Dept.

of Electrical & Computer

Engineering (ECE)

CSE 215 : Programming Language II

Lec 6: Introduction to OOP

Dr Ziaul Hossain
 Structured Programming
• To solve a large problem, break the problem into
several pieces and work on each piece separately

• to solve each piece, treat it as a new problem that can

itself be broken down into smaller problems

• repeat the process with each new piece until each can
be solved directly, without further decomposition.

• This approach is also called top-down program design

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 2
Engineering (ECE)
 Structured Programming Example
• Write a program to find the maximum of 10
integers and find the square of that number to
print it.

• Top-down approach
– Level 0: display square of the maximum number
– Next level:
• Make an array to store 10 integers
• Find maximum of these integers
• Find square of that number
• Print the square

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 3
Engineering (ECE)
 Structured Programming: Problem
• Almost entirely produces the instructions necessary to solve a
particular problem.

• Difficult to reuse for other projects.

– a particular problem, subdividing it into convenient pieces, top-down
program design tends to produce a unique design.
– Adapting a piece of programming from another project usually involves
a lot of effort and time.

• Some problems by their very nature do not fit the top-down

program design.
– solution cannot be expressed easily in sequence of instructions.
– When the order in which instructions are to be executed cannot be
determined in advance, easily, a different approach is required.

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 4
Engineering (ECE)
Bottom-Up Design: the alternative
• Start “at the bottom”
– Already existing solution and a reusable software
component.
– From this position, work upward towards a solution to the
overall problem.

• It is important, in this approach, that the reusable

components are as “modular” as possible.

• A module is a component of a larger system that

interacts with the rest of the system in a simple and
well-defined manner.
Dept. of Electrical & Computer
Date Slide 5
Engineering (ECE)
 Transforming into Modular Approach
F1(. .){
. . .
}
F2()
F2(. . .){
. . . F1()
}

F3(. . .){
. . .
}

int main void(){ F3()

. . . Task 1 Main()
. . .
. . . Task 2
}

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 6
Engineering (ECE)
 Advantage of Modular Approach
• Data is protected, since it can be manipulated only in
known, well-defined ways (information hiding/
Encapsulation)

• Easier to write programs to use a module because the

details of how the data is represented and stored need not
be known (Abstraction)

• the storage structure of the data and the code for the
subroutines in a module may be altered without affecting
programs that make use of the module as long as the
published interfaces and the module’s functionality remain
the same

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 7
Engineering (ECE)
 Object-Oriented Programming
• The central concept is the object, which is a kind of
module containing data and subroutines.
• An object is a kind of self-sufficient entity that has an
internal state (the data it contains) and that can
respond to messages (calls to its subroutines).

• Example
• A student-records object
– ID, Name, Address, Courselist etc. (internal state)
– Add a new student , add a course, print the student
information (messages)
Dept. of Electrical & Computer
Date Slide 8
Engineering (ECE)
 Realising The Interaction Between
Objects
• Consider the following exchange between two people:
– First person: Jack, are you hungry?
– Second Person: Yes I am, Jill.
Are you hungry?
Name Name
JACK JILL
Question Question
Answer Yes, I am Answer

• Classifying this exchange in object-oriented terms,

there are two messages flying between two objects.
– The objects Jack and Jill.
– The messages are “are you hungry?” and “yes I am”.

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 9
Engineering (ECE)
 Reusability leads to Class
• Objects may belong to the same family.

• These contain the same type of data and that

respond to the same messages in the same way.

• Such objects are said to all belong to the same

class. In programming terms, a class is created
and then one or more objects are created using
that class as a template.

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 10
Engineering (ECE)
 Classes and Objects: Car

Class
<CAR>

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 11
Engineering (ECE)
 Classes and Objects: Objects

Object
<7_series_BMW Object
> <VW_Beetle
>

Object
<Ford_Mustang
>

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 12
Engineering (ECE)
 State
• The state of an object • State of the object
encompasses all of the (static) Ford_Mustang is THIS
properties of the object plus the
current (dynamic) values of each
COOL LOOKING RED
of these properties Ford_Mustang.
• A property is an inherent or
distinctive characteristic, trait, • A property of THIS
quality, or feature that contribute
to making an object uniquely that
Mustang is its Color.
object
• We will use the word attribute, or • Attribute is another
data member, to refer to the name for the property
state of an object
e.g. color.
Dept. of Electrical & Computer
Date Slide 13
Engineering (ECE)
 Messages to Objects

“Start the
engine of the Object
BMW” <7_series_BMW>

Start_Engine

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 14
Engineering (ECE)
 Method of a Class

Class
<CAR>

Start_Engine

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 15
Engineering (ECE)
 Behavior
• Behavior is how an object acts and reacts, in
terms of state changes and interactions with
other objects.
• An operation is some action that one object
performs upon another in order to elicit a
reaction.
• We will use the word method to describe
object behavior in java.
• Invoking a method causes the behavior to take
place.
Dept. of Electrical & Computer
Date Slide 16
Engineering (ECE)
 Class Members

• A class can have three kinds of members:

– fields: data variables which determine the status of
the class or an object
– methods: executable code of the class built from
statements. It allows us to manipulate/change the
status of an object or access the value of the data
member
– nested classes and nested interfaces

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 17
Engineering (ECE)
 Fields – Declaration

• Field Declaration
– a type name followed by the field name, and optionally an
initialization clause
– primitive data type vs. Object reference
• boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double
– field declarations can be preceded by different modifiers
• access control modifiers
• static
• final

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 18
Engineering (ECE)
 Types of Methods
• There are 4 basic types of methods:
– Modifier (sometimes called a mutator)
• Changes the value associated with an attribute of the object
• E.g. A method like Change_Car_Color
– Accessor
• Returns the value associated with an attribute of the object
• E.g. A method like Price_of_Car
– Constructor
• Called once when the object is created (before any other method will
be invoked)
• E.g. Car(Mustang)
– Destructor
• Called when the object is destroyed
• E.g.~Car( )

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 19
Engineering (ECE)
 First Example in Java

public class Test1{

public static void main (String args[]){
System.out.println(
"This test is Successfull");
}
}

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 20
Engineering (ECE)
 Dept. of Electrical & Computer
Date Slide 21
Engineering (ECE)
• End of Lecture 5

Dept. of Electrical & Computer

Date Slide 22
Engineering (ECE)