AS. BS EA
4S. flab) = ab +J = (at DO+D = fla fo OF a,
bED HF Kerf=INJ AMIN] ER WAR cee 1 BD
FUR /1 0) J AF I+ 2 /J.
(2) RO ERAZR ADL.
EHS WILAR NWN RRA R/I WA
HRHRA MRABR PAR] HRA REA. TU
BRT
ftMeN, Jes/i
BMA MBIN 2 EHH.
TERA SUI ARC OZR. DN’ R/T HOTA IN
EFRON. UM BRR PSI EBs Fae
Se TERI HEAT
fi MN’, JreJ/I
—— HM ATER A Es J SER WL © J /T R/T
OBE, :
84 AI ER MBSE JD Hew 2 OBA I /1 R/T
AQHA. R/T AOE SAR AB R/T AINA FRE ca BE YE
RAK J/L AP IER WIEFSRO HR JDL AF I/1
R/T SBA MER CR/ D/C /D PERRET
ff? R>(R/D/J/D, reef) =FrF+CU/D
Hp r Rar ER/I PMARABR. iE f AHA. IFA
Kerf=J. Siti J 32. R (OBR. DORREENA T EE 3.
Bll Bae R( SHUR , ERR
ge? Rx]J>R, fidef@
AMERIE p SEPP ANTAL AS. 5 — Fy TBD. PE OE A SOK
BEAK f(z) Raz HRS f(z) 1 (2— 0) HR. A
Kerg= { f(z) € R[x} | f(a) = 0}
= (f(z) € Riz] | (x—a) | f(x}
=(—a) GR z—a ERM ERRD.
Teh EH 1 RTS R=R[z)/(e—a) CMTE
Bla). .
A2 Rm in BAPEBR WM mZ, nZ BBB Z OB
A. FF ACTRD
mZ (\nZ=[m,n]Z, mZ+nZ = (m,n)Z.
FRA ER 2A
mZ/(mn|Z=Cm,n)Z /nZ FRR)
HERP APR, 4 lb BY aZ/bZ ICRA BH b/a,
BATT E:T ER) A P42 ABE 2 2 TB) SEK 2] (on) = mn,
BZ em Aln BAT ERR m|n, WW mZDnZ. HAE
2 Ra ,
(Z [nd )/ (m2 [nZ) = Z/mZ,
85 a @
1. GEBA: RH RPE BRST RA RRA N EMR WY
HAL. IF A R/N th RA STRERSIR.
2. Be 1 ICRF R PATEL RIERA
VI= (re R| HE n> 1,184 rE 7
EM R ABBA.
3. RR AWK. RA CR) = {cE R| MFP TER, ve =
or} OUR R AYER ALS,
(1) RIE CCR) #2 R FH AAR EE R WO BEAB.
(2) MR F ARM ORES M,(F) fal, | a €
Fh, SP 1, RAR 2 A
4. DR WEA AH . RIED M, (R) "PEM AIE
M,(D FP TER WES.
(3) & F Wa M, (PER,
(4) LER ABR R PRA. SRA AAS:
M,(R)/M, (D 2 M,(R/D.
5. Bh A Lb, WH R AIA. RIE
D hh h#H R HHA LLC. BB-EA
LI,=] N12?
Qh+h hue R HAR HA CREASE LAL
Sua.
(3) Bh=nZ, =mZ(n, m1) RR Z BIR.
SRE: Lh e=nmZ, +h, =(nym)Z, LA =[nm]Z.
6. Ef? R>S BMA IAT BPR AS BBR IF
LD SJ RAF AEA ZB:
F:R/I>S/J, alfa],
OPW a € R,a=at+l WR/l PREM fla] = fla+s
HW S/J PIR.
86 () RIE bw Ff RADE Ui KARMA.
(2) RHE f:R/I—> S/J RPA © f(R)+J = SIH
=f.
7 BF R>S AMMA. WR R Eth SRE f MASA
BS MABRA,
8. RR, +.) BRAM. MF a, FER, EM
a@b=atb+l, aO@b = ab+at+b
RUECR,O,O)WESAR HHASHR,+, + IAM.
9. CD AREERBH NR HSMABAE ERM,
(2) RUE Z,=Z/mZ (m1) EM,
10. HZ/3Z 5GHKZ/6 ZWFH 2 Z/6 Z RBA?
UL. Bh TH R PHBE IFA CLC CI,
Co RES UT, IIR HERE,
12. RIE T= { ( ‘)
ER T VDP BE.
2.3 RAH BA
AAT ALD NRL ASAE EE,
(—) SRA HE
HE WRK MRT M mM ET CR WA
mr =0, RAE EAR EO BU TER m OY BGR R WASTE, to
BARA ESEY ERM m, EH RWRERD. WR HEC
2 charR, .
Bl FR ZANE SF ET EK m1, HK Z,, AME
Fim. AEE Hy .CharR=1 4 A(L24 R= (OE US RAV
je CharR41.
abc KR Mi) WFR, BR
87 4 RAS AMA. (EB
fi: Z>R, ntone lp.
AXEA th. f ED ATAS. IF A Kerf=mZ, FCA m=charR. MFR
charR=0,]ll f ZAHM BAAS. TEM R HART Z AFH P
={neIe|n€Z}. MR charR=m>2, Mil eH AY ERE 1 AEE
PRA Z,=Z /mZ>R. iti RPA RF Z,, HH P= (0
+1, [0t HAA BDA MRA FT WR ORFAZ /mZ PR
BAASAF ATR RABH. FHA R ELM R OER
ARB p eh R AFR F=Z,; ae charR=0, WH R AFH
CAP Z, ATA FB F= (n+ 1e/ms le|nsmEZ, mA0}
PRB Q. EIR F OR RPM. HTS MRM R
FEA Wl RUA ABR Q , WF charR=p ARB, WM RY
1 p TAZ.
HEARBHAA BATH R HE
EH 1 WR ARH, charR=p HRM, MH x, yER,
(aty)=2+y?,
TEAR ARE she RI
(ct+ty)? = ory,
n=O
(JEM Ryr or?
BH ROAM. :
EAR fab) = fla) f(b) BRM fla +5) = fla) +
88 f(b) Fe ea Pe 1. TE.
(=) a
KRDEEH MERA SA FING ASR). LER ATH D
BEIT BCE. IIE SEB Z REA BO PCRS a
SAF n/lD) MaRS D* =D—{0} SRR
DXD* ={(r,s)|rE€D,sE€ D*}
GAPE (rs) FR BI SPER r Fl s SPH ES DF” AS PER”). TE
a DXD* bye MU FRA:
ry )~O 8) sr’ =s'r, GER OIE AY r/s=r’/s!!)
5/1 ERKRBRA DXD" EMEA.
iEAR DRE AURT Pi BE A AREA.» Ae FEE (PIB HE. (BR Cr,
~~) sr = 5'r, 5’ = Sr", A D EE
PRR, A srs" =sr's" =58"r' = 55'r" =5' sr”. BK 5’ 60 Tl D ES
RAM ERA IBS 5’ BY sr” =s'r. MIG =O").
All ~ SAR. UE.
RAN r/s RRTCR (755) HEMSHK. WK RREBEH
KARO. HAR PARE X K PMMMAAREH
rst’ /s’ = Crs’ +4’s)/s5’5 (r/s) « (/s') = rr’ /s8’.
GER s,s; €D* WH ss’ CD* ). RNA KREWE
BAAD se SCTE » BV SEE BAI Mie AG EPS RATER TE. Be
DBL RLS RCs) ~ Carb), O48 ~ (a8) TW r/s
tr'/s'=a/b+a' [6,1 GE 4, SEH BA AER. KKK
ATK ARIE K OP ERR FAKE BIE A A EI, OE
TRB ATRIA. RUG RATE:
RB2 RD EEK, ii K MEA. Wl
C1) K BR.
(2) BRHF * D-~K, a TAIRA, HILADIS D BBE
89 KWH.
(3) K #@a® D ya. a Sh: BM AAEM, g + D
>M BAIA g DAT FERRI A g” + K>MGE sg” my
g WE FBIM a SD it, g’(a) = gla)).
EM CD Bh r/s#2, rED, sED* I r#0. FE rE
D* Jif s/r€ KF r/s + s/r=sr/sr=1/1, Ai K PRES
TOR /stE K PHAM. FA K WB.
(2) ARXEMIE f EI AYALA. Tl Ker f= {rep r=} =
(0), Fate f FEHR A. :
(3) & g'(r/s) = g@)g(s)! CM GER: HF ¢ BEAT s
FO. SAT gs) A 0, FAUG FESR M Fg (s) BIDE). RATA
ELSE v/s WRRIGERIK » WG (ros) ~ (a,b), Sil
g(r)g(s)* = gla)g(b)". KBAWFE (r,s) ~ (a,b), I db =
as, FEE g(r) g(b) = gladg(s). HF 5,6 [Link] eA g
(o) AH, BN ees) = gag). HM ARE ABE
a RU AAS. HF Kerg’ = {r/s € K | g(g(s) =0 EM} =
{r/s € K | g(r) =0} = {r/s€ K | r=0} (AW g BIRAI=(0},
BRU 2 BARWHA. BS. @D=g1 > D=g()) + g(Dilig
(D40, i gL) =1, FMB r © Dy o'() = g'G/D =
gg) = gr), Mili og MOTE. TE.
EM RK UMEH R R.
(=) RHBR
BR, AR, BATH, BTEC POBE LNA
BUR, XR, HOME Mad) +(ed)=(atc,b+d). MRR
FRE IGE:
(a,b)(c,d) = (ac ,bd). ’
AY ARETE Ry XR, SF LRA FATE A , OY BOR R, AMR,
90 ARAB, EAD AT Le ERAS TR RE DINER:
TTR: = (ier | 2: € Ri} s
d+G) = (a; tyi)s Cr) Cy) = Cais).
KHRRAVS SHERROD.
WET £ET, ET
mm * Ik —R, (aj)ier ae
PARAS. 3 Fria. eat
ip? Ry > Tk. . ay (x ier
(CEH x =a, 2 =000hF TER ETA. FRE R. IEW
A BREW AT EST R. BA TTR, WH GEE ER
1€
TR, RosAED. .
KIRA AARITA— Mea Ae
URL RI RAKR WHR o Mb RFR OFT OT
$8 BD a—bE 1, RAT HILIARAM a=b( mod). MTB r +1 th
#78 MK r(mod!).
EH3 (PRAACH) KRREAAHL,-.1, WHR
HOSA. Hf BY ij AY, LR. AY R/C, 1)
= TL (R/T).
i=l
TERA EBT
fiR=> Ter, r+>(r(modl;) ,+**,7¢modI,)).
HERE 1 EOKIOTSS. SLEETEW f TAS. ARIE EE, Lh
+h=L+h=R, 1€R Kili
R=RR=()+h)ht+h) =f? tbh thh+kh
. Ch+hkCr,
Be R= N+ Ids. AAP ARIE R= h+kh~ ly FRA bE
91 hhyevl,.a€ lh, 8 l=atb Sn =1—-a=b, A fn) =
(idmod]; ) ,0(modI2) ,+++ ,0¢modI,,)).
TEM MB RO Sk 2),
FFA nZ+mZ=(n,m)Z, nZ0\mZ=(n,m]Z. Alt nZ+mZ=Z
MAF n Am BRUT MERA AK R PEM
1, WR +h =R, RATE OA LM 1, BR). WR m,
sym, PAK HM mm ZO m,Z =Lam 90+ 5m, |Z=m, m,Z 5
Sift ea EHH 3 8B G0 FY
Bl Bm -m, RAALRH ERK MAMA
FZ [mm ZQL/m 2X X L/L,
a(modm +++, )>(a( modi, ) ,-**,a(modm,)), HEH.
MRA ARE BURR:
B2 hmm, RARER ESR Ml
CD MER n MER a, 50, EZ, ARH
92 | «=a, (modm, )
2x=a,(modm, )
ABU.
Q) Rx ECZELRARTEAN—ME. IES ape
HBP xo +m ---m,Z.
PEE AMT RA) PA RB
“AA ORARB SSRZAR, FERS A= ER
= TB LAT”.
RSV REAR BA
[rien :
2x=3(mod5)
x=2(mod?7)
BEA AEE BK GEAR) (1593 4E) Fe A te Fa a
Aik:
“SAMAR,
FAG TET HR.
CF RBA,
RASH.”
SAF EBL Ae 5 BANE BH SR TA 5 Be PR”, “t
BAH A” CBN 70,21 Al 15) BLE PAY 11 re A re. TIA
Bi 70 RE
x =1(mod3), x = 0¢mod5), x = 0(mod7)"
ASR /N TE IK, 21 FI 15 AAR. FE A Te BH
AGP 2+ 70436 2142+ 15=233, ORAM RUS KM
Fe: “He LTA RS 233 ABH 105=[3,5, 7] ABHOR
HR. ” BN TER BIR 23. )
(O) RBBNRABE ,
FEL WR SEAR P 0 ARR AR, FLHE
93 (1) PAR;
(2) THR AERP A AB. WR ABSP, Wl] ACP
RH BCP.
EB4 WPREAAZRAH,P BR WAM CHN PAR, RK
HSM LEP) MW PERLE.
CL) P ERE;
(2) SF a,bER, WE abE P, Ill ae PRA GEP;
(3) R/P RBH.
WEAR (1) (2) NR ade P, MI Cad) CP. (HE YOR FEBCHR
SHAY (a) (6) (ab) ATIC) (CP. Fi HH RARE AT A (a)
CP R#OCP. BHR AXTHA Ma € (a), bE (d). MU ae
PREEP.
(2)=> (3) AOR (2) ALTE.
a b=0(C¢ R/P )=>ab=0=>abE P>a€ P MH LEP
=>a=0 RH b=0.
Mili R/P PA SAF. AF R/P BRE ARM, HL
R/P REF.
(3)=> (1): FARRER. aR ABP, ALP, BSP, MFFtE ae
A, a€P, bEB, bEP. Mili 240, DAOC R/P 1A). (AEE abe
ABCP, El ab =ab=0. i845 R/P WRATH PWR
WASH. UE.
TE PHAR BRAK MR ABARAT BARE
fe EBS WKAR.
Bl BR Z MALTA IER nZ(n>0). HF ZEB. MA
WSR (0) WHER. 4 n= 2 Ht nZ HREM Z/nZ We
Kon HER RRA Z HSMBRBLE 0Z (> HREO
WA RAE HAE (0). AU BAR BORE AEA LB.
EX RR PALM BR RAAB AE
(2) MAR;
94 (2) RF R EBON aR MCONCR, IR N=M ae
# N=R,
HBS [Link] OSE. MER WR
KEE R/M Aik. FM: BA RH R ARORA EES
BAB (0) 25 R ARK EE.
TEA RMR — TET. OR R FR ET
FES ICR a MEM, Mii (a) =aR=R, A RR ABA AL
HEAR, B(0) EIR ABA. RZ. (0) WABI HER PRE
RaH0, (a)=aRAO), Mili aR=R. FRA OER, KS ab=1.
ADR PIES TCH AAT A R Eh.
MEMS ARH RAGE LE 3 AMER
KEE @ SLE R/M WR ABO R/M yet. HELE.
Hid ARESARMH, HM VERA A.M AR
WAKER >R/M HiR>R/M HEAR>M W R AAR. BRK
HER A. FARA CED (Zorn) 5 | 320) PENS. ES
BAR RAO) ) ARAB AUR A
BL TBR Z AB. RATE A Z SEERA pZ
(p HRB MO). AF ZAR, AAO) RAR ABA.
Z/p ZAM MMi ZLB pZ(p HRB.
2 KR=Z Lr]. Hee
ge? Z[z}-Z, g(x)g(0),
LPH WALAS IFA Kero= (x), At Z (2 )/(2)=Z. Mii (x)
BZ OWE R ARAB, BW ZEB ERE. Ti
DBZ [7 HRABA BARBIE Zlc]/(2,2)=Z/2Z,
Iii Z/2Z Ash.
1
1. HR WH, charR>0. #KREBH R RE—T+BARS +H,
3. charS=charR?
95 2. A BRA ED SR 9 TER.
3. KD ABA m Aln ALR ERM. 2, 0€ D, WR a” =
bo", a®=6" RIE a=.
4. BRGEDE—MES MIME R= Tk. RE:
CD) RAB LHS BHR HABA.
(2) RAR & BT Ri HH,
(3) c=G@)HR PROB 2; BHR; PALL.
(4) R PEA HAMPER: I= [TAs See A: ER:
EEA.
5. BS, RG DIA. R= [[Ri, mt ROR, HIE WHE
i€l
Ht, o * SHR: GE DYER. RIEFEE-WAEA go: S
REE MFA CL WA m+ 9= 9.
6. BERGE DWAR. RIE
a R= {@Dde TRIR VARS 2:40) ga TR: We
H. TR: HER Ri (Ge DEN ELA. :
(2) BSH. MFETICL, go R-SHARMA. a *
> TR: BIEMKA. REEMA 9: TTR:S, eae gi
i€l i€]
=9* ti.
7 Bhs], BAR AB. IF EL
Ci) te +L =R;
Ci) SFR <<) EN Ch Fee Fla tli beet
I, = (0) ARié R= TT.
8. RPK e ORB, Bil? =e. WIR e UF
RDC A ca=ae MHA CR) MWK e HRS TR.
BREA. HAR WORSE IH. RE:
CD) le th DEBIT.
96 (2) eR MU—e)R WER WHE IFA R&eRX1—e) RE
BR.
9. RR PRES ICHEE (e1 5+ en} MM BIE EY, SEHB Yi 4j
RY ee; =0. BERR oR, BEA. MW FALRESH
(1) RER Xe XRyy
(2) R OR EXE REBT (er 9-0 en} BEAR ey beet
én = lr FPA eRER
