1-Introduction To Sustainable Development and Engineering

Outline
Engineering and Environment

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE Public Awareness
DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING Sustainable Development
LCA Perspective
Basic Engineering Principles
1 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

Engineering • Environmental engineering

Î protection of human from the effects of adverse
• Traditionally environmental factors
Î Electrical, chemical, civil, mechanic engineering Î protection of environments from potentially
• Later deleterious effects of natural and human activities
Î Aerospace engineering (1960s) Î improvement of environmental quality
Î Computer engineering (1980s-1990s)
Î AI, biomedical, nano …
Solutions to modern environmental problem
Î part of every engineering discipline

Discussion Î What you can do for resolving Environment
environmental problems?
General definition …
• The circumstances, objects, or conditions by
which one is surrounded
• The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic
factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act
upon an organism or an ecological community
and ultimately determine its form and survival
• The aggregate of social and cultural conditions
that influence the life of an individual or
community.
-- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
Public Awareness for Environmental Protection

In this course … • Depletion of finite resources
• Focus on the physical environment – fuels, soil, minerals, species
Æ Air, water, lands, oceans, rivers, forests … • Over-use of renewable resources
Æ Buildings, highways … – forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds
• Pollution
– air, water, soil
• Inequity
– economic, political, social, gender
• Species loss
– endangered species and spaces

Change of World Population
• The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning
point in Earth's ecology and humans' relationship
with their environment.
London Smog disaster of 1952-53

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Æ commonly known as DDT
• In the 1960s, environmental awareness Æ colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline
began chemical compound, an organochlorine,
– An understanding about the connections Æ originally developed as an insecticide
between industrial development and Æ ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental
impacts.
impact on the environment
• Silent Spring – DDT impacts
• Great lakes – Fish kills
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ddt-pesticide-
exposure-may-raise-alzheimers-disease-risk/

• Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading
disinformation and public officials of accepting
industry claims unquestioningly
• Silent Spring was met with fierce opposition by
chemical companies, but it spurred a reversal in
Rachel Carson national pesticide policy, led to a nationwide ban on
• Silent Spring is an environmental science book by DDT for agricultural uses, and inspired an
Rachel Carson published in 1962. environmental movement that led to the creation of
• Documented the detrimental effects on the
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides

Environment and Climate Change Canada Sustainable Development
• Defined by the World Commission on Environment

and Development (WCED) as
– Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs.
– Equality in this generation, i.e. equality between
nations.
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change.html
Recent Goals for 2030
• Earth Summit in Rio (1992), Declaration - United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development - or Rio+20
- https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20
outcomes:
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
– UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture
–Implementation stage: Kyoto Protocol (1997)
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
• World Summit on Sustainable Development in learning opportunities for all
Johannesburg, 2002. Three key pillars emerged 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
and enforced: for all
– Environment 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy
for all
– Economic 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
– Social productive employment, and decent work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization, and foster innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goals 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13 are most important for engineers.
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
Sustainable
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts for all
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy
for sustainable development for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
15. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
industrialization, and foster innovation
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Sustainable
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable,
and inclusive institutions at all levels
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development

Elements of Sustainability
Environment • Environment
– Biodiversity
– Materials
– Energy
– Biophysical interactions
……
Economy Society

• Economy
– Money and capital • Society
– Employment – Human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)
– Technological growth – Equity (dependence / independence)
– Investment – Quality of life
– Market forces – Institutional structures and organization
…… – Political structures

Example: Activities are not sustainable when they …
Activities are sustainable when they …
• Require continual inputs of non-renewable
• Use materials in continuous cycles resources
• Use continuously reliable sources of energy • Use renewable resources faster than their
• Encourage desirable human traits (equity; rate of renewal
creativity; communication; coordination; • Cause cumulative degradation of the
appreciation; intellectual and spiritual environment
development) • Require resources in quantities that could
never be available for people everywhere.
• Lead to the extinction of other life forms
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Perspective Common Life Cycle Stages for Product
• Assess environmental impacts associated

with all the stages of a product's life from raw
material extraction through materials
processing, manufacture, distribution, use,
repair and maintenance, and disposal or
recycling
James R. Mihelcic, Julie B. Zimmerman, Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design

Common Life Cycle Stages for Infrastructure System Thinking
• Present – Future
Æ Resources
Æ Fossil fuel Æ climate change
Æ Paper Æ forest
• Local – Regional – Global

Æ City, province, country, world
Æ Greenhouse gas
Æ Pollutant transport Æ transboundary

Green Engineering for Sustainability

Sources of Environmental Impacts
Scenario example: • Material selection
• Discarded computers Æ toxic Æ Alternative environmental-friendly material Æ
• Computer manufacturers Æ responsible for the Less materials used
disposal of computers • Manufacturing processes
• Computer manufacturers Æ rethink the design, Raw materials Æ final product
manufacture, shipping …. • Energy use
Æ Energy efficiency
Î Green design, pollution prevention, industrial ecology Æ Clean energy

Green Chemistry • Biomimicry Æ study nature’s best idea and then
Î Design of chemical products and processes that imitates these designs and processes to solve
reduce or eliminate the use and generation of human problems.
hazardous materials example: natural superhydrophobic surface Æ lotus leaf
example: oil-based paint Æ water-based paint
Volatile Organic Compound
https://nipponpaint.co.in/difference-between-water-based-vs-solvent-based-paints/
https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1090600
33
ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
Benefits vs. Investments Basic Engineering Principles
LAW 1: Conservation of Mass

The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass
conservation states that, for any system closed to all
transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system
must remain constant over time, as system's mass
cannot change, so quantity cannot be added nor
removed.
Æ Matter cannot be created or destroyed
Æ It can change forms but is conserved

System boundary
Steady state
Input ( ) Output ( )
Generation ( ) • Conditions no longer change with time
Mass flow rate in Consumption ( ) Mass flow rate out • No change for the storage rate
Total mass flow rate in = Total mass flow rate out + Total mass flow rate in = Total mass flow rate out
Rate of mass storage

dm
=0 steady state
• Quantitative description of all materials that enter, dt Conditions no longer change with time
leave and accumulate in a system with defined

dm
boundaries Î reactors, lakes, … =0 unsteady state
dt Conditions vary with time

Example: System boundary Î pond
An industrial plant discharges 100 kg/day of liquids One mass flow rate into the system
into a disposal pond. Measurements shown that 1 Two mass flow rates out of system
kg/day seeps out of the bottom of the pond into the
ground and 2 kg/day evaporate into the air. What is
Total mass flow rate in = Total mass flow rate out +
the rate of mass accumulation in the pond?
Rate of mass storage
100 kg/d= (1 kg/d + 2 kg/d) + Rate of mass storage
Rate of mass storage = 100 kg/d – 3 kg/d = 97 kg/d

mass (m) = density (ȡ) × volume (v) LAW 2: Conservation of Energy
Æ Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Æ It can change from one form to another
Applications …
Total energy flow rate in = Total energy flow rate out +
• Chemical reaction
Change in energy stored
• Fuel combustion Æ GHG
• Lake Æ pollutants

Example: System boundary Î around power plant
Over a year an electric power plant generated 30

Total energy flow rate in = Total energy flow rate out +
million kilowatt-hours (kW-hr) of useful electric energy
0 Î Rate of energy storage
by burning a fuel. The total fuel energy input to the
plant was 100 million kW-hr. How much energy was Total energy flow rate in = Total energy flow rate out
released to the environment in the form of waste

heat, assuming no change in energy stored? Fuel energy in = Electric energy out + Heat to environment
Heat to environment = (100 – 30) × 106 kW-hr

= 70 million kW-hr

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Outline

Engineering and Environment

Basic Engineering Principles

1 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

 Engineering • Environmental engineering

3 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

 Public Awareness for Environmental Protection

7 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

London Smog disaster of 1952-53

9 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

11 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

13 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

Environment and Climate Change Canada  Sustainable Development

• Defined by the World Commission on Environment

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

19 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

21 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

23 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

• Assess environmental impacts associated

James R. Mihelcic, Julie B. Zimmerman, Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design

27 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

• Local – Regional – Global

29 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

 Green Engineering for Sustainability

31 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

Volatile Organic Compound

Benefits vs. Investments  Basic Engineering Principles

LAW 1: Conservation of Mass

James R. Mihelcic, Julie B. Zimmerman, Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design

Rate of mass storage

leave and accumulate in a system with defined

37 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

Example: System boundary Î pond

100 kg/d= (1 kg/d + 2 kg/d) + Rate of mass storage

Rate of mass storage = 100 kg/d – 3 kg/d = 97 kg/d

39 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

41 ENGR 202 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

Example: System boundary Î around power plant

Over a year an electric power plant generated 30

released to the environment in the form of waste

Heat to environment = (100 – 30) × 106 kW-hr

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Engineering and Environment

Basic Engineering Principles

Engineering • Environmental engineering

Public Awareness for Environmental Protection

Environment and Climate Change Canada Sustainable Development

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Benefits vs. Investments Basic Engineering Principles