CROSS-CUTTING
ISSUES IN
GENDER AND
SEXUALITY
Gender and
Labor
Labor – activities pertaining
to developing goods and
delivering services for
Definition of economic reasons.
Terms: Workforce - a sector in the
population engaged
in economic and
productive activities.
This act recognizes that equality of men and
women entails the abolition of the unequal
Magna
structures and practices that perpetuates
discrimination and inequality.
Carta of The Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)
indicates that this act will level the
Women playing by making productive resources and
economic opportunities equally available for both
men and women.
(Republic
Act of 9710)
Generally, women do not control family property
and decision-making rights on the use of income,
further limiting opportunities to break the poverty
cycle.
EMPLOYMENT
SECTORS
Agriculture
Women farmers do not have an equal
opportunity to acquire land or register it in
their own names.
They have fewer inheritance rights than
male farmers.
Land ownership is important not only to
women's ability to earn income, but also
as a source of empowerment and
autonomy within the household.
Women are also hindered in their access
to extension services; skills development,
including training in management and
marketing skills; and improved farming
equipment.
They require special assistance to
achieve equal access through gender-
specific action plans that target the needs
of women farmers and
gender mainstreaming that is monitored
for effectiveness to ensure that women
share appropriately in the sector's growth.
Industry and
Manufacturing
The number of women in working
economic zones is estimated to
represent 64% of total employment
and may be much higher in some
industries, such as electronics and
apparel (World Bank 2011a).
Women's share of employment in
the export-processing zones is much
greater than women's share of the
labor force as a whole, and the
conditions of employment are of
concern.
Reports suggests that working and
living conditions are poor, that
women find it difficult to obtain work
while pregnant and after the birth of
their baby, and that unionization is
uncommon.
Tourism
It appears that tourism planning has not
included women or has had insufficient
regard for gender issues. Within the
tourism industry, relatively few women
have the educational qualifications or
foreign language skills to compete for
front-of-house positions in the hotel
industry, as tour guides, or in travel
agencies, and women are more likely to
be employed as housekeepers,
waitresses, or similar low-level positions.
Targeted educational programs could
provide women with necessary
qualifications to climb the job ladder,
which could progressively help to rectify
the imbalance between work
opportunities for men and women and
eliminate gender gaps in tourism
employment.
Business
Processing
Outsourcing
The Philippine's Information
Technology-Business Process
Outsourcing Road Map 2011-2016
is not responsive and does not
address women's constraints in
accessing higher-paid work in
non-voice services or the likely
growth in information technology
and engineering.
These matters, as well as the
pay differentials between men
and women and employment
conditions, require specific
government attention.
Government
Services
Public sector employment is an
important source of jobs with better pay
and conditions for women than many
other industrial sectors, but women are
constrained by being predominantly
employed in traditional, gender-
stereotyped care sector government
occupations such as health and
education, and they are under-
represented in the higher
paying subsectors.
The Philippines has strong gender
mainstreaming programs, which has
given women greater access to
government employment generally, but
women in the civil sector may still be
underpaid, given their levels
of education, experience, and ability.
Entrepreneurship
There has been a rapid surge in the number
of female entrepreneurs in developing
countries.
Studies indicate that female-led MSMEs
increase employment opportunities for
women and contribute to wider development
goals (ADB and ILO 2013a).
One survey indicated that women
entrepreneurs are more likely than men to be
motivated by necessity; these are livelihood-
oriented entrepreneurs attempting
to escape unemployment (Viet Nam Women
Entrepreneurs Council 2007).
The Philippines has ratified 34 ILO conventions
Salient Policies
and is party to all of fundamental United
on Gender Nations human rights covenants and
conventions.
Equality in The country's 1987 Constitution has enshrined
these rights in:
Labor Market Section 3, Article Xlll (Bill of Rights); and
Section 14, Article ll, which ensures fundamental
equality of women and men before the law.
Article 3, Chapter 1 of Labor Code, as well as Republic Acts 6725, 7192, 7877, and 8551,
all provide for fundamental human rights protection, including antidiscrimination
provisions, and they ensure fundamental equality, prohibition of sexual harassment, and
temporary special measures.
The Philippines' Anti-Sexual Harassment Act NO. 7877 of 8 February 1995 is an
example of good legislative practice.
The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act 9710) is an overall legislative framework that
articulates the specific rights, needs, and support required by women in their general and
working lives. Although the Magna Carta of Women provides a good legislative
framework, implementation issues remain. Filipino women often do not know about their
rights, and the complaints system is confusing even if they do.
In 2012, the Philippines became the first country in Asia to ratify the ILO Domestic Workers
Convention, 2011 (NO.189).
In early 2013, President Aquino also signed a new law, Republic Act 10361, also known
as the "Batas Kasambahay" (Domestic Workers Act) in order to better protect this
large group of mostly young, female workers.
Gender and
Media
Definition of Terms:
Communication – the
process of exchanging Media - means through
information and co- which information is
creating meaning transferred or received.
through various means.
Media
Representation
It is how the media presents
or frames "aspect of society,
such as gender, age, or
ethnicity" (BBC 2019).
It is important because it
shapes the audience's
knowledge and
understanding and will
contribute to their ideas and
attitude.
Media
Stereotype
"Are simplified representations of
a person, groups of people or a
place, through basic or obvious
characteristics- which are often
exaggerated" (BBC 2019).
Although stereotypes can help
people connect with the
content as they reflect it in their
own reinforcing negative and
even false stereotypes.
