Ains sing paradigm where an object i¢ known ag tral ing language. kk ic considered ac the firct truly object-oriented programming language. 2 OOP: (Object Oriented Programming System, 0 Object means a real word entity cuch ag pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming i¢ a methodology or paradigm to design a program using claccec and objects. It2 state and behavior i¢ known ac an “or example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc. It physical and logical. ail o Clase o Collection of objects i¢ called clase. It is a logical entity. o Inheritanceoie. known as e cuctomer ape or rectangle ete. thod overloading and method overriding to olymorphicm. Another example can be to speak amething €.9. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof ete. Abstraction o Hiding internal detaile and chowing functionality ic known as abstraction. For example: phone a call we dont know the internal processing. 0 Th java, we uce abstract clase and interface to achieveoh. Java bean ig the data members are Ine of the key benefite of inheritance i¢ to minimize the | amount of duplicate code in an application by sharing common code amongst several subclaccec. Where equivalent code existe in two related clacces, the hierarchy can usually be refactored to move the common code up to a mutual superclass. This also tende to recult in a better organization of code and cmaller, simpler compilation unite.un decide to keep come data by t adler class lural and object oriented programming paradigms @ Jove Programming- History of Java 0 The history of java ctarte from breen Team. Java team members (alco known ac Green Team), initiated a revolutionary tack to develop a language for digital devices cuch ac cet-top boxes, televigions ete.| Patrick Naughton ject in June 1997. The small ginally decigned for cmall, embedded cysteme in electronic appliances like cet- top boxes. 3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk” by James Gosling and file extencion was gt. 4) After that, it was called Qak and was developed as a part o| the Green project.11) 10.Java SE 8 (18th March, There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzworde. The Java Features given below are simple and easy to understand. 1. Cimple 2. Object-Oriented 3. Portable 4. Platform independentare statements that are not executed b and interpreter. The comments can be uced to le information or explanation about the variable, method, clase or any statement. It can alco be uced to hide program code for specific time. Types of Java Comments There are 3 types of comment? in java.public clase CommentExample1 public static void main(String/] args) { nit i=10,//Here, i ic a variable Syctem.out.println(i);public clace CommentExample2 public static void main(Ctring/] arge, 7 et’s declare and print variable in java. ”/ int i=10; Syctem.out.println (i);Example: “* The Calculator class provides methode to get addition and subtraction of given 2 numbers. / public clace Caleulator “* The add() method returns addition of given numbers.”UL files created for your Caleulator clase h tory. Open the HTML filec and cee the of Caleulator class provided through documentation T Data Types lata types represent the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data types:_|e6 te love. Variable Example: Add Two Numbers clase Simple public ctatic void main(String/] args, int a=10; int b=10; int c=atbh;pec in java: primitive and non- faviable here are three types of variables in java: 0 local variable o instance variable o static variableot declared ac iable that ic declared ac static ic called static variable. It cannot be local. We will have detailed learning of these variablee in next chapters. Example to understand the types of variables in java class A, int data=50,//inctance variable ctatic int m=100,//static variable void methodoutside that block. how long the variable exists oying variable refers to memory that was allotted to the variables eclaring it. We have written a few clascec till now. You ht have observed that rot all variables are the came. The ones declared in the body of a method were different from those that were declared in the clase itself. There are three pec of variables: inctance variables, formal parameters or local variables and local variables. Instance variables| Argument variables Thece are the variablec that are defined in the header oaf constructor or a method. The scope of these variables ic the method or constructor in which they are defined. The lifetime i¢ limited to the time for which the method keeps executing. Once the method finiches execution, thece variablec are destroyed.applied to instance to local variable. al bles defined in a method, we alco at are defined in books life an if block and an » scope and i¢ the came ac that of the block a Operator in java ic a cymbol that ic ued to perform operations. For example: +, ~*~ te. There are many types o operatore in java which are given below: 0 Unary Operator,ential building blocks of any Java program, d to produce a new value, although sometimes an ion simply assigns a value to a variable. Expressions are Built using values, variables, operators and method calle. pec of Expressions While an expression frequently produces a result, it doecnt always. There are three typec of expreccions in Java:place when two data types are vert ed. hig happens when: types are compatible. | When we assign value of a cmaller data. type to a bigger | data For Example, in java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no automatic conversion ic cupported From numeric type to char or boolean. Alco, char and boolean are not compatible with each other.lata. type that contain fixed set o “Tt can be used for days of the week (SUNDAY. MONDA | AY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY and ATURDAY) directions (NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST) ete. [he java enum constants are ctatic and final implicitly. It i¢ available from [DK 1.5. Java Enume can be thought of ac clascec that have fixed cet of constants. ‘imple example of java enumva allow you to run oF Skip conditions are met. rement in Java works exactly like in most gramming languages. With the help of “if” you can choose to execute a specific block of code when a predefined condition ic met. The structure of the “if” statement in Java looks like this: if (condition execute this codetring[] args) 5. __| 8. Make cure your code i¢ compiled, and that you have tested it thoroughly. 7. If youre using Windows, you will need to cet your path to include Java, if you haven't done co already. [hic ic a delicate operation. Open Explorer, and look inside C:\ProgramFilec\ Java and you chould cee come version of the JDK. Open thie Folder, and then open the bin folder. Select the complete path from4 right end, scing Ctrl-V/ to pacte the path head and cave your changes. (If { windows open, you will need to cloce them. ou're using Windows, go to the Start menu and type | emd” to run a program that brings up a command prompt window. If youre using a Mac or Linux machine, run the ferminal program to bring up a command prompt. 11. In Windows, type dir at the command prompt to lict the contents of the current directory. On a Mac or Linux machine, type Ie to do thie.very time you change to anew directory, lict the contents o BE rr ienece Where to no next. Continue licting and changing directories until you reach the directory that contains ‘our clase files. 13. Tf you compiled your program using Java 1.6, but plan towray, which ctores a ements of the came type. An ollection of data, but it ic often more an array ac a collection of variables of the Lnstead of declaring individual variables, cuch ag numberO, numbert, ..and number??, you declare one array variable cuch ag numbers and use numbers[O], numbers[1], and _... numbers[77] to represent individual variables. Thi tutorial introducee how to declare array variables, createered. The style e C/C++ language and date C/C++ programmers. _The following code snippets are examples of this syntax: double[] mylist; or double myCict/], eating Arrays: preferred way.ewly created array to the an array variable, creating an array, and assigning e reference of the array to the variable can be combined in one statement, ac chown below: Alternatively you can create arrays as follows: The array element are accecsced through the index. Arras indices are 0-baced; that ic, they start From 0 tolements, we often uce either for loop ecauce all of the elements in an array are o and the size of the array ic known. =| Example: Here ic a complete example of showing how to create, initialize and process arrays: Thig would produce the following recult:red to get input From concole. It exte and paccwords. ad pascword using Console clase, it will not be red to the user. he java.io.Console clase i¢ attached with system console internally. The Console clase ic introduced since 1.5. etc cee a cimple example to read text from console.Enter your name: ')- .out.println(‘Weleome +n); lonctructor in java ic a special type of method that ic used to initialize the object. lava constructor i¢ invoked at the time of object creation. It constructe the values i.e. provides data for the object that ic why it i¢ known ac constructor.onstructor, ronstructor A conctructor that have no parameter ic known as default constructor. intax of default constructor:2 created the constructor of Student 0 parameters. We can have any number o in the constructor. tudent 4; int id; String nome; tudent Y(int i, String w)f d= i; dine = h; play() {System.out.println(id+” "+name):a technique in Java in which a class + of constructors that differ in parameter Herentiatec thece conctructore by taking account the number of parameters in the list and their Example of Constructor Overloading clase Student 5, int id: String name; int age; tudent5 (int i, String n){ d= i;; al Output: lava. Copy Constructor There ig no copy constructor in java. But, we can copy the values of one object to another like copy constructor in C++.2¢ of one object tudent6(Student6 o)f d= ABE =C.VBME; void dicplas ctem.out.printla(id+” “+name);ements that are grouped } an operation. When you call the ntln() method, for example, the cyctem actual, scutes ceveral statements in order to display a message on the console. Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values, invoke a method with or without parameters, and apply method abstraction in the program design. reating Methode of the method — formal parameters + int a int b — list of parameters Method definition consists of a method header and a method ody. The came ic chown in the following cyntax — ntaxThe method d the parameter lict. e fi ee parameters, it ic the type, order, ¢ ametere of a method. These are optional, od contain zero parameters. od body — The method body defines what the method does with the ctatements. ‘all by Value and Call by Reference in Java here ic only call by value in java, not call by reference. If we call a method pascing a value, it i¢ known ac call by value. The changes being done in the called method, ic not affected in the calling method.efore change ’+op.data); er change "+op.data); In Java, parameters ave always pasced by value. For example, ‘ollowing program prints i = 10, Test.java clase Test cwap() doecnt owap i and jtie Fielde and Methods he static keyword in java ic used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the clace than inctance of the clace.‘atic, it i¢ known static c variable can be uced to refer the common rty of all objects (that i¢ not unique for each object) e.g. company name of employees, college name of ctudente etc. o The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of clase loading. Advantage of ctatic variableic String college ="TTS”: StudentB(int +, String n){ ailno = void dieplas ctem.out.printlh(rollnor” "+namer” “+college); public ctatie void main(Ctring argc[], fadent® of = new tudent8(111,"Karan”)- Student o2 = newmethod, it i¢ known as ethod belongs to the clace rather than object of a oA static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class. 0 static method can accece static data member and can change the value of it. Example of static method‘em.out.printin(rollnor” "tnamer” "+college): void main(String args[]){ Eadent 7.change(); nt? 07 = new Student? (111,"Karan”); Student? 02 = new Student? (222, "Aryan"); Student? 03 = new Student? 333, "Conoo'); 1.displas ¢2.digplas 63.digplasmout.printla(’Hello =| Accece Modifiers in java. here are two types of modifiers in java: access modifiers and hon-access modifiers. The aecece modifiers in java specifies acceccibility (scope) of aible only within clase. te accece modifier have created two classes A and Simple. A ing private data member and private method. We accessing these private members from outside the class, so there ic compile time error. class A, private int data=40; private void msg ctem.out.printla( Hello java). public clace Fimple public static void main(String argc[]){ Abj=new Ac A clase from outside ite package, sublic, co it cannot be accecced from A java package pack; clase A; id msg istem.out.println( Hello”); ‘cave by B.java package mypack; import pack.*; class B public static void main(String argc[]){ Abj = newlifter can be applied on the data d constructor. It can't be applied on the le of protected accece modifier | Th thie example, we have created the two packages pack and mypack. The A clase of pack package is public, so can be accessed from outside the package. But meg method of this package ic declared as protected, ¢o it can be accesced from outside the clace only through inheritance.ic accescible everywhere. It has the ple of public accese modifier ‘cave by A.java package pack; public clacs A public void meg stem.out.printlh (‘Hello’); ‘cave by B.java package mypack; import pack”; clase B public static void main(String args[]){ Abj = new A 0bj.mogclase instance variable. te current clase method (implicit d to invoke current clage constructor. i¢ can be passed a¢ an argument in the method call. 5. thie can be passed ac argument in the constructor call. 6. thie can be used to return the current clase instance From the method. clace Student{ nit rollno; String name; float fee; tudent(int rollno, String name float fee,nkit 5000 112 sumit 6000 lava. Constructor Java Method onstructor ic used to initialize the ctate of an object. Method ic uced to expoce behaviour of an object. lonstructor must not have return type. Method must haveloading in Java ique in Java in which a class of constructors that differ in parameter rentiates thece constructors by taking int the number of parameters in the lict and their _type. Example of Constructor Overloading class Student5{ nt id: String name; int age; tudentS (int i String wf d= i; bine = h;Method Overloading in java Tf a clase hac multiple methode having came name but different in parameters, it i¢ known as Method Overloading. Tf we have to perform only one operation, having came name o|d(int aint b) {return arb; add(int aint bint c) {return arb+e; | class TectOverloading 1, public static void main(String/] args, €em.out.println(Adder.add(11,11 otem.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11,¢ in which a method calle itself rethod in java that calle iteelf i¢ called lava. Recursion Example 1: Factorial Number public clase RecursionExomple3 static int factorial(int » h 1) return 1; elee> unreferenced objecte. Collection ic procece of reclaiming the runtime unuced ory automatically. In other words, it i¢ a way to destro __| the unused objects. lo do co, we were using free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in java it ic performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management. Advantage of Garbage Collectionple of garbage collection in java public clase _Testbarbage!, public void finalize ctem.out.printlr( object ic garbage collected’); public ctatic void main(String args[]){ &ktbarbaget ot=new TestGarbage1(); TestGarbage1 s2=new Testbarbage null; all. Syctem.ge:of methods to perform as compare(), concat(), equale comparelo(), intern(), cubstring 3. The java.lang.String clase implements Serializable, =| lomparable and CharSequence interfaces. har Gequence Interface The Char Sequence interface ic uced to reprecent cequence o| characters. It ic implemented by String, StringBuffer anding literal ic created by using double quotes. For ple: | 1. String s="welcome’: Each time you create a string literal the JVM checks the string conctant pool firct. If the ctring already exicte in the pool_a reference to the pooled instance ic returned. Tf ctringew ctring object in normal d the literal Welcome” will be placed ant pool. The variable ¢ will refer to the (‘non pool). lave. String Example public clace StringExample; public static void main(Ctring argc[], tring ¢1=java’s//oreating string by java string literal char ch{fafer teri ni aie): tring e2=new String(ch),//converting char array to stringutable cimply means ce string object ic created ite anged but a new string object ic ‘0 understand the immutability concept b ectimmutablectring public ctatic void main(String argec/] Ging c="Sachin", s.concat(’ Tendulkar’) //concat() method appends the string at the end Syctemout.printlr(c)//will print Cachin because strings are immutable objects Output:Sachinamechanicm in which one object properties and behaviors of parent object. e reprecente the IC-A relationship, alco known ac | child relationchip. Why use inheritance in java 0 For Method Overriding (co runtime polymorphism can be achieved). o For Code Reucability.extends Employee, ublic static void main(String argc[] Pogrammer p=new , al ‘rogrammer(); stem.out.printh(Programmer salary is:’+p.calary); ctem.out.printla( Bonus of Programmer ic:"+p.bonuc); Bonus of programmer i¢:10000Jest Inheritance __| public ctatic void main(String argc[]){ Dy d=new Dog d.bark(); d.eat(); Output: barking... eating...out.printlr(weeping...”); est Inheritance?2, | public static void main(String args// BabyDog(); d.weep d.bark(); d.eat();stem.out.println(‘meowing..."); class TectInheritance3; public static void main(String args[]){ Bt c=new Cat(); c.meow c.eat(]; c.-bork() //C.T-Error¢ referred by cuper be used to refer immediate parent clace instance ‘able. ; _ | 2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent clase method. 3. cuper() can be used to invoke immediate parent clase constructor. cuper ic uced to refer immediate parent clase inctance variable.Output: Final Keyword in Java The final keyword in java ic uced to restrict the user. The javavariable can be static alco tatic block only. Ybject clase ic the parent clase of all the classes in java y defoult. In other words, it i¢ the topmost clase of java. he Object clase ic beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you dont know. Notice that parent clase reference variable can refer the child clace object, know as upcasting. etc take an example there i¢ getObject() method thatct can be cloned, hild clace) has the came method ag declared in parent clase, it ic known ac method overriding in java. | cage of Java Method Overriding o Method overriding i¢ uced to provide specific implementation of a method that ic already provided by ite cuper clase. o Method overriding i¢ used for runtime polymorphisin Rules for Java Method Overridingunning cafely’): [Dt fre2 obj = new Output:Bike ic running cafely 1. clase Bank, int getRateOfInterect(}{return 0; clase SBI extende Bank,AXIE aznew A, (SBI Rate of Interest: teOfIuterect()); Syctemout.println( ICICI Rate o| terect: "si.getRateOf[nterect()): System.out.printh (AXIS Rate of Interest: “+a.getRate(fluterest, Abstract clase in Java A clase that ic declared with abstract keyword i¢ known asact method 4 extends Bike; run istem.out.printlh(‘running cafely..”); public static void main(String args[]){ fre obj = new Honda4(); obj.run if Interface in Javaelationchip. It cannot be ze reacons to use interface. They are iced to achieve abstraction. _o By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple | inheritance. o Tt can be used to achieve loose coupling. Taternal addition by compiler Inderctanding relationship between classes and interfacesm.out.println(‘drawing circle’); face: by third ucer ect Interface, public ctatic void main(Ctring arge[] Drawable d=new Cirele();//Tn real scenario, object is provided by method e.g. getDrawable() d.draw(); Output:drawing circlen.out.println(“Hello’);) public void printhn('Welcome’);) public static void q argc[] bj = new A? (); obj.print(); Output:Hello Welcome Abstract clase Interfaceblie abstract public abstract es clase void thape, daw(); Example: public interface void J___ Drawable{nner_clase, Advantage of java inner classes There are basically three advantages of inner classes in java. They are ac follows:¢ code to write. nested clace and inner class in Java. er clace ic a part of nected clase. Non-ctatic nected clacces © knowh ag inner classes. pec of Nested classes There are two types of nested classes non-static and static nected clacces. The non-ctatic nected clacces are alco known of inner clacces.placces, interfaces be categorized in two ined package. There ave ich as java, lang awt, javax, swing Advantage of Java Package age ic used to categorize the clacces and terfaces co that they can be easily maintained. = lava package provides acces protection. 3) Java package removes naming collision. package mypack;‘ully qualified name Example of package by import Fully qualified name ‘cave by A.java package pack; public class A public void meg ictem.out.printlr( Hello"); ‘cave by B.java package mypack; clase B(PUTER SCIENCE & fon handling in java ic one of the powerful anicin to handle the runtime errors co that normal low of the application can be maintained. What i¢ exception Th java, exception ig an event that dicrupte the normal flow o the program. It i¢ an object which i¢ thrown at runtime.checked and pnsidered ac unchecked exception. ic there are three typec of exceptions: ae Inchecked Exception | 3. Error ifference between checked and unchecked exception’ 1) Checked Exception: The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known ac checked exceptions e.9.10Exception, SQlException etc. CheckedJavo.try block __ Java try block ic used to encloce the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the method. Java. try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.toh block ic uced to handle the Exception. It must be _used after the try block only. You can use multiple catch block with a cingle try. Problem without exception handling etc try to understand the problem if we dont use try-catch block.+t of the code ic not e code... statement i¢ not be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code + exception will not be executed. lution by exception handling ete cee the solution of above problem by java try-catch block. public clase Tecttrycatch2,ct of the code ic statement i¢ printed. ou have to perform different tasks at the occurrence o| different Exceptions, uce java multi catch block. ets cee a cimple example of java multi-catch block. 1. public clase TectMultipleCatchBlock, 2. public static void main(String argc/]of the code...’); 13. lave. nected try example et’c cee a cimple example of java nected try block. clase Excep6, public static void main(String args[],t.println( other statement): mout.printh (‘handeled’). lave finally block ic a block that i¢ used to execute important code cuch ag clocing connection, stream ete. lave finally block ic always executed whether exception i¢ handled or not. Java finally block follows try or catch block.on e){Syctem.out.println(e); printin( finally block i¢ always executed’); lave. throw keyword The Java throw keyword i¢ used to explicitly throw an exception.2 created the validate method that ue ac a parameter. If the age is lece than 18, wing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a cage welcome to vote. 1. public clace Test Throw, static void validate(int age, if(age< 18, throw new ArithmeticException(“not valid’); elceticException:not ‘ows keyword ic used to declare an exception. It ¢ an information to the programmer that there may occur an exception co it ic better for the programmer to provide the exception handling code co that normal flow can be maintained. Exception Handling ic mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any unchecked exception cuch awe clause which decoribes in be propagated by throws keyword. aio. L0Exception; estthrows7, void m()throws IOException throw new T0Exception( device error”);//checked exception void n()throwe [0Exception!pwn Exception that ic known ac nor user-defined exception. Java custom are used to customize the exception according to wer need. = By the help of custom exception, you can have your own exception and meccage. Let's cee a simple example of java. custom exception. clase InvalidAgeException extends Exception nvblidAgeException(Ctring ¢ctem.out.printlh (Exception occured: stem.out.printla(‘rect of the code..."); Output:Exception occured: InvalidAgeException:not valid rest of the code...mmultiproceccing because on memory area. They dont allocate nory area co Caves memory, and context-cwitehing » the threads takes lece time than process. MMM ecpentiie ioctl, uced in games, animotion ete. Advantages of Java Multithreading 1) It doecn't block the user becauce threade are independent and you can perform multiple operations at Came time.ding to oun, cle in java new, runnable ere if ho running state. lerstanding the threads, we are explaining it he life cycle of the thread in java ic controlled b |. The java thread states are as follows: 1. New 2. Runnable 3. Running 4. Non-Runnable (Blocked,constructors and methode to create and rations on a thread. Thread clase extends Object and implements Runnable interface. ‘ommonly used Constructors of Thread class: o Thread( 0 Thread(Ctring name, o Thread(Runnable r,¢ the current y ceace execution) for the ‘or a thread to die. inllong miliceconds): waits for a thread to die Perepecifedimiliceconde. ». public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread. | 2. public int cetPriority (int priority): changec the priority o the thread. 8. public String getVame(): returns the name of the thread. 7. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread. 10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference o|‘ume the cucpended is used to stop the thread(depricated). icDaemon(): tests if the thread i¢ a daemon __|_17. public void cetDacmon(boolean b): marke the thread as daemon or user thread. 20. public void interrupt (): interrupts the thread. 21. public boolean icInterrupted(): tecte if the thread has been interrupted. 22. public ctatic boolean interrupted(): teste if the current thread hag been interrupted.read clace i¢ used to start a newk d thread. It performs following tacke: new thread ctarts(with new callctack). 0 The thread moves from New state to the Runnable ctate. o When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run method will run. lave. Thread Example by extending Thread clasewnnable interface lie void run ‘thread i¢ running... ’); jie static void main(String args[] Mtiz mT=new Malti3 hread t71 =new Thread(m1); t1.start Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority): Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by af ead i¢ 5 (MORM_PRIORITY). The Y RIORITY i¢ 1 and the value o| RIORITY is 10. Example of priority of a Thread: clace TectMultiPriority? extende Thread! whlic void run stem out.printla(‘running thread name ig: Thread.current [hread().get Name: ictem.out.printla(‘running thread priorit i¢:+ Thvead.current [hread().getPriorit}2 ie:Thread-0 running thread name i¢:Thread-1 running thread priovity i¢:1 | lava. synchronized method Tf you declare any method ac synchronized, it ic known as nchronized method. Synchronized method ic used to lock an object for any chared resource. Wher a thread invokes a synchronized method, itdraw...”): -out.println( ‘Cece balance; waiting for O;feateh (Exception e, Reo ne. Gyetem out printin( “withdraw completed...”); inchronized void deposit (int amount, fem out.println(‘going to depocit..."); thic.amount+=amount; ctem.out.printh(‘depocit completed... ’); notilroup in Java lava provides a convenient way to group multiple threads in a cingle object. In cuch way, we can suspend, recume or interrupt group of threads by a single method call.AGroup(‘Group A’): sad(t91,new MyRunnable(),one”); new Thread(tg1, new MyRunnable(), two d t3 = new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable(), three’); | Now all 3 threade belong to one group. Here, tg7 ic the thread group name, MyRunnable ic the class that implements Runnable interface and "one ‘two” and ‘three’ are the thread AAmes. Now we can interrupt all threads by a single line of code only./ containc a collection o| ide the low-level communication write programs that focus on solving net package provides support for the two common etwork protocols — | P-TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which allows for reliable communication between two applications. TCP is typically used over the Internet Protocol, which is referred to ac T( \P - UDP stande for User Datagram Protocol anececcary for every java developer to ce it has a lot of clacces that ic helpful in ting cuch ac dates, numbers, and meccagec. | java.text Classes he following are the clacces available for java.text package table, lace[Deseription ‘impleDateFormatlic a concrete clace that helpe in formatting and parsing of dates. [/tableon group of objecte. ou perforin on a data cuch ag rting, incertion, manipulation, deletion ete. can be lave. Collections. | lava Collection cimply means a single unit of objects. Java ‘ollection Framework provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriovityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet ete). What ic framework in java.‘chy of Collection Framework : | lava. ArrayList clase lava ArrayList class usec a dynamic array for storing the elements. [t inherits Abctractlict clase and implements List interface. The important pointe about Java Arraylict clase are:lavation for java.utilArraylict clase. Constructors of Java Arraylict constructor Description Arvaylict() It ic used to build an empty array Li Arraylict(Collection c) It ic uved to build an array list that i¢through Iterator Iterator itr=lict.iterator(); boasNext, Setem.out.printla(itr. next) | vector Arraylict and Vector both implements Lict interface and maintains insertion order. But there are many differences between Arraylict and Vectorwce it i¢ non-cynchronized. ext it i¢ synchronized i.e. in multithreading ment, it will hold the other threade in runnable or non- tnnable ctate until current thread releaces the lock of object. 5) Arraylic tuses Iterator interface to traverse the elements. fector useo Enumeration interface to traverse the elements. But it can use Iterator alco. Example of Java Vectoring Enumeration ation e=v.elementc(); while(ehasMoreElements( ctem.out.println(e.nextElement()); 12. lave. Hashtable claceinc valuec based on the elements. at have any null key or value. ¢ synchronized. | Hashtable clace declaration etc cee the declaration for java.util. Hashtable class. 1. public clace Hashtable extende Dictionary implements Map loneable, Ser ializablethe default constructor of hach table it tec the Hachtable class. chtable(int size) Tt i¢ used to accept an integer parameter and creates a hash table that hac an initial size specified b integer value cize. lachtable(int fillRatio) size, float It ie uced to create a bach table that has an initial cize specified by size and a fill ratio specified by fillRatio."meget Value tack tack ic a cubclace of Vector that implements a standard last- in, first-out stack. tack only defines the default constructor, which creates anch(Stack st, int a) { tpuch(new stemout.printla(‘push(" + a+ _| Systemout-println(“stack: "+ ct), ; al static void chowpop(Ctack ct, Sotem.out.print(“pop -> "); Tnteger a = (Integer) st.pop(); Syetem.out.println(a); ctemout.printhn(‘stack: "+ ct); public static void main(String args/] tack ct = new Stack(); Syctem.out.printin("ctack: "+ ct); chowpuch(ct, 42);