Difference Between GPS and GALILEO

Anti spoofing
• The function of anti-spoofing (AS) of the GPS system is designed for
an anti potential spoofer (or jammer).

• A spoofer generates a signal that mimics the GPS signal and attempts
to cause the receiver to track the wrong signal.

• When the AS mode of operation is activated, the P code will be

replaced with a secure Y code available only to authorized users, and
the unauthorized receiver becomes a single L1 frequency receiver.

• AS had been tested frequently since 1 August 1992 and formally

activated at 00:00 UT on 31 January 1994 and now is in continuous
operation on all Block II and later satellites.

• Here the P code is made un gettable by converting it into the Y code.

• This problem is over come by cross correlation
 Selective Availabity
• The largest source of ranging error results
from an international degradation of
Ephemerides accuracy and manipulation of
the satellite clock referred to as selective
availability
•What is Selective Availability?
Selective availability is the intentional degradation
of GPS signals.

When selective availability was enabled, this

added 50 meters of error horizontally and 100
meters vertically to GPS signals.

Before May 2000, the United States government

added this time-varying obfuscated code to all
civilian GPS signals.
In 1983, the United States invented the very first
Global Positioning System (Navstar GPS). Even
though Ronald Reagan promised civilians could
use it, he limited its usage with selective
availability.
However after May 2000, Bill Clinton eliminated
selective availability because of the advent of
newer technologies. For example, differential
GPS was able to correct for more precise
positioning
1. These errors are imposed by the US military for
security reasons.
2. The Defense Department dithered the satellite
time message, reducing position accuracy to
some GPS users.
3. S/A was designed to prevent America’s enemies
from using GPS against us and our allies.
4. In May 2000 the Pentagon reduced S/A to zero
meters error.
5. S/A could be reactivated at any time by the
Pentagon.
Selective Availability is detrimental to
performance in civil applications.
The degradation in autonomous positioning performance by
SA (about 50 m RMS error) is of concern in many civil
applications requiring the full accuracy of which GPS is
capable.
• A prime example is vehicle tracking systems in
which an accuracy of 5–10 m RMS is needed to
establish the correct city street on which a
vehicle is located.
• Many civil and military committees have found
that a military adversary can easily mitigate
errors due to SA by using differential
positioning.
• A large and costly infrastructure has developed
to overcome its effects.
GPS Signal Structure
The signal structure of the GPS
satellite is given below:
SL1= Ap[P(t) Ꚛ D(t)]sin(2πf1t+φ)
+
Ac[C(t) Ꚛ D(t)]cos(2πf1t+ φ)

SL2= Ap[P(t) Ꚛ D(t)]sin(2πf2t+φ)

GPS Satellite Position Calculations
• Transmission of Satellite Ephemerides
• Ephemeris Data Transmitted
• True, Eccentric, and Mean Anomaly
• The variable f in the figure is called true
anomaly in orbit mechanics.
• E, the eccentric anomaly, defined as a
geometric function of true anomaly,
M, the mean anomaly, defined as a linear
function of time:
M(t) =2π(t − t perigee)/T period
(in radians),
where t is the time in seconds at which
true anomaly is to be determined;
T perigee is the time at which the
satellite was at its perigee, closest to the
earth; and T period is the orbit period in
seconds.
 GPS SIGNAL COMPONENTS,
PURPOSES, AND PROPERTIES
 1.Data Stream
The 50-bps (bits per second) data stream conveys
the navigation message, which includes the
following information:

• Satellite Almanac Data

• Satellite Ephemeris Data.
• Signal Timing Data
• Ionospheric Delay Data
• Satellite Health Message
• Structure of the Navigation Message: The
information in the navigation message has the
basic frame structure shown in Fig.
• A complete message consists of 25 frames, each
containing 1500 bits. Each frame is subdivided
into five 300-bit subframes, and each subframe
consists of 10 words of 30 bits each, with the
most significant bit (MSB) of the word
transmitted first.
• At the 50-bps rate it takes 6 s to transmit a
subframe and 30 s to complete one frame.
Transmission of the complete 25-frame
navigation message requires 750 s, or 12.5 min.
Structure of the Navigation Message
• Each sub frame begins with a telemetry word
(TLM).
• The first 8 bits of the TLM is a preamble that
enables the receiver to determine when a sub
frame begins.
• The second word of each sub frame is called
the handover word (HOW).
• Z-Count: Information contained in the HOW is
derived from a 29-bit quantity called the Z-
count. The Z-count is not transmitted as a
single word, but part of it is transmitted within
the HOW.
• The 19 LSBs of the Z-count, called the time-of-
week (TOW) count
• The 19 LSBs of the Z-count, called the time-of-
week (TOW) count.
• A TOW count of zero always occurs at the
beginning of sub frame 1 of the first frame.
• A truncated version of the TOW count,
containing its 17 MSBs, constitutes the first 17
bits of the HOW.
• Multiplication of this truncated count by 4
gives the TOW count at the start of the
following sub frame.
• GPS Week Number: The 10 MSBs of the Z-
count contain the GPS week number (WN),
which is a modulo-1024 week count
• Information by Sub frame
 SIGNAL POWER LEVELS
1.Transmitted Power Levels:
The L1 C/A-code signal is transmitted at a
minimum level of 478.63 W effective isotropic
radiated power (EIRP),
Atmospheric Loss Factor
Antenna Gain and Minimum Received
Signal Power
• GPS antenna with right-hand circular
polarization and a hemispherical pattern has
about 3.0 dB of gain relative to an isotropic
antenna
RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE
• 1.Radiofrequency Stages (Front End)
• 2. Frequency Down conversion and IF
Amplification
a. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
• 3. Digitization
• 4. Baseband Signal Processing
a. Carrier Tracking
b. Code Tracking and Signal Spectral
Despreading
 EXTRACTION OF INFORMATION
FOR NAVIGATION SOLUTION
After data demodulation has been performed,
This information can be classified into the 3
categories:
1. The information needed to determine signal
transmission time
2. The information needed to establish the
position and velocity of each satellite
3. The various pseudo range and Doppler
measurements made by the receiver.
 1 Signal Transmission Time
Information
•The receiver can establish the time of transmission of the
beginning of each sub frame of the signal and of the
corresponding C/A-code epoch that coincides ,with it

•epochs are transmitted precisely 1 ms apart,the receiver

labels subsequent C/A-code epochs merely by counting
them.

•This enables the determination of the transmission time

of any part of the signal
 2. Ephemeris Data
The ephemeris data permit the position and velocity of
each satellite to be computed at the signal transmission
time.
3. Pseudorange Measurements
Using C/A-Code
Finding the three-dimensional position of a user would
consist of determining the range, that is, the distance of
the user from each of three or more satellites having
known positions in space,
The range to each satellite can be determined by
measuring how long it takes for the signal to propagate
from the satellite to the receiver and multiplying the
propagation time by the speed of light.
ρ = c(trcve − txmit),
where
trcve is the time at which a specific, identifiable portion
of the signal is received,
txmit is the time at which that same portion of the signal
is transmitted.
•c is the speed of light (2.99792458 × 108 m/s).
trcve is measured according to the receiver clock, which
may have a large time error,
but txmit is in terms of GPS time, which in turn is SV
(spacecraft vehicle)time plus a time correction
transmitted by the satellite.

•If the receiver clock were synchronized to GPS time,

then the pseudo range measurement would be the
range to the satellite.
let te denote the GPS transmission time of the last code
epoch received prior to trcve,
let X denote the code state observed at trcve, and let cr
denote the C/A-code chipping rate (1.023 × 106 chips/s).
Then the transmission time of that code state is
 Basic Positioning Equations If
pseudorange measurements can be
made from at least four satellites,
The equations are set up by equating the measured
Pseudo range to each satellite with the
corresponding unknown user-to-satellite distance
plus the distance error due to receiver clock bias:
 4.Pseudorange Measurements Using Carrier
Phase
•The C/A-code are the most commonly employed, a much
higher level of measurement precision can be obtained by
measuring the received phase of the GPS L1 or L2 carrier.
•carrier phase measurements are highly ambiguous
because phase measurements are simply modulo 2π
numbers,
•The relation between the measured signal phases φi and
the unambiguous pseudo ranges ρi can be expressed as
where n is the number of satellites observed,
λ is the carrier wavelength, and
ki is the unknown integral number of
wavelengths contained in the pseudo range
5 Carrier Doppler Measurement