IN Tals CHAPTER: V The Number System of Algebra V Elements of Algebra Vv Inequalities V Logarithms Vv Power, Exponential, and Logarithmic Curves The Number System of Algebra Elementary mathematics is concemed mainly with certain elements called numbers and with certain operations defined on them, ' {The ending set of symbols 1,2 3,4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 10, 11,12. Wed in counting are called natural munbers, In adding two ofthese numbers, say § and 7, we begin count to the right seven (ot five) numbers to tural numbers‘with a + sign (in practice, it is more ent not to write the sign) to form the positive ‘we prefix each natural number with a- sign ‘must always be written) to form the nega- Ho BM 6 Figure 1-1 “On the set of integers » 87,6, -5, -4,-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, 42, 43, +4, +5, +6, #7, #8)o.- ¢ rons of addition and subtraction are possible without excep- spumbers having like signs, add their numerical valRule 5, The value of a rational number is unchanged if both the nume ator and denominator are multiplied or divided by the sar nonzero number. Rule 6. The sum (difference) of two rational numbers ex the same denominator is a rational number whose is the common denominator and whose numerator (difference) of the numerators. Rule 7. The product of two’or more rational numbers is a ber whose numerator is the product of the nun ‘whose denominator is the product of the several0 and a 20 in ax = 8, then a-x=0 imply s, 0/a = 0 when a #0. Om -a=(and b #0 in ax =b, then 0 - x = b; and, b/0, without meaning since 0 - x = 0. , Ifa = 0 and b= 0 in a = 6, then 0 « x = indeterminate since every number x satisfies the In brief: 0/a = 0 when a # 0, but division by 0 is nev Decimals In writing numbers, we use a positional system, that is, the value given any particular digit depends upon its position in the sequence. For example, in 423, the positional value of the digit 4 is 4(100) while in 234, the positional value of the digit 4 is (1). Since the positional value of a digit involves the number 10, this system of notation is called the decimal system. In this system, the number 4238.75 means AEom-2G00)+3¢0)o8¢)07( 1) s( 1)0,05. Any number, when ¢ ten as a percent by multiplying by 100 and Conversely, any percentage may be expressed in ping the symbol % and dividing by 100. Irrational Numbers The existence of numbers other than the rational numbers 1 inferred from either of the following considerations: (2) We may conceive of a nonrepeating decimal endless time by setting down a succession of dij random. (6) The lengthss of the diagonal of a square of side 1 is not a al number, that is, there exists, no rational number @ such | @ = 2. Numbers such as V2, 42, 93, and « 3) are called irrational numbers. The first three are called radicals. The radical Ya is said to be of or is called the index and a is called the radicand. Real Numbers The setof real numbers, there is no number whose square is ~ sis to be such a number, say V=I, then by definition with the following properties is used: : Tfa>0, Berea: ‘Then =V2V2 WB \NB)-i?-2=-2Elements of Algebra Positive Integral Exponents. Ifais any number and nis any positive integer, the product of tors a+ a+ a-+-ais denoted by a’. To distinguish between the le ais called the base and n is called the exponent. Ifa and b are any bases and m and n are any positive integers, have the following laws of exponents: (l) a"-a" =a" @ (@y=a" 040, m>m a” ® («bf =a'8" 6 (7- +» b#0 Positive integer and a an¢ eeractional, and Negative Exponents sis a positive integer, r is any integer, and p is any rational nun ber, ‘the following extend the definition of a” in such a way that the laws (1) - (5) are satisfied when n is any rational number. (© a°=1,a#0 a" =a = (ay | @®a@ => a#0Inequalities ‘An inequality is a statement that one (real) number is greater or another; for example, 3 > -2, -10 <-5. ‘Two inequalities are said to have the same sense if their inequality point in the same direction. Thus, 3 > -2 and -5 > -10 hay the same sense; 3 > -2 and -10 <-5 have opposite senses. The sense of an equality is not changed: (8) if the same number is added to or subtracted from both sides (©) ifboth sides are multiplied or divided by the same positive The sense of an equality is changed if both sides are multiplied or divided by the same negative number. ‘An absolute inequality is one which is true for all real values of the letters involved; for example, x? + 1 > 0 is an absolute inequality. A conditional inequality is one which is as for certain values of the letters involv ‘ example, x + 2> 5 is a conditional i i 4 but not for x= 1, —° Graphical representation Figure 1-4 f (x)= ax? +bx+0>0 ! 6(59. quadratic inequality, » solve the =0, locate the roots 7, and r, on a number scale, and deter the sign of f(x) on each of the resulting intervals. : |Logarithms The logarithm of a positive number N to a given base b ( is the exponent of the power to which b must be raised to product is understood that b is positive and different from 1. For example, (@) Since 9 = 32, log, 9 =2. (©) Since 64 = 4°, log, 64 (©) Since 64 = 25, log, 64 =6, (@ Since 1000 = 10, log,, 1000 = 3, © Since 0.01 = 10°, log,, 0.01 =-2. Fundamental Laws of Logarithms 1. The logarithm of the product of two or more is equal to the sum of the logarithms of th For example,The logarithm of a root of a positive number is equal to the lo "rithm of the number, divided by the index of the root. For exce UP =P" = 5", og, VP =2 = ; n 7 arithm of a root of a positive number is equal to umber divided by the index of the root. An exponential equation is an equation involving one unknowns in an exponent, For example, 2° = 7 and (1.03 are exponential equations. Such equations are solved by means 0 arithms. Solved Problem 1-6, Solve the exponential equation 2"=7. Solution. Take logarithms of both sides: xlog2=log7 Jog? _ 0.8451 Tog? 0.3010er, Exponential, Logarithmic Curves er functions inx are of the form x". Ifn> 0, the graph of y=2" tobe of the parabolic type (the curve is a parabola for n =2).Ifu ‘passes through the point (0,1). he curve lies above the x axis and has that axis as an as ed Problem 1-9, Sketch the graphs of (a) y= 2" and(b) y= Table 1-2 has been computed for selected values of x equation appears frequently in the form y = ce where ¢ are nonzero constants and e = 2.71828... is the natural logarif-“Figure 1-9 ‘The curve whose equation is “rithmic curve. The general properties are: (@) The curve passes through the point (1,0). (b) The curve lies to the right of the y axis and has that axis a asymptote. al