Disintegrant is the most vital excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.

The process by which a

solid oral dosages form such as tablet breaks down into small particles is called disintegration.
Oral solid dosage form such as tablets, capsule, beads, pellet, and granules need to break down
into small particles to a rapid release of the drug so that the drug is readily available to dissolve
in gastrointestinal fluid.  According to USP-NF, disintegration time must be 15 minutes for core
tablets, 30 minutes for film-coated tablets and hard gelatin capsules. Certainly, to maintain
proper disintegration time a formulator will be used a disintegrant.

What is disintegrating agents or disintegrators or

disintegrants?
Disintegrating agents or disintegrators or disintegrants are the substances which are added to an
oral solid dosage form such as tablet, beads, pellet, granule as well as capsule to promote its
rapid disintegration or break down into small particles after administration for facilitating rapid
dissolution into GI fluid.

Classification of Disintegrants

Disintegrants are classified into two groups:

1. Traditional Disintegrants: such as Starch, Microcrystalline Cellulose, and Sodium

Alginate etc.
2. Super Disintegrants:  such as Crospovidone (cross-linked povidone), Croscarmellose
Sodium (cross-linked cellulose) and Sodium Starch Glycolate (cross-linked starch) etc.
At this time, these 3 super disintegrants are the most widely used disintegrant in
pharmaceutical preparations. Most noteworthy, super disintegrants can swell up 10 fold
with 30 seconds.

Further, Super disintegrants are two types:

1. Natural Super disintegrants.

2. Synthetic Super disintegrants

Generally, disintegrating agents are added before or after wet granulation and/or both in many
cases. When disintegrating agents come into contact with a fluid/water either they swell up or
wicking and then break down, thus facilitating dissolution.
 Pr
obably, disintegrants acts by the following one or more mechanisms:

1. By Swelling
2. Due to heat of wetting
3. Capillary action (wicking)
4. Enzymatic reaction
5. Due to the release of gases
6. Combination action
7. Deformation
8. Electrostatic repulsion
9. Chemical reaction

List of Disintegrants used in pharmaceutical preparations:

Name of Disintegrants Concentration

1.      Calcium Alginate & Calcium Sodium Alginate <10%
2.      Calcium carboxymethylcellulose / calcium cellulose 1–15%
glycolate / carmellosum calcium
3.      Microcrystalline Cellulose 5–15%
4.      Powdered Cellulose 5–20%
5.      Chitosan Hydrochloride —-
6.      Corn Starch and Pregelatinized Starch —-
7.      Crospovidone (commercial name- Kollidon) 2–5%
8.      Docusate Sodium ≈ 0.5%
9.      Low-Substituted Hydroxypropyl Cellulose —-
10.  Hydroxypropyl Starch —-
11.  Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 2-10%
12.  Methylcellulose 2.0–10.0%
13.  Sodium Alginate 2.5–10%
14.  Starch 3–25% w/w
15.  Pregelatinised Starch 5–10%
16.  Sodium Starch Glycolate (Commercial name Primogel, 2-8%, Optimum concentration is
Explotab) about 4%, although 2% is
sufficient in many cases.
17.  Croscarmellose Sodium (Commercial name Ac-Di-Sol) 10–25% in capsules and 0.5–
5.0% in tablets.

Normally, Croscarmellose
sodium at concentrations up to
5% w/w may be used as a tablet
disintegrant. 2% w/w is used in
direct compressed tablets and
3% w/w in wet-granulation
processed tablets.

Reference

1. Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P. J., Owen, S. C., & American Pharmacists Association. (2006).
Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients. London: Pharmaceutical Press.

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