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Soil Composition Formulas

1) Key terms related to soil properties are defined, including void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, moisture content, unit weight, dry unit weight, saturated unit weight, effective unit weight, submerged unit weight, and buoyant unit weight. 2) Formulas are provided relating these terms and showing their relationships, such as how saturated unit weight, effective unit weight, and buoyant unit weight can be calculated from void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, unit weights of water and solids. 3) Additional terms defined include air void ratio, zero air void unit weight, relative density, and hydraulic gradient for quicksand condition, along with their corresponding formulas.

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Joshua Prieto
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3K views3 pages

Soil Composition Formulas

1) Key terms related to soil properties are defined, including void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, moisture content, unit weight, dry unit weight, saturated unit weight, effective unit weight, submerged unit weight, and buoyant unit weight. 2) Formulas are provided relating these terms and showing their relationships, such as how saturated unit weight, effective unit weight, and buoyant unit weight can be calculated from void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, unit weights of water and solids. 3) Additional terms defined include air void ratio, zero air void unit weight, relative density, and hydraulic gradient for quicksand condition, along with their corresponding formulas.

Uploaded by

Joshua Prieto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Soil Properties Formulas
  • Unit Weight Calculations
  • Density Concepts

Void Ratio – ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids

𝑉𝑣
𝑒=
𝑉𝑠
Porosity – ratio of volume of voids to the total volume
1 𝑉𝑣
𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑣 𝑛
𝑛= 𝑒= = (𝑉 ) = 𝑉 = 𝑒 =
𝑉 𝑉𝑠 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑣 1 𝑉 𝑉𝑣 1−𝑛
−
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑛
(𝑒 = ) (1 − 𝑛) 𝑒(1 − 𝑛) = 𝑛 𝑒 − 𝑒𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑛 + 𝑒𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑛(1 + 𝑒)
1−𝑛
𝑒
𝑛=
1+𝑒
Degree of Saturation – ratio of volume of water to volume of voids
𝑉𝑤
𝑆=
𝑉𝑣
𝑾𝒘 𝜔𝐺𝑠 𝜸𝒘 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒘 = = = 𝜔𝐺𝑠 𝑽𝒔
𝜸𝒘 𝜸𝒘
𝑉𝑣 = 𝑒𝑽𝒔
𝜔𝐺𝑠 𝑽𝒔 𝜔𝐺𝑠
𝑺= 𝑺= 𝒔𝒆 = 𝜔𝐺𝑠
𝑒𝑽𝒔 𝑒
Moisture Content – ratio of weight of water to the weight of solids
𝑊𝑤
𝜔=
𝑊𝑠
Unit Weight
𝑾𝒘
𝑾 𝑾𝒔 + 𝑾𝒘 𝑾𝒔 (𝟏 + 𝑾𝒔 ) 𝑾𝒔
𝜸= = = = (𝟏 + 𝝎) = 𝜸𝒅 (𝟏 + 𝝎)
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽

𝑾 𝑾𝒘 + 𝑾𝒔 𝜸𝒘 𝑽𝒘 + 𝜸𝒔 𝑽𝒔 𝜸𝒘 𝑽𝒘 + 𝑮𝜸𝒘 𝑽𝒔
𝜸= = = =
𝑽 𝑽𝒗 + 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒗 + 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒗 + 𝑽𝒔

𝑽𝒘 + 𝑮𝑽𝒔 𝑺𝑽𝒗 + 𝑮𝑽𝒔 𝑺(𝑽𝒗 /𝑽𝒔 ) + 𝑮(𝑽𝒔 /𝑽𝒔 )


𝜸 = 𝜸𝒘 ( ) = 𝜸𝒘 = 𝜸𝒘
𝑽𝒗 + 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒗 + 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒗 /𝑽𝒔 + 𝑽𝒔 /𝑽𝒔 )

𝑺𝒆 + 𝑮 𝑮 + 𝑺𝒆
𝜸 = 𝜸𝒘 = 𝜸𝒘 =
𝒆+𝟏 𝟏+𝒆
Dry Unit Weight
𝑾𝒔
𝜸𝒅 =
𝑽
𝜸
𝜸𝒅 =
(𝟏 + 𝝎)
𝑮
𝜸𝒅 = 𝜸𝒘
𝟏+𝒆

Saturated Unit Weight of Soil:

𝑊 𝑊𝑆 + 𝑊𝑊
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = =
𝑉 𝑉
𝐺𝑆 𝛾𝑊 + 𝜔 𝐺𝑆 𝛾𝑊
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
𝐺𝑆 𝛾𝑊 + 𝑒 𝛾𝑊
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
(𝐆𝐒 + 𝐞) 𝛄𝐖
𝛄𝐬𝐚𝐭 =
𝟏+𝐞
Effective Unit Wt/ Submerged Unit Wt/ Buoyant Unit Wt
𝛾 ′ = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑊
(𝐺𝑆 + 𝑒) 𝛾𝑊
𝛾′ = − 𝛾𝑊
1+𝑒
𝐺𝑆 𝛾𝑊 + 𝑒 𝛾𝑊 − 𝛾𝑊 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑊
𝛾′ =
1+𝑒
′
(𝐺𝑆 − 1) 𝛾𝑊
𝛾 =
1+𝑒
Hydraulic gradient for quicksand condition:

𝐺𝑆 − 1
icr =
1+𝑒
Air void ratio

Air void ratio = n (1 – S)


s = degree of saturation
n = porosity

𝐞 𝛚 𝑮𝑺
Air void ratio =
𝟏+𝒆

Zero Air Void Unit Weight (ZAV)

𝑮𝑺 𝜸𝑾
𝜸𝒛𝒂𝒗 =
𝟏 + 𝝎 𝑮𝑺

Relative Density

𝟏⁄𝜸𝒅 𝐦𝐢𝐧 − 𝟏⁄𝜸𝒅


𝑫𝒓 =
𝟏⁄𝜸𝒅 𝐦𝐢𝐧 − 𝟏⁄𝜸𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆
𝑫𝒓 =
𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏

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