Smart Grid
Technologies
and
Applications Dr. Hari Kumar R
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering Trivandrum
Module II
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Syllabus
Module II
• Introduction to Smart Meters
• Real Time Pricing- Models
• Smart Appliances
• Automatic Meter Reading(AMR)
• Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles(PHEV)
• Vehicle to Grid
• Smart Sensors
• Home & Building Automation
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Electric Meters
Electric meters fall into two basic categories:
Electromechanical Meters
• The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of
an aluminum disk,
• The disk rotate at a speed proportional to the power through the meter to the
load.
• The number of revolutions is proportional to the energy usage.
Drawbacks
• Inefficient:
• Inaccurate
• Tamper prone
• No remote monitoring or control functionality
• No consumer visibility of energy usage
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Electric Meters
Electronic Meters
• Developed using microprocessors, which included communications interfaces and
data storage capability.
• can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as instantaneous and
maximum rate of usage demands, voltages, power factor and reactive power used
etc.
• They can also support time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of
energy used during on-peak and off-peak hours.
• Metering of non linear loads is highly accurate
• Electronic measurement is more robust than that of the conventional mechanical
meters
• It reduces the cost of theft and corruption on electricity distribution network with
electronic designs and prepayment interfaces
• Electronic energy meter measures current in both Phase and Neutral lines and
calculate power consumption based on the larger of the two currents.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Meters
A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric
energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at
least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing
Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the
central system.
Communications from the meter to the network can be done via fixed
wired connections or via wireless.
"Smart Meters" usually involve real-time or near real-time sensors, power
outage notification, and power quality monitoring
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Meters
Courtesy:
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Meters
Courtesy: Semiconductor Engineering
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Meters
A typical set of smart meter functions:
• Two-way communications between the utility and the meter
• Recording of usage intervals of 15 or 60 min
• Sending of data to the utility at least daily
• Internal switch to connect or disconnect power
• HAN interface
• Recording of power quality information such as voltage and outages
• Functionality to ensure reliable and secure data communications
• Capability to regulate energy usage based on real time pricing
• Can respond to utility signals to improve peak management capability
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Meter Data Collection Evolution
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Automatic Meter Reading
The technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status
data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and transferring
that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing.
Saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to
read a meter
Billing can be based on near real-time consumption rather than on estimates
based on past or predicted consumption.
Timely information coupled with analysis can help both utility providers and
customers better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or
water consumption.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Automatic Meter Reading
Meter reading using a handheld computer to access data from the meter
AMR progressed to the use of a short-range radio frequency (RF) system to
communicate with the meters.
AMR evolved to include one-way fixed communications networks from the meter
to a central data processing system without the need to “walk by” or “drive by” the
meters.
Benefits
Significant operational savings in reading meters and integrating the meter readings
directly into their billing system.
Added alerts, such as theft alerts and outage alarms
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Automatic Meter Reading
Technologies
Touch technology : Protocols used ANSI C12.18 or IEC 61107.
AMR Hosting
Radio frequency network (Handheld, Mobile, Satellite)
Wi-Fi
Power line communication
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Real Time Pricing
Providing consumers information about the actual cost of electricity at any given
time
Real-time pricing lets consumers adjust their electricity usage accordingly;
eg. scheduling usage during periods of low demand to pay cheaper rates
Requires the installation of an electricity smart meter that can send and receive
information about electricity costs and give consumers more information about th
eir own usage
Using smart appliances that can communicate with the smart meters installed as a
part of real-time pricing plans, and can be programmed to run based upon that in
formation
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Appliances
A state-of-the-art device that connects to your smart phone, tablet or
computer to give you more information and control than ever before.
can send alerts
can entertain, organize everyday life and help with household chores ev
en when you're not at home.
updates about tasks like a finished wash cycle or needing a replacement
refrigerator filter
Voice-controlled appliances connect to voice assistants such as Google
Assistant and Amazon Alexa.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
A hybrid electric vehicle that uses rechargeable batteries, or another
energy storage device, that can be recharged by plugging it in to an
external source of electric power as well as an on-board internal
combustion engine and generator.
Most PHEVs are passenger cars
PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, utility trucks, buses,
trains, motorcycle, scooters, and military vehicles are also available.
Similarly to all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids displace emissions from
the car tailpipe to the generators powering the grid.
These sources may be renewable or may have lower emission than an
internal combustion engine.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Charging the battery from the grid can be lower cost than using the
on-board engine, helping to reduce operating cost.
A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV-[miles] or
PHEV[kilometers] km in which the number represents the distance the
vehicle can travel on battery power alone.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Technology
Power trains: series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid
Charging systems
Modes of operation: Charge-depleting mode, Blended mode,
Charge-sustaining mode, Mixed mode
Electric power storage
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Technology
HEVs use different technologies to improve efficiency and reduce
emissions
Rregenerative breaking
Using the IC engine to generate electricity to recharge batteries or
power the electric motor
Using the electric motor during most of the time
Reserving the IC engine for propulsion only when needed.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Advantages
Fuel efficiency and petroleum displacement
Operating costs
Smog
Vehicle-to-grid electricity
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Disadvantages
Cost of batteries
Recharging outside home garages
Emissions shifted to electric plants
Tiered rate structure for electric bills
Lithium availability and supply security
Hazard to pedestrians
Greenhouse gas emissions
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Vehicle to Grid
V2G describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles, such as electric cars (BEV),
plug-in hybrids (PHEV) or hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV), communicate
with the power grid to sell demand response services by either returning electricity to
the grid or by throttling their charging rate.
V2G is a version of battery-to-grid power applied to vehicles
V2G is classified based on the power flow direction: Unidirectional V2G and
Bidirectional V2G
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Vehicle to Grid
There are three main different versions of the vehicle-to-grid concept, all of which
involve an onboard battery:
A hybrid or Fuel cell vehicle
A battery-powered or plug-in hybrid vehicle
A solar vehicle
Advantages:
Peak load leveling
Carbitrage
Backup power solutions
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Vehicle to Grid
PEVs is more costly than traditional vehicles
The vehicles sit unused, on average, for more than 90% of the day
PEVs can provide additional services to help offset the added expense of a PEV.
Frequency regulation is the component of the ancillary service market most compatible
with plug-in vehicle capabilities and will provide the largest financial incentive to
vehicle owners
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) enable the use of plug-in car batteries as distributed storage, cap
able of supplying energy and ancillary services to the grid.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Vehicle to Grid
There are two primary types of power interactions possible between the vehicle and
the electric grid.
Grid-to-vehicle charging (G2V) consists of the electric grid providing energy to the plug-in vehi
cle through a charge port.
G2V is the traditional method for charging the batteries of EVs and PHEV.
A V2G capable vehicle has the additional ability to provide energy back to the electric grid.
V2G provides the potential for the grid system operator to call on the vehicle as a distributed en
ergy and power resource.
V2G technology can be employed, turning each vehicle with its 20 to 50 kWh battery pack into a
distributed load balancing device or emergency power source.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Vehicle to Grid: Deterministic Architecture
Assumes that there exists a direct line of
communication between the grid system operator
and the plug-in vehicle so that each vehicle can be
treated as a deterministic resource to be commanded
by the grid system operator.
the vehicle is allowed to bid and perform services
while it is at the charging station.
When the vehicle leaves the charging station, the
contracted payment for the previous full hours is
made, and the contract is ended.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Vehicle to Grid: Aggregative Architecture
An intermediary is inserted between the vehicles performing ancillary services
and the grid system operator.
The aggregator can bid to perform ancillary services at any time, while the
individual vehicles can engage and disengage from the aggregator as they
arrive at and leave from charging stations.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Sensor
A device which provides an output (signal) with respect to a specific physical quantity
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
A smart sensor is a device that takes input from the physical environment and
uses built-in compute resources to perform predefined functions upon detection
of specific input and then process data before passing it on.
Smart sensors enable more accurate and automated collection of environmental
data with less erroneous noise amongst the accurately recorded information.
Offers functionalities beyond conventional sensors through fusion of embedded
intelligence to process raw data into actionable information that can trigger
corrective or predictive actions
Used for monitoring and control mechanisms in a wide variety of environments
including smart grids, battlefield, exploration and a great number of science
applications.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
Composed of many processing components integrated with the sensor on the same
chip.
Has intelligence of some form and provide value-added functions beyond passing
raw signals, leveraging communications technology for telemetry and remote
operation/reporting.
Increasingly, local devices will have to report information rather than data, since
otherwise data bottlenecks will ensue, compromising the ability of transmission and
distribution grids.
Automated, reliable, online, and off-line analysis systems are needed in conjunction
with sensors/sensor systems supporting smart grid monitoring and diagnostics
applications.
Enable condition monitoring and diagnosis of key substation and line equipment inc
luding transformers, cables, breakers, relays, capacitors, switches, and bushings.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
Fault Passage Indicator
Smart sensor that senses the over current condition and communicates the
passage of the fault current to a local or remote human or machine operator
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
Major Functions
Basic sensing of a physical measure
Digitization and storage
Raw data processing and analysis by the central processing unit
Local and remote communications
Local and remote HMI
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
Deployment
To deliver the best value, the sensor systems may be deployed in three tiers depending
upon the available architecture and application requirements.
Tier 1: Local Level
Tier 2: Station/Feeder Level
Tier 3: Centralized Control Room Level
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
Deployment- Tier 1: Local Level
All smart sensor functions including sensing and analysis are local to the asset they
are monitoring.
The sensor is a stand-alone device with embedded intelligence for local data
processing and local/ remote communications
eg. A visual fault indicator on a terminal pole, a transformer monitor used alone
inside a substation
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
Deployment- Tier 2: Station/Feeder Level
Monitoring and diagnostics with smart sensors that are distributed systems with remote
access to sensor measurements outside the substation environment.
Meshed topology Radial topology
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Sensors
Deployment- Tier 3: Centralized Control Room Level
System-wide monitoring and diagnostics applications
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Building Automation
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Building Automation
Automatic centralized control of a building's heating, ventilation and air conditioning,
lighting and other systems through a building management system or building
automation system (BAS).
The objectives are: improved occupant comfort, efficient operation of building systems,
reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improved life cycle of
utilities.
It is a distributed control system – the computer networking of electronic devices
designed to monitor and control the mechanical, security, fire and flood safety, lighting
(especially emergency lighting), HVAC and humidity control and ventilation systems in
a building
Controls everything else that is electrical in the building.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Building Automation
Core functionality is to keep building climate within a specified range, provide light to
rooms based on an occupancy schedule, monitor performance and device failures in all
systems, and provide malfunction alarms to building maintenance staff.
It aims to reduce building energy and maintenance costs compared to a non-controlle
d building.
Most commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings built after 2000 include a BAS
Many older buildings have been retrofitted with a new BAS, typically financed through
energy and insurance savings, and other savings associated with pre-emptive maintena
nce and fault detection.
A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Building Automation
IEEE 802.15.4 Low cost wireless link for industrial/commercial sensors and actuator
devices
IEEE 1901-2010 - a standard for high speed communication devices via electric power
lines, often called broadband over power lines (BPL)
IEEE 1905.1 - a standard which defines a network enabler for home networking suppo
rting both wireless and wireline technologies:
IEEE 802.21 - extensible Media access Independent Services (MIS) framework
(i.e., function and protocol) – facilitates services when networking between IEEE 802
networks and Cellular networks.
IEEE 802.11ac - wireless networking standard in the 802.11 family (Wi-Fi), providing
high-throughput wireless local area networks (WLANs) on the 5 GHz band.
IEEE 802.3at (PoE+) - standard supports the delivery of power over Ethernet up to
25.5W on the ports, allowing devices that require more than 15.4W to power on when
connected to the PoE+ ports.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Home Automation
Building automation for a home: smart home or smart house.
Involves the control and automation of lighting, heating (smart thermostats),
ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and security, as well as home appliances such as
washer/dryers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers.
Home devices are remotely monitored and controlled via the Internet
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Summary:
Building and Home Automation
A smart home has less technical equipments than a smart building
In a smart building efficiency is much more important.
In smart buildings the focus is more on local IT solutions.
The BMS is largely ‘analog’ and not necessarily interactive or remotely controllable.
A smart home is more likely to be fully ‘digital’ and remotely controllable via the Internet.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
harikumar@[Link]
Mobile: 9446707870
