CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON AGGREGATES OBTAINED FROM C&D
WASTE
A review on periodically available literatures has been carried out for better
understanding and execution of the present work.
Mrs.Roopa G Sindigi, et al., (2018) have made a research work on
utilization of construction and demolition waste in M20 grade concrete is
investigated. The fine aggregate in the concrete is replaced with 25%, 50% and
100% recycled aggregate (crushed concrete). The fresh properties like the slump
change for these mixes are analysed. To check the change in compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength, the specimens were tested at
3, 7 and 28 days. The following conclusions were made based on the test results.
The rate of gain of early compressive strength is less compare to that of control
concrete. The rate of gain of 7days and 28 days compressive strength had
increased. The split tensile strength shows alternate increase and decrease in
early strength for various percentages of replacement, whereas the 7days
strength 50%and 100% replacement of fine aggregate with crushed concrete has
shown increment in strength than that of control concrete. The flexural strength
shows considerable increment in the strength for 1day and 7days but, for 28days
a decrease in strength is observed for 25% replacement concert mix. From the
present experimental investigation, it is observed that there is possibility to
replace fine aggregates in concrete to percentage up to 50% to 100% for lower
grade concrete.
V.Surya Kiran, et al., (2017) has investigated the production of concrete
using recycled aggregate. In this work the workability, compression strength,
indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity properties of
recycled aggregate concrete with that of natural aggregate concrete is
determined. To attain the planned objectives of the present investigation, M40
grade concrete is taken and the replacement values viz, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%,
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100% were considered. A total of 60 cubes, 40 cylinders, and 10 beams were
casted to determine the properties mentioned as above the development of
compressive and tensile strengths of recycled aggregate concrete at the age of
7and 28 days; the development of flexural strength and static modulus of
elasticity at the age of 28 days are investigated. The parameters which were
investigated for recycled aggregate concrete and compared with natural
aggregate concrete as per BIS specifications found to be decreasing gradually as
the percentage of recycled aggregate are increased.
Yadhu G and S Aiswarya Devi (2015) have replaced sand with crushed
used (demolished) concrete in their project. This is an experimental study to see
the feasibility of C&D wastes as fine aggregate in concrete. Test results indicate
that the concrete made using crushed C&D wastes gives almost as much as
strength as normal concrete (about 30.66N/mm 2 for 28 days). Comparing the
compressive stress of normal M20 grade concrete with concrete made with C&D
wastes as a replacement to sand, it seems the latter is a little lagging behind the
normal concrete.From the above study, it is concluded that the crushed C&D
wastes can be used as a replacement for conventional sand as fine aggregate.
The concrete created with this aggregate showed almost the same strength of
concrete with natural sand. This is not only much cheaper than river sand and
Msand, but also helps to decrease the disposal of construction wastes, which
environmentalists say degrades the land. So in the end use of this crushed
concrete is beneficial not only to the contractor but also to our environment.
Shi-cong Kou and Chi-sun Poon (2015) worked on the the experimental
results of a study on the effect of the quality of parent concrete (PC) on the
properties of recycled aggregates (RAs) that are derived from them, and on the
mechanical and durability properties of normal strength and high performance
recycled aggregate concrete (NSRAC and HPRAC). PC with strength grades
ranging from 30 to 100 MPa was crushed to the size of coarse aggregates (<20
mm), and then used to produce new NSRAC and HPRAC mixes. The results
indicated that the compressive strength of the NSRAC and HPRAC prepared with
RA derived from 80 and 100 MPa PCs was similar or slightly higher than that of
natural aggregate concrete. Moreover, the concrete mixtures made with RA are
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derived from parent concrete with higher strength had lower drying shrinkage and
higher resistance to chloride ion penetration. The RA derived from 80 and 100
MPa PCs can be used to replace 100% natural aggregates for the production of
high performance concrete.
Mamery Serifou, et al., (2013) investigated the possibility of using fresh
concrete waste as recycled aggregates in concrete. An experimental program
based on two variables (proportion of fine aggregates replacement and
proportion of coarse aggregates replacement) was implemented. The proportions
of replacement were 0%, 50%, and 100% by mass of aggregates. Several
mechanical properties were tested as compressive and tensile strengths. Water
absorption of the recycled fine and coarse aggregates from fresh concrete waste
is higher than the naturel aggregates. The measured coefficient of absorption is
4.3% and 13% for coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. The use of fresh
concrete waste, after crushing, as recycled fine and coarse aggregates
decreases the mechanical performance of the new concrete. The compressive
strength decreases gradually with respect to the increase of the percentage of
recycled aggregates. This relationship can be approximated by a polynomial
function with R2 = 0.92. Moreover, this behaviour does not depend on the
aggregates size for concrete made with aggregates size <12.5 mm. The
substitution of natural aggregates with 25%, 50%, and 100% of recycled
aggregates decreases the compressive strength by about 15%, 25%, and 32%,
respectively. The decrease in tensile strength is by 18% when 100% of the
recycled aggregates are incorporated.
Ashraf M. Wagih, et al., (2013) have studied the possibility of replacing
natural coarse aggregate (NA) with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in
structural concrete. An investigation into the properties of RCA is made using
crushing and grading of concrete rubble collected from different demolition sites
and landfill locations around Cairo. Aggregates used in the study were: natural
sand, dolomite and crushed concretes obtained from different sources. A total of
50 concrete mixes forming eight groups were cast. Groups were designed to
study the effect of recycled coarse aggregates quality/content, cement dosage,
use of superplasticizer and silica fume. Tests were carried out for: compressive
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strength, splitting strength and elastic modulus. . Full replacement of natural
aggregates by RCA led to less workability and a decrease in concrete strength
and to overcome that effect superplasticizers and higher cement content ranging
from 400 to 450 kg/m3 were used in order to have a more compact matrix which
led to enhancing structural concrete performance. Tensile strength and elasticity
modulus of RAC with 100% RCA content are lower than those of the NAC. The
reductions were up to 25% and 15% respectively. The results showed that the
concrete rubble could be transformed into useful recycled aggregate and used in
concrete production with properties suitable for most structural concrete
applications in Egypt. A significant reduction in the properties of recycled
aggregate concrete (RAC) made of 100% RCA was seen when compared to
natural aggregate concrete (NAC), while the properties of RAC made of a blend
of 75% NA and 25% RCA showed no significant change in concrete properties.
Mohd Monish, et al., (2012) have carried out experimental investigations
to assess the effect of partial replacement of fine aggregate by demolished waste
on workability and compressive strength of recycled concrete for the study, at a
period of 7 days and 28 days. The compressive strength thus observed has been
compared with strength of conventional concrete. Water required producing the
same workability increases with the increase in the percentage of demolished
waste. Optimum replacement level of fine aggregate with recycled aggregate is
10%. Test results showed the compressive strength of recycled concrete with
10% fine aggregate replacement by demolished waste at the end of 28 d has
been found to be marginally lower than that of conventional concrete.
L.Evangelista and J. de Brito (2007) has replaced the fine recycled
concrete aggregates to partially or globally replace natural fine aggregates (sand)
in the production of structural concrete. To evaluate the viability of this process,
an experimental campaign was implemented in order to monitor the mechanical
behaviour of such concrete. The results of the following tests are reported the
compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and abrasion
resistance. The experimental results indicate that it is viable to produce concrete
made with fine recycled concrete aggregates suitable for structural concrete,
considering that the compressive strength does not seem to be affected by the
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fine aggregate replacement ratio, at least for up to 30% replacement ratios and
the strength levels considered in this study both tensile splitting and modulus of
elasticity are reduced with the increase of the replacement ratio; however, the
values obtained for both properties are still acceptable, especially for reasonable
levels of the replacement ratio (30%); the abrasion resistance seems to increase
with the replacement of fine natural with fine recycled concrete aggregates. From
these results, it is reasonable to assume that the use of fine recycled concrete
aggregates does not jeopardize the mechanical properties of concrete, for
replacement ratios up to 30%.
Khaldoun Rahal (2007) has made the results of an experimental study on
some of the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as
compared to those of the conventional normal aggregate concrete (NAC). Ten
mixes of concrete with target compressive cube strength ranging from 20 to
50MPa were cast using normal or recycled coarse aggregates. The development
of the cube compressive strength and the indirect shear strength at ages of 1, 3,
7, 14, 28 and 56 days, the compressive strength, the strains at maximum
compressive stress and the modulus of elasticity tested by using concrete
cylinders at 28 days are reported. The 28-day target compressive strength for all
five mixes was achieved except for the 40 and 50MPa RAC where the observed
strength was slightly lower than the target strength. The cube and cylinder
compressive strength and the indirect shear strength of RAC were about 90% of
that of a NAC with similar mix proportions and slump (the slump was maintained
by adjusting the amount of water reducers in the mix). On the average, the 56-
day cube strength was 5% and 3% higher than the 28-day strength for RAC and
NAC, respectively. As in NAC, in RAC the strength can be increased by lowering
the water–cement ratio if water reducers are used to provide the adequate
workability. The results show that the 28-day cube and cylinder compressive
strength, and the indirect shear strength of recycled aggregate concrete were on
the average 90% of those of natural aggregate concrete with the same mix
proportions. For concrete with cylinder compressive strengths between 25 and 30
MPa, the modulus of elasticity of RAC was only 3% lower than that of NAC. The
trends in the development of compressive and shear strength and the strain at
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peak stress in recycled aggregate concrete were similar to those in natural
aggregate concrete.
Akash Rao, et al., (2006) have discussed different aspects of the problem
beginning with a brief review of the international scenario in terms of C&D waste
generated, recycled aggregates (RA) produced from C&D waste and their
utilization in concrete and governmental initiatives towards recycling of C&D
waste. Along with a brief overview of the engineering properties of recycled
aggregates, the paper also gives a summary of the effect of use of recycled
aggregate on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Use of recycled
aggregates in concrete provides a promising solution to the problem of C&D
waste management. Based on a survey of production and utilization of RA in
RAC, and the properties of RA and RAC discussed in this paper, it is clear that
RAC can be used in lower end applications of concrete. With tailor made pilot
studies, RA can be used for making normal structural concrete with the addition
of flyash, condensed silica fume, etc. Greater efforts are needed in the direction
of creating awareness, and relevant specifications to clearly demarcate areas
where RAC can be safely used.
2.2 CRITICAL REVIEW
The literature studies carried out using recycled concrete aggregate from
construction and demolition waste clearly indicated that the fine aggregate can be
replaced with recycled concrete sand to an extent of about 30% by volume of fine
aggregate. Literature review also reveals that the recycled concrete sand
obtained from a processing plant may yield better results. Hence in this research
work an attempt has been made to replace the fine aggregate upto 50% of
volume of fine aggregate with recycled concrete sand obtained from processing
plant.
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