TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD 5

I. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LIFE SUPPORT-

CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION 6

A. KINDS OF LIFE SUPPORT 6

B. CHAIN OF SURVIVAL 6
C. BODY SYSTEMS 7
D. BREATHING & CIRCULATION 9

II. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 9

A. Good Samaritan Law 9

B. Right to refuse treatment 9
C. Duty to Act 10
Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary D. Negligence 10
Basic Life Support Hand Book E. Assault and Battery 10

III. GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE 10

April 2018
A. Getting Started 10
B. Emergency Action Principles 11

IV. RESPIRATORY ARREST AND RESCUE BREATHING 14

PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD AUXILIARY
Units 8 & 9
A. Respiratory Arrest 14
CCP Bay Terminal, CCP Complex
B. Rescue Breathing 14
Pasay City PHILIPPINES
C. Ways to Ventilate the Lungs 16
V. FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION FOREWORD
MANAGEMENT 17
The PCGA Basic Life and Support Handbook has been prepared for
A. Two Types of Obstruction 17 Auxiliary officers and members of the Coast Guard Community Auxiliary
B. Classification of Obstruction 17 District (CCAD) responding to emergency medical situations. The
C. Management for Unconscious and Conscious purpose of this handbook is to provide the basic knowledge and skills on
Choking Victim 18 life saving procedures and techniques to effectively assist victims with
serious injuries or illnesses before full medical attention can be provided
VI. CARDIAC ARREST AND CARDIOPULMONARY by qualified medical personnel.
RESUSCITATION 20
The handbook will also provide an understanding of the principles and
A. Cardiac Arrest 20 practice of emergency care in a variety of emergency situations, such as,
B. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 20 cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, choking, bleeding and shock. Also
C. Primary Emphasis on Chest Compressions 21 include are ways and proper procedures of lifting and moving the victim
D. When to Stop CPR 23 to a safe place or when transporting to an emergency medical vehicle or
E. Summary of CPR Components for BLS Providers 24 facility, safely and efficiently.

VII. FIRST AID TECHNIQUES 25 The emergency care procedures presented in this handbook are based
on the 2015 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for
A. Trauma 25 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardio-vascular
B. Bleeding and Soft Tissue Injuries 25 Care (ECC). It is the responsibility of the emergency responders to stay
C. Classification of Wounds 26 informed of changes or updates in the emergency care guidelines
D. Shock 31 developed by AHA.

VIII. LIFTING AND MOVING TECHNIQUES 33 We hope this handbook will be of help to all PCGA officers who are ready
to contribute their time and talent in teaching lifesaving skills and to the
A. Lifting and Moving 33 CCADs who are determined to learn and take action when an emergency
B. Factors to consider before lifting and moving 34 situation arises.
C. Principles of lifting and moving 34
D. Techniques of lifting and moving 34
VADM VALENTIN B PRIETO JR PCGA
REFERENCES 42 National Director

5
I. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LIFE SUPPORT-
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION AHA ECC Adult Chain of Survival

A. KINDS OF LIFE SUPPORT

1. Basic Life Support (BLS) - an emergency that consists of

recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the proper
application of CPR to maintain life until a victim recovers or Recognition of Early Rapid advanced post-cardiac
cardiac arrest & CPR defibrillation life support arrest care
advanced life support is available activation of
emergency
2. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) - the use of special response system
equipment to maintain breathing and circulation for the victim of a
cardiac emergency Source: 2015 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC

3. Prolonged Life Support (PLS) - for post resuscitative and long

C. BODY SYSTEMS
term resuscitation
1. Respiratory System - it supplies oxygen to the body, as well as
remove carbon dioxide from the body. The passage of air into and
B. CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
out of the lungs is called respiration or inhaling. Breathing out is
called expiration or exhaling.
1. Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of emergency
response system Nasal Cavity

2. Early CPR with emphasis on chest compressions

Pharynx
3. Rapid defibrillation
Larynx
Trachea
4. Effective advanced life support Bronchiole
Lungs
5. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care
Bronchi
Alveoli

Diaphragm

6 7
2. Circulatory System - It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s D. BREATHING & CIRCULATION
issues and removes waste products. It consists of the heart, blood
vessels and blood. Breathing and Circulation - Air that enters the lungs contains 21%
Oxygen and trace of Carbon Dioxide. Air exhaled from the lungs contains
3. Nervous System – It is composed of the brain, spinal cord and 16% Oxygen and 4% Carbon Dioxide.
nerves. It has two major functions: communication and control. It lets
a person be aware of and react to the environment. It coordinates Clinical Death - 0-4 min - brain damage not likely
the body’s response to stimuli and keeps body systems working 4-6 min - damage probable
together. Biological death - 6-10min - brain damage probable
Over 1 min - brain damage is certain

II. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. Good Samaritan Law - this law protects anyone who:

• Voluntarily provides assistance, without expecting or accepting

compensation
• Is reasonable and prudent
• Does not provide care beyond the training received and
• Is not “ grossly negligent, ” or completely careless in delivering
emergency

B. Right to refuse treatment - everyone has right to medical treatment. It

is necessary to ask a responsive person is or becomes unresponsive;
the legal concept of “Implied Consent” allows a provider to help
without asking, because it assumes the person would agree to be
helped if responsive.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM For an injured child, obtain the consent of the parent or guardian if
present. If none is present, the consent to provide care is legally
implied. Provide care and contact the parents/guardian as soon as
possible.

8 9
 C. Duty to Act - A pre determined requirement to provide care,
4. Instruction to helper/s - proper information and instruction to a
typically by job description (such as firefighter, police officer or
helper/s would provide organized first aid care.
lifeguard) or by relationship (such as parent or guardian). In
general, a first aid trained person is encouraged, but not required by
B. Emergency Action Principles
duty, to act.

1. Survey the Scene - Once you recognized that an emergency has

D. Negligence - Occurs when someone is caused further harm due to
occurred and decide to act you must make sure the scene of the
care that did not meet the expected standard of someone with a duty
emergency is safe for you, the victim/s and any bystander/s.
to act.

E. Assault and Battery - Placing a person in fear of bodily harm.

Forcing care on a person against his wishes may be considered
grounds for this.

III. Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care

A. Getting Started

1. Plan of action - emergency plans should be established based on

anticipated needs and available resources Survey the scene to determine if safe for the victim, the
rescuer or any bystander
2. Gathering of needed materials - the emergency response begins
with the preparation of equipment and personnel before any Note: For safety and to apply proper emergency care, transfer victim
emergency occurs. by: clothes drag, two-person seat carry, walking assist, blanket
drag or foot drag

3. Initial Response -
Elements of the survey scene:
• Ask for help
• Intervene • Scene safety
• Do not further harm • Mechanism of the injury or nature of illness
• Determine the number of patients and additional resources

10 11
2. Activate Medical Assistance and Transfer facility - In some  Check for airway
emergency you will have enough time to call for specific medical
 Check for breathing
advice before administering first aid. But in some situations, you will
need to attend to the victim first. - To reduce delay to CPR, sequence begins with skill that
everyone can perform.
Phone First and Phone Fast - Emphasize primary importance of chest compressions for
professional rescuers.
Both trained and untrained bystanders should be instructed to
Activate Medical Assistance as soon as they have determined than
an adult victim requires emergency care: “Phone First”. While for
infant and children, a “Phone Fast” approach is recommended.

Push hard and fast Tilt the victim’s head Give mouth -to- mouth
on the center of back and lift the chin rescue breaths
the victim’s chest to open the airway

3. Do a primary survey of the victim - In every emergency 4. Do a Secondary Survey of the victim - It is a systematic method of
situation, you must first find out if there are conditions that are an gathering additional information about injuries or conditions that may
immediate threat to the victim’s life. need care.

 Interview the victim.

 Check for consciousness
 Check vital signs
 Check for circulation
 Perform head-to-toe examination

12 13
 Sequence of rescue breathing

1) Scene safety.

2) Check responsiveness.

3) Open airway. Tilt the victim’s head back and lift the chin.

4) Check breathing (Look, Listen & Feel) for 5 seconds.

5) Give 2 initial breaths.

6) Check for signs of circulation (carotid artery) for at least 10

seconds
Secondary head to toe check to get additional information on
the victim’s condition

How to deliver rescue breathing:

IV. Respiratory Arrest and Rescue Breathing (RB) (1) Open airway. Tilt the victim’s head back and lift the chin.

(2) Check breathing (Look, Listen & Feel) for 5 seconds.

A. Respiratory Arrest - the condition in which breathing stops or
inadequate. This may occur for a variety of reasons and regardless (3) Pinch nose and give 2 slow initial breaths (2 seconds) with a brief
of the cause, it is a life-threatening situation which requires pause in between. Watch for the chest to rise.
immediate management.

When a patient goes into respiratory arrest, they are not getting
oxygen to their vital organs and may suffer brain damage or cardiac
arrest within minutes if not promptly treated.

B. Rescue Breathing (RB) -. a technique of breathing air into a

person’s lungs to supply him or her with the oxygen needed to
survive

14 15
 (4) Maintaining head tilt and chin lift, take your mouth away from the 5. Mouth-to-Face shield
victim and watch for the chest to fall as air comes out. 6. Mouth-to-mask
(5) Continue rescue breathing. 1 breath every 5-6 sec. (10-12 7. Bag Mask Device
breaths per minute).

(6) Check for signs of circulation (carotid artery) for at least 10

seconds every 2 minutes.

(7) If no detectable pulse, start CPR.

(8) If victim starts to breath normally, place victim in the recovery

position.

Airway ventilation using a Pocket Mask (mouth to mask)

V. FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

A. Two types of obstruction

1. Anatomical Obstruction - It happens when the tongue drops back and

obstructs the throat. Causes include anaphylaxis, acute asthma, croup,
diphtheria, swelling and cough (whooping)

2. Mechanical Obstruction - When foreign objects lodge in the pharynx or

airways; fluid accumulate in the back of the throat.
C. Ways to ventilate the Lungs
B. Classification of Obstruction
1. Mouth-to-mouth
1. Partial obstruction with good air exchange - The victim is responsive and
2. Mouth-to-nose can cough forcefully, although frequently there is wheezing between coughs.
3. Mouth-to-mouth and nose
4. Mouth-to-Stoma

16 17
 2. Partial obstruction with poor air exchange – The victim has a 2. Chest compressions force air into the victim’s lungs to dislodge the
weak, ineffective cough, high-pitched noise while inhaling object
increased respiratory difficulty and possibly cyanosis.
3. Call EMS personnel for further medical help
3. Complete or total obstruction - The victim is unable to speak,
breathe or cough and may clutch the neck with the thumb and
For conscious victim:
fingers. Movement of air is absent.
1. Do the Heimlich Maneuver or abdominal thrusts - the best
effective way for relieving foreign body airway obstruction.

• How to do the Heimlich maneuver:

(1) Stand behind and wrap your arms around the victim’s
abdomen. Place your fist with the thumb side inward against
the middle of the abdomen just above the navel and below the
breastbone.
(2) Grasp fist with the other hand and give five (5) quick upward
thrusts.
(3) Repeat until thrusts become effective or the victim become
unconscious.
Universal sign of choking - the victim clutches throat with hand/s

C. Management for Unconscious and Conscious Choking Victim

For unconscious victim:

1. Start CPR. Care is similar to CPR with the exception that a foreign
object search is performed between chest compressions and
breaths.

Heimlich maneuver

18 19
 (4) If alone, place fist above navel while grasping fist with the other C. Primary Emphasis on Chest Compressions
hand. Leaning over a chair or countertop, drive your fist towards
yourself with an upward thrust.
 Untrained lay rescuers should provide compression-only (Hands-
Only) CPR, for adult victims of cardiac arrest. The rescuer should
continue compression-only CPR until the arrival of an AED* or
rescuers with additional training

 Lay rescuers trained and able; perform compressions and

ventilations at rate of 30:2

 For all pediatric arrest, compressions and ventilation (CAB) are still
recommended. CPR should begin with 30 compressions (by a single
rescuer) or 15 compressions (for resuscitation of infants and
children by 2 HCPs) rather than with 2 ventilations

VI. CARDIAC ARREST AND CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION BLS Do’s and Don’ts of Adult High-Quality CPR

Rescuers Should Rescuers Should Not

A. Cardiac Arrest - the condition in which circulation ceases and vital
organs are deprived of oxygen Perform chest compressions at a Compress at a rate slower than
rate of 100-120/min 100/min or faster than 120/min or
greater than 2.4 inches (6 cm)
Three conditions of cardiac arrest:
Compress to a depth of at least 2 Compress to a depth of less than 2
inches (5 cm) inches (5 cm)
1. Cardiovascular collapse
Allow full recoil after each Lean on the chest between
2. Ventricular fibrillation compression compressions
3. Cardiac standstill Minimize pauses in compressions Interrupt compressions for greater
than 10 seconds
B. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) - a combination of chest Ventilate adequately (2 breaths Provide excessive ventilation
compression and rescue breathing. This must be combined for after 30 compressions, each breath (ie, too many breaths or breaths
delivered over 1 second, each with excessive force)
effective resuscitation of the victim of cardiac arrest. causing chest rise)

*AED – Automated External Defibrillator

Source: 2015-AHA-Guidelines-Highlights

20 21
How to do chest compressions:

• Locate the chest compression site. Run your index and middle fingers • Pinch nose and give two (2) slow
up the lower margin of the rib cage. Place the heel of one hand in the breaths (2 sec.) with a brief pause in
chest center between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the between
hand already on the chest and interlock your fingers.

• Position yourself so that your shoulders are directly over your hands
and your arms are straight – lock your elbows. • Continue with cycles of 30 chest
compressions and 2 rescue breaths
until they begin to recover or
emergency help arrives

D. When to stop CPR

• Medical services or properly trained and authorized personnel

arrives

• You can defibrillate with an AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

• The patient revives

• Do chest compressions at a depth of at least 5-6 cm (2 in) in adults
and at the rate of at least 100-120 compressions per minute (about • Another emergency responder takes over for you
the tempo of the Bee Gee’s “Staying Alive” • You are too exhausted to continue

• Lift hands slightly after each compression to allow the chest to recoil

How to deliver rescue breaths:

• After 30 compressions, open the patient’s airway using the head tilt-
chin lift method.

22 23
E. Summary of High-Quality CPR Components for BLS Providers
COMPONENT ADULT CHILDREN
Compression At least 2 inches (5 At least one third AP
COMPONENT ADULT CHILDREN depth cm)* diameter of chest
About 2 inches (5 cm)
Scene safety Make sure the environment is safe for rescuers
and victim
Hand placement 2 hands on the 2 hands or 1 hand
Recognition of cardiac Check for responsiveness
lower half of the (optional for very
arrest No breathing or only gasping (i.e., no normal
breastbone small child) on the
breathing)
(sternum) lower half of the
No definite pulse felt within 10 secs
breastbone (sternum)
Activate the emergency If you are alone with Witnessed collapse
Chest recoil Allow full recoil of chest after each
response system (EMS) no phone, leave the Follow steps for adults
compression; do not lean on the chest after
victim to activate on the left
each compression
the EMS & get the
AED before Unwitnessed Minimizing interruptions Limit interruptions in chest compressions to
beginning CPR collapse less than 10 seconds
Give 2 mins of CPR
Leave the victim to *Compression depth should be no more than 2.4 inches (6 cm).
activate EMS and get Abbreviations: AED, automated external defibrillator; AP, anteroposterior; CPR,
cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AED.
Source: 2015-AHA-Guidelines-Highlights
Return to the child or
infant and resume
CPR, use the AED as
soon as it is available VII. FIRST AID TECHNIQUES
Compression-ventilation 1 or 2 rescuers 1 rescuer
ratio without advanced 30:2 30:2 A. Trauma- a serious or critical bodily wound/injury, either unintentional
airway
or intentional from a mechanism against which the body cannot
2 or more rescuers
15:2 protect itself.
Compression-ventilation Continuous compressions at a rate of 100-
ratio with advanced airway 120/min B. Bleeding and soft tissue Injuries - a break in the continuity of a
Give 1 breath every 6 seconds (10 tissue of the body and can either be internal or external.
breaths/min)
Compression rate 100-120/min 1. Clean Wound - contains no pathogenic microorganisms.
Minimizing interruptions Limit interruptions in chest compressions to Because of the aseptic conditions under which the surgeons
less than 10 seconds create surgical incisions, these wounds are usually considered
clean.

24 25
 2. Contaminated Wound - occurs under circumstances that make it b. Splinting
vulnerable to an invasion of likely pathogenic microorganisms
• a splint can be anything that prevents movement of a limb. A
3. Infected Wound - Septic wound; one in which pathogens have splint is used to prevent further damage and limit pain
invaded and overcome the body’s first line of defense producing
• to be effective, a splint must immobilize the joints above and
clinical signs of infection
below the injury

• splint can be made from readily available objects, such as,

C. Classification of Wounds magazines or stack of newspapers. But splints usually consists
of a rigid, straight object, such as a board, strapped to the limb
1. Closed Wound

• no breaks in the skin continuity

• it involves the underlying tissue without break/damage in the skin
or mucous membrane
• internal injury
• internal bleeding

First Aid Management

a. Ice Application 2. Open Wound

• to reduce pain and swelling
• disrupts (breaks) in the skin and mucous membrane
• 20 minutes every 2 hours for the first day of injury, thereafter, 2-3x • external injury
/ day until pain and swelling diminishes • external bleeding

Types of Open wound:

a. Puncture - deep narrow wounds, usually does not bleed

excessively

b. Abrasion - shallow, wide, minimal bleeding but can be very

painful

26 27
 c. Laceration - ragged, irregular edges and masses of torn tissue 2. Elevation - raising (elevation) of an injured arm or leg (extremity)
underneath above the level of the heart will help control bleeding. It should be
used together with direct pressure.
d. Avulsion - tissue forcefully separated from the body, heavy
bleeding

e. Incision - clean cut, deep, bleeds freely

3. Indirect Pressure - bleeding from an artery can be controlled by

applying pressure to the appropriate pressure point
First Aid management

 Pressure points are areas of the body where the blood flow can
a. Manage Bleeding
be controlled by pressing the artery against an underlying bone
1. Direct Pressure - the first and most effective method to control
 Pressure points should be used with caution, it can cause
bleeding
damage to the extremity due to inadequate blood flow. Do not
• Place a sterile dressing or clean cloth over the wound. Apply apply pressure to the neck (carotid artery) pressure points, it can
direct pressure over the wound, maintaining pressure until cause cardiac arrest
bleeding stops

28 29
 4. Pressure Bandage - a dressing may be a gauze square applied Some Natural First-Aid for Wounds:
directly to a wound, while a bandage, such as a roll gauze, is
used to hold a dressing in place. 1) Cold compress or ice - controls bleeding, prevent inflammation &
swelling
 Pressure should be used in applying the bandage. After the 2) Aloe Vera extract - prevents bleeding, soothing effect, antiseptic,
bandage is in place, it is important to check the pulse to make anti-inflammatory, fast healing & tissue regeneration
sure circulation is not interrupted
3) Garlic - anti-inflammatory, antiseptic
4) White vinegar, apple cider vinegar- antiseptic
b. Clean and cover the wound. 5) Turmeric powder - antiseptic, anti-inflammatory
6) Sugar - wound clotting
1. Clean the wound with soap and water.
7) Honey - antibacterial, soothing effect
2. Apply mild antiseptics.
8) Coconut oil - antibacterial
3. Cover wound with dressing and bandage.
9) Onions - antimicrobial, antiseptic, & soothing effect
10) Coffee - controls bleeding, antibacterial

D. Shock - a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure

of enough blood to circulate throughout the body following a serious
injury.

Signs and Symptoms:

a. Early Stage
c. Treat the victim for shock. • Face-pale or cyanotic in color
• Skin- cold and clammy
d. Refer to the physician. • Breathing- irregular
• Pulse- rapid and weak
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weakness
• Thirsty

30 31
b. Late stage c. Maintain body temperature.
• Apathetic or relatively unresponsive
• Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression Prevent chilling or overheating. The key is to maintain body
• Pupils are dilated temperature
• Blood vessels may be congested producing mottled appearances
• Blood pressure has very low level
• Unconsciousness may occur, body temperature falls

First Aid Management

a. Position the victim.

• Modified Trendelenburg (8-12 inches, 20 degrees)

• Elevate the victim’s feet higher than the level of his heart
• Use a stable object (field pack or rolled-up clothing) so that his
feet will not slip off d. Provide Oxygen for proper ventilation.

Loosen clothing at the neck, waist, or wherever it may be hindering

e. Seek medical help.

Trendelenburg position VIII. LIFTING AND MOVING

b. Do not give any drink or food A. Lifting and moving - are procedures for bringing possibly injured
victims to a safer place and should only be done if absolutely
• DO NOT give the victim any food or drink. At the hospital, the necessary. Emergency responders must have knowledge and skills
person will be given oxygen and intravenous fluids. If you must
in lifting and moving casualties safely, without causing injury or
leave the victim or if he is unconscious, turn his head to the side
undue discomfort.
to prevent him from choking if he vomits

32 33
B. Factors to consider before lifting and moving 1. Emergency Moves - performed when the scene is not safe, and
there is an immediate danger to both the casualty and the rescuer
• Dangerous conditions at the scene (i.e., danger of drowning, danger of fire and explosion, danger of
• Distance and route the victim must be moved building collapse, traffic, electricity, hazardous materials, etc.)

• Size of the victim

a. Rescuer Emergency Drags
• Nature and severity of injury
• Physical capability of the rescuer Pull or drag victim in direction of long axis of body. Do not drag
• Availability of other rescuers sideways. Avoid twisting neck and trunk. Never pull head away from
• Aids or equipment available neck and shoulders. Risk of spinal injury can be minimized by using
blanket, rug, board, etc. Choice of move depends on materials at
hand, victim’s condition and situation.
C. Principles of lifting and moving

• Don’t reach no more than 15” - 20” in front of the body

• Push, don’t pull
• Use legs, not back
• Keep weight close to body
• Move victim as single unit and in proper body position
• Carry patient upstairs, head first & downstairs, feet first
• Taller rescuer must stay at the head part of the victim Blanket drag Clothes drag

• Have backup available

• Immobilize injured body parts of the victim before transfer
• Ensure an open airway for the victim

D. Techniques of lifting and moving

The adequate method of lifting and moving is to be determined

depending upon the nature of the casualty, the nature of the injuries and Shoulder drag Leg drag
the position in which the casualty is found.

34 35
 b. Emergency Carries With all emergency carries, use good body mechanics and lifting
techniques. Do not try to lift or carry person before checking for
Use when the victim must be moved immediately. Method used injuries.
depends on the size and condition of the casualty and the situation.
One or more rescuers may carry the victim. 2. For Non-emergency Moves - used when there is no immediate
threat to victim or rescuers. Responders may choose one of several
methods for lifting and carrying a patient. The two general methods
are the Direct Ground Lift and the Extremity Lift.

a. Direct ground lift - is used for patients with no suspected spinal

injury who are found lying supine on the ground. Usually performed
by 3-4 rescuers. Generally used to prepare patient for transport.
Stabilize patient to minimize any chance of aggravating illness or
injury before moving

Procedures:

Pack strap Piggy back Cradle 1. Rescuers kneel on one side of the patient.

2. Two (2)or three (3) rescuers position hands at patients head, waist
and knees.

Fireman carry Assist carry (human crutch) 2-man cradle carry

36 37
3. As a team and on signal, each rescuers lift patient to their knees and b. Extremity Lift 2-rescuer technique - used for patients without
roll the patient in toward their chests. suspected injury to neck, spine or extremities May be used with
responsive or unresponsive patient May be used to carry patient
a short distance or move patient from chair to stretcher May be
used to carry patient through a tight space

Procedures:

1. The rescuer at the head kneels and slips his arms under the patients
armpits and grasps the patients wrists and crosses them on the
patients chest. The rescuer at the feet kneels and places hands
under the patients knees.

2. Both rescuers move to a crouching position and assess their grip on

the patient.
4. Again on signal, the team stands & carries the patient to the
ambulance stretcher/ cot. 3. On a signal from the rescuer at the head, the rescuers stand up
simultaneously and move forward with the patient.

c. Log roll

5. Reverse steps to lower patient to the stretcher or cot. • Use to move patient from prone to supine position

• 3-5 rescuers are needed to safely roll patient

38 39
• For trauma patient with spinal injury, stabilize head in line with body 5. Again on signal, the team stands & carries the patient to the
during move ambulance cot/ stretcher or emergency transport vehicle.

Procedures: o Responders should observe proper body mechanics when

lifting (use leg muscles and palms up when grasping
1. Rescuer at patients head holds head in line with body as 2 or 3 handle of backboard)
additional rescuers take position with hands at patients lower and
upper leg, hip and torso, and shoulder. o Use diamond carry or one-handed carrying when moving
casualty to the ambulance, emergency transport vehicle or
2. On the count of responder at the head, rescuers in unison roll patient
medical station
toward them, with head held in line and spine straight.

3. Rescuers complete log roll, positioning patient on back with head and
neck still in line with body.

Diamond carry One-handed carrying

6. Steps are reversed to lower the patient onto the ambulance cot.
4. Carefully slide the backboard or stretcher and lower patient onto the
board, stabilizing the head during move.

40 41
 REFERENCES

UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF:

• American Heart Association. 2010. American Heart Association
Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency
Cardiovascular Care

• https://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart- VADM VALENTIN B PRIETO JR PCGA

public/@wcm/@ecc/documents/downloadable/ucm_318152.pdf (Date National Director
accessed: December 14, 2016)

• American Heart Association. 2015. HIGHLIGHTS of the 2015

American Heart Association Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC

• http://eccguidelines.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015- PREPARED BY:

AHA-Guidelines-Highlights-English.pdf (Date accessed: December
14, 2016)

• Koster, Rudolph W. , et. al. 2010. European Resuscitation Council RADM GERONIMO P REYES PCGA
Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 2. Adult basic life support Deputy National Director for Special Projects
and use of automated external defibrillators (Published online 19
October 2010) pages 1277 - 1292

• http://resuscitation-guidelines.articleinmotion.com/article/S0300-
9572(10)00435-1/aim/adult-bls-sequence (Date accessed: December
14, 2016) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

• Emergency First Response, Corp. 2011. Emergency First Response

Primary Care (CPR and Secondary Care (First Aid) Manual
(Emergency First Response, Corp.:California) COMMO NOEMI S ALVARAN PCGA
Director Auxiliary Squadron, 125th CGAS
• ____________. Medical First Responder Training Participant’s MAREP Support Group Director
Handbook (Golden Success Technical and Educational Institute
Philippines: M.F. Jhocson Sampaloc, Manila, Metro Manila)

• https://www.slideshare.net/nurserosie/first-aid-lesson-carrying (Date
accessed: March 14, 2017)

42 43
 NOTES

PCGA HYMN

Onward we go, PCGA

With the commitment of saving lives at sea
Dedicated to a service that is true
Making this world a safe place for me and you.
Forward we go, PCGA
Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary
Onward we go, Onward we go
Saving lives we always do.

Kami ang kabalikat ninyo

Lahat ng oras, ulan man o bagyo
Handang tumulong sa kapwa Pilipino
PCGA kami’y handang magserbisyo.
Sulong kapatid sa PCGA
Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary
Mabuhay tayo, Mabuhay tayo
Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary!
Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary.

44 45