aR aire orn BS ant, tax 6, TH BT BH, ag Ret — 110022 (area) INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS: Kama Koti Marg, Sector 6, RK. Puram, "New Delhi~ 110 022 (India) eM cree: rere (Secretary General: +91 (1) 2618 5303 caterer (Sect: 2618 5315, 2618 $319, 26171548, 2618 S273, 2611 6778 “aR (Fax): 191 (11) 26183669 | NOTIFICATION NO. 54 dated 28 May 2009 Subject: ‘Amendments to Clause Nos. 708 and 709 of IRC:78-2000 “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges” Section :VII Foundations and Substructure (Second Revision) | Second Revision of IRC:78-2000 “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges * Section :VIL | Foundations and Substructure (Second Revision) was published in December 2000 and reprinted in August 2005 incorporating uptodate amendments. til that time. The Indian Roads Congress has decided to further amend the above document. Accordingly, the Amendment No. 6 is hereby notified. ‘These amendments shall be effective from the 1 June 2009. Enel: As above & pep eate, (RP Indoria) Secretary General 708. WELL FOUNDATIONS CLNo. For Read, "7081.1 | While selecting the shape, size and the type of ‘wells fora bridge, the size of pier to be accom- modated need for effecting streamline flow, the possibility of the use of pneumatic sinking, the anticipated depth of foundation and the na- ture of strata to be penetrated should be kept in view. Further for the type of well selected, the dredge hole should be large enough to permit ‘easy dredging, the minimum dimension being not less than 2m, In case there is deep stand- ing water, properly designed floating caissons ‘may be used as Clause 708.12. Foundations supporting the superstructure located in deep water cannels shall comprise of properly di- ‘mensioned caissons preferably having a single dredge hole. While selecting the shape, size and type of well the size of abutment and pier to be accommodated need for effecting streamline flow, the possibility of the use of pneumatic sinking the anticipated depth of foundation and the nature of data to be penetrated should be kept in view. ‘The minimum dimensions of| dredge shall not be less than 3 m. In case there is deep standing water, properly designed floating caissons may be used as Clause 708.12. However, in case of larger bridges across rivers in wide flood plains prone to scour, deltatidal rivers, channels with inland waterway traffic and bridges in ccoastal/marine locations, the number of intermediate foundations shall be reduced as far as practicable. INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 7709. PILE FOUNDATION Clause No. For, Read 709.1 General 709.14 For piles in streams, rivers, crecks, etc., the following criteria may be followed (Scour conditions are properly established, Gi) Permanent steel liner should be provided at least upto maximum scour level. In case of marine clay or soft soil or soil having aggressive material, permanent steel liner of sufficient strength shall be used for the full depth of such strata. The minimum thickness of liner should be 5 mm, In last line under (ii) change 5 mm to 6 mm. 709.15 709.151 ‘Spacing of piles and tolerances ‘Spacing of piles: The spacing of piles should be ‘considered in elation to the nature ofthe ground, their behaviour in groups and the overall cost of the foundation. The spacing should be chosen with regard to the resulting heave or compaction and should be wide enough to enable the desired number of ples to be installed to the correct pen- etration without damage to any adjacent construc- tion or tothe ples themselves. ‘The cost of a cap carrying the load from the strue- ture to the pile heads, or the size and effective length of a ground beam, may influence the spac- ing type and size of piles. Spacing of piles and tolerances [Link] Spacing of piles a) Where pier is supported on multiple piles, connected by frame structure or by solid pile ‘cap, the spacing of piles should be considered in relation to the nature of the ground, thei ‘behaviour in groups and the execution conve- rience. The spacing should be chosen with re- gard to the resulting heave or compaction and should be wide enough to enable the desired number of piles to be installed to the correct penetration without damage to any adjacent ‘construction or to the ples themselves, b) For land bridges pier may be supported on single pile having diameter sufficiently large to accommodate construction tolerances of pile installation with reference to location of| piers as well as having strength as required by the design. The pile should be designed to cater for the maximum eccentricity of vertical Toad in such case. Alternatively, ple shaft can ‘be continued to actas apier and get connected ‘to pier cap which is designed to accommodate the eccentricities due to construction toler- ances. ‘The size of a cap carrying the load from the structure to the pile heads, or the size and ef | fective length of a ground beam, may influ- ence type, size and spacing of piles. is INDIAN HIGHWAYS, TUNE 2009[The spacing of piles will be determined by (@) the method of installation, eg., driven or bored; () the bearing capacity of the group, ‘Working rules which are generally, though not al- ways, suitable, areas follows : For friction piles, the spacing centre should be not less than the perimeter of the pile or, for cir- cular piles, three times the diameter. The spacing of piles deriving their resistance mainly from end bearing may be reduced but the distance between the surfaces of the shafts of adjacent piles should be not less than the least width of the piles. 7091.7 [The minimum diameter of piles shall be as fol- lows Tver Bridges 12m ‘Bridges on ‘Land OS m Driven cars piles Preeast pies Bored pies 3s Tom Tom ir “The minimum diameter shall be 1.0 m for river/marine bridges. For bridges beyond the ‘water zone and for bridges on land the diam- eter may be reduced upto 750 mm”. 709.18 The settlement, differential settlement, lateral de- flection at cap level may be limited for any struc- ture as per the requirement. Settlement, Differential Settlement and Pile Capacity ‘The differential settlement between two suc- cessive foundations taken at pile cap level, ‘may be estimated from the maximum settle- ‘ment expected at two foundations for the dead load, superimposed loads, live load and scour effect. The increase in settlement with time in clayey soils shall be accounted for. In ab- sence of detailed calculations, for the purpose of preliminary design, it can be taken as not ‘more than the maximum settlement of any of| ‘the two foundations. ‘The differential settlement shall be limited depending upon the following functional and structural considerations: 'a) Functionally acceptable differential settlement between two neighbouring piers shall not be greater than | in 400 Of the spari to ensure riding comfort, as specified in para [Link] INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 119'b) The allowable settlement of a single ©) Its further provided that the work- pile considered for estimating the pile capacity shall be arrived from correlation of the settlement of pile group to that of single pile, as per clause 709.3.4. ing load capacity of pile based on the (b) shall not exceed 40% of the load corresponding to the settlement of 10% of pile diameter (ie. safety factor of 2.5 on ultimate load capac- ity is ensured). 709.19 cement ratio, slump shall be as follows : For both precast and cast-in-sita piles, the values regarding grade of concrete, water For both precast and cast-in-situ piles, the values regarding grade of concrete, water cement ratio, shump shall be as follows: Tee | ree] eer Conese Cat] is Gime | cas brie | Goce ‘as by | Concrete coasts “Teme ro a a Gade at] mas iin cone | aO0Ea | aKa ooKeTAT—| | [as camer] oor aoa conc conte Me We [ 04 oF oF Mac WE oF w se Jia 300-130. <. Slump (ous) 150 = 200 50-75, Note: i) For improving resistance to penetra- tion of harmful elements from soil use of mineral admixtures (fly ash, silica fume, GGBS conforming to respective BIS/International standards) and as pet IRC:21 and IRC:18 is recommended. In marine conditions and areas exposed to action of harmful chemicals, pro- tection of pile caps with suitable coat- ing such as bituminous based, coal-tar ‘epoxy, epoxy based coating may be considered. High alumina cements, (io, Quick setting cement) shall not be used: in marine conditions. Also when both chlorides and sulphates are present, use of sulphate resistant Cement is not ree ‘ommended. 20. INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 t E709.2 | Requirement and Steps for Design and Installation 709.2.1 | The initial design of an individual pte, group of piles and final adoption should pass through two types of major investigation and tests as follows: (Comprehensive and detailed sub-surface investigation for piles to determine the design parameter of end bearing capacity, friction capacity and lateral capacity of soil surrounding the ple. (ii) Initial load test on trial piles for confirmation /modification of design and layout and routine load test on working piles for acceptance of the same. ‘Requirement and Steps for Design and Installation The initial design of an individual pile, confirmation of its capacity by either initial load test or by re-confirmation of actual soil parameters, modification of design, if required, and final adoption should pass through following steps of investigations, design and load testing: i) Comprehensive and detailed sub-surface investigation for piles to determine the design parameters of end bearing capacity, friction capacity and lateral capacity of soil surrounding the pile ii) Design of pile and pile group based on (i) above for specified bearing strata, iii) Initial load testing: Initial load test on pile of same diameter as design pile for direct confirmation of design, The initial load test is a part of the design process confirming the expected properties of bearing strata and the pile capacity. iv) Steps (ii) & (ii) should be repeated for! different types of strata met at site. 709.22 _ | The steps for design and confirmation by tests are siven below (@ _Subsoil exploration to establish design soil parameters. Gil) Required capacity of pile group based on tentative number and diameter of piles in a group. ii) Capacity of pile based on static formula considering ground characteristics. The al- lowable total/differential settlement should be duly considered. This step along with step (ii) may be iterative. (iv) Structural design of piles. ‘The steps for design and confirmation by tests are given below : i) Sub-soil exploration to reconfirm soil parameters assumed in the design. ii) Provide for the required design capacity of pile group based on tentative number and diameter of piles in a group. iii) The allowance _ total/differential settlement of single pile should be based (on the considerations as per 709.1.8and 709.3.4. Capacity of single pile is to be based on, static formula considering sground characteristics. This step along. with step (ii) may be iterative iv) Structural design of ples. INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 Tio wi Thitial Toad test for axial capacity, lateral load capacity and uplift load capacity on tral piles to verify/confirm or modify the design consideration of piles done by steps (i), (ii) ‘and (iv). The load test shall be conducted for ‘wo times design load. Initial load test shall be cyclic load test. If the initial load test gives a capacity greater| than 25 per cent of the capacity calculated by static formula, and if tis desired to take benefit of the highest capacity, another two load tests shall be carried out to confirm the earlier value and minimum of the three shall be considered as initial load test value. The ‘number of initial tests shall be determined by the Engineer-in-charge taking into con- sideration the bore log and soil profile. For load testing procedure of piles, reference is made to IS:2911 (Part ~ IV). Routine load test may be conducted again to reconfirm or modify the allowable load. Tests should be properly designed to cover particular group for single pile test and dou- ble pile test. ‘The lateral load test may be ¥) vi) Tnitial load test as mentioned in 709.2.1(i) (a) is for axial load capacity, including uplift capacity, if required, ‘on trial piles of the same diameter as the design pile. The testing shall be done as per the procedure laid down in 18:2911, Part-V. The load test shall be conducted for not less than 2% times the design load. The initial load test shall be cyclic load test for piles de- riving strength from end bearing and side friction. The maintained load test ccan be performed for end bearing piles without relying on friction, and for the socketed piles in rock. If the initial load test gives a capacity greater than 25 per cent of the capac- ity calculated by static formula, and if it is desired to take benefit ofthe higher ‘capacity, another two load tests shall be cartied out to confirm the earlier value and minimum of the three shall be con- sidered as initial load test value. ‘The number of initial tests shall be deter- mined by the Engineer-in-charge tak- Conducted on two adjacent piles, ing into consideration the bore log and soil profile. 7092.4 [Routine Tests T. Routine load test should be done at loca- Routine load tests should be done on one pile for] tions of alternate foundations of bridges altemate foundation for bridges. The number may] to reconfirm or modify the allowable be suitably increased/reduced taking into consid-| loads. Vertical and horizontal load tests eration the bore long and soil profil, limited to] should be properly designed to cover 1% of total number of piles or two nos. which-| particular pile group. The lateral load ever is more test may be conducted on two adjacent piles. However, results of routine load tests shall not be used for upward revi- sion of design capacity of piles. The ‘Minimum number of tests to be conduct- ed is as given below for confirming pile capacity im INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009Total number of | Minimum No. of Piles forthe ‘Test Piles bridge ‘upto 50 2 Upto 150) 3 Beyond 150, 2% of otal piles (Gractional ‘number rounded tonext higher integer number). Note: The number of tests may be judiciously increased depending upon the variability of foundation strata 2. Permissible Over Load ‘While conducting routine test on one of| the pile belonging to a pile group, the pile is found to be deficient (based on the settlement criteria at 1.5 times the test load) an overload upto 10% of the capacity may be allowed. 3. For a quick assessment of pile capacity, strain dynamic tests may be conducted after establishing co-relation using the results of load tests. However, results of strain dynamic tests shall not be used for upward revision of design capacity of| pile. Detailed guidelines & references are at Appendix-7 Part 1 & 2. These methods can be followed. 4. To have a fairly good idea about the quality of concrete and construction defects like voids, discontinuities, etc, pile integrity tests are extensively conducted. Detailed guidelines and references are at Appendix-7 Part 2. 709.3 7093.1 Capacity of Pile Forcalculating designed capacity of pile / pile ‘group methods / recommendation of IS:2911 should be followed. Appendix-5 gives formulae for estimating pile capacity based on soil / rock interaction with pile. For calculating designed capacity of ple, rec ‘ommendations given in Appendix-S should be followed. For calculating capacity of pile gzoup refer sections 709.3.3 and 709.3.4 and the allowable settlement criteria as per Clause 709.1.8. For application of these clauses the following definitions will apply. INDIAN HIGHWAYS, JUNE 2009 123‘@) Cohesive soil (Clay or plastic silt with 1) Granularsoil (sand, gravel or non-plas- ©) Intermediate Geomaterial 8,$0.25 MPa; tic silt with N (average within layer ) <50 blows/0.3 m (50 blows / 30 ems); Cohesive: e.g. clay shales or mud- stones with 0.25 MPa (2.5 ts) < S, < 2.5 MPa. Cohesion less: e.g, granular tills, gran- ular residual soils N>50 blows/0.3m (50 blows/30 ems.); 4) Rack [cohesive, cemented geomate- rial with S, > 2.5 MPa (25 tsf) or q, = 5.0 MPa. 709.32 Factor of safety : The minimum factor of safety on ultimate axial capacity computed on the basis of static formula shall be 2.5 for piles in soil. For piles in rock, factor of safety shall be 5 on the ‘bearing component and 10 on socket side resis- ‘tance component. Factor of safety : The minimum factor of| safety on ultimate axial capacity computed ‘on the basis of static formula shall be 2.5 for piles in soil. For piles in rock, factor of safety shall be 5 on the bearing component and 10 ‘on socket side resistance component. 70933 ‘Capacity of piles/group action : The axial ca- pacity of a group of piles should be determined by a factor to be applied to the capacity of indi- vidual piles multiplied by the number of piles of the group, 0 a ctor may be taken as 1 in case of purely ‘end bearing piles having minimum spacing, of 2.5 times the diameter of pile and for frictional piles having spacing of minimum 3 times diameter of pile. For pile groups in clays, the group capacity shall be minimum of the following (@) Sum of the capacities ofthe individu- al piles in the group. (b) The capacity of the group based on block failure concept, where the ul timate load carrying capacity of the block enclosing the piles is estimated. ‘Capacity of piles/group action: The axial capacity of a group of piles should be deter- ‘mined by a factor to be applied to the capacity of individual piles multiplied by the number of ples ofthe group. i) Factor may be taken as 1 in case of| purely end bearing piles having mini- ‘mum spacing of 2.0 times the diameter of pile and for frictional piles having spacing of minimum 3 times diameter of pill fi) For pile groups in clays, the group pacity shall be lesser of the following : |. (@ Sum of the capacities ofthe individual, piles in the group. | (b) The capacity of the group based oti block failure concept, where thé ultimate load carrying capacity of the} block enclosing the piles is estimated, ia