1) Sets, Relations and Functions 4. Ifa set A has 7 elements, then the number of subsets of A (or power set of A) is 2". 2. If sets A and B have m and n elements respectively, then total number of relation from A to B is 2”, 3. (i) AU(BAC) =(AUB)A(AUC) (ii) AN(BUC) =(ANB)U(ANC) 4. (i) (AUB)'= ANB’ (ii) (ANB)'= A’UB’ 5. (i) A-B=ANB’ (ii) B-A=Baa’ 6. AAB=(A-B)U(B— A) 7. (A-B)UB= AUB 8. (A-B)NB=o 9. ACBS BCA’ 40. (A-B)U(B- A) = (AUB)—(AMB) 41. n (AUB) = n(A) +n(B)—n(AOB) 12, n(AUBUC)=n(A)+24B)4+2(C)— (AB) —n(BAC)-nC NA)+n(ANBNC) 13. n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B), if A and B are disjoint sets. 14, n(A-B)=n(AUB)-n(B)=n(A)—1(A MB) 15. n(A’UB’) = n(ANB)=nU)-n(AnB) 16. Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A,B,C = n(AN B)+n(BAC)+n(C A A)-3n(AN BNC) 17. Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A,B,C =n (A) + n(B) + 1 (C) — 2n (A AB) -2n (B AC) — 2 (A NC) + 3n(ANBAC)Proper subset + IFAW a aie! of Band Av B then A isa proper subtet of B. and we wnte A cB Note-l + Every set isa subst ofitslf Le. Ac A for all A Note2 : Empty cat $s 9 subset of every set Note-S : Clary NcWeZeQeRcC [Note-4 : The total number of sbets of fie st containing m elements 2 ‘Universal set : A set consisting ofall posible elements which occur tn the dscusion Is called a Univeral sot and te denoted by U [Note + All sets are contained inthe universal set Power set : Lot A be any set. The set of all substs of i cae ower set of A and is dencted by PIA) ‘Some Operation on Sets = 0) Union of two sets: AUB =k :x © Aorx © Bl (Intersection of tuo sets + A B= |x: x © A and x © B) i) Difference of two sete: AB = (x ix © And x ¢ Bi (4 Complement of a set: A’ in: x ¢ Abutx © U=U-A 9) DeMorgan Laws = (AU BY = A ABSA BY = AUB () A-BUQ=A-BNIA-O;A-BAQ=(A-BUA-O (8) Distributive Laws : AUBAC) =A UBM AUC); ARGU =WnBuwag (i) Commutative Laws :AUB=BUA; AnB=BaA (9) Associative Laws : (AUB) UC = AU BUC: ANB) ac =A BnG Ane ts AnURA Ave-MiAuURU b) ANBCALAnBcB fi) AGAUB;BcAUB bil ACB An BA Jo) ACB>AuB-B Disjoint Sets = IFA. B= 4, then A, B are disjoint Note: An A= $2. A, A’ are disoint ‘Symmetric Difference of Sets : AaB~(A-B)UB-Al eo ayna @ A-B-AnB G B-A=Bow i) A-B-AsAnBag ) A-BUB=AUB W-BnB=6 ™ (A-B)UB~A)=ALB-AnB iat ce . Ep lv fO| [GD a oe Cuatly A -B)UB-A VALE) = AUB @ [Oo] a (AQBI“A-B) UGA) Disjoint Sets Note: ANA =) AUN =U| a ‘Sol are generally denoted ly capital alors A, B, C ements of the set by a, by ¢ wn cle Watean clement of ase A, then we write» © A ond soy belongs oA le. ond the Wa docs not belong to A then we wile w « A, ‘SOME IMPORTANT NUMBER SETS : NN = Sot of all natural numbers 212,84, od W >= Sot of ab ubole numbers = 10,1, 2,3, 1 Zo | set of ol intogers bow 8, 2-2, 0,1, 2,3, 2+» Sat of all 4ve integers 21, 28, ad = N, ‘Sot of all ve integers $y 2,8, a 2y = The sot of al nonzero integers. lal, 22, 43, Q = The set of al rational numbers. = [Emaeraro} the set ofa ral rues RQ = The sof lation numbers yemons TO WRITE A SET = (@ Roster Method : In this mahod a set is desea by sting ‘elements, separated by commas and enclose then by curly brackets (Set Bullder From : In thi cae wo unto dow 2 propery ot nde p Wich ges us al the element ofthe st Am be Pol {WPES OF SETS Nall set or Empty set : set basing no ele nt aid an Empty st oF ml set o voi set its dented by 6 cr |} ‘set costing ofa lest one elerent scaled noremsy stor pono set. Singleton : Ast corsising of snl coment is called a singleton | ea Finite Set: A ot which ae ony nite ruber of elements scl 2 fe st Order of a finite set: The suerofeloentsna ite st i ald the ower of the set A ard i denoted Of or fA alo ead coral uber ofthe st. Insite st: A set which as an fate numberof elements ieee an nine st Equal sets: Two sets A and Bo salto be cif vey lament €F Ais « member of B, and every emer of Ble a member of A sets A and B are equal, We write A = B and A and B are not equal then Aw B qulvalnt seta: Two tet ord Bore equtlent il thir uber of elements ae some Se. A) = Bh ‘Note : Equal set always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be ecual Subsets: Let and Bbe uo vif een element cf Aisanlarent 3B, then Ais called sbset of BFA im suse of B. we rie AcBRELATIONS INTRODUCTION Let and B be two sets. Then a restlon from A to Bisa subset of A xB, thus, Riso relation from AtoB <> Rc AxB, Total Number of Realtions : Lot A and B be two nervempty finite sets consisting of m and n elements respectively. Then A xB consists of sma ordered paits, So total numberof subsets of A x1 is 2 Domain and Range of a relation : Let ibe a relation froma set A, t0.a sot B. Then the sot of al fist components or coordinates of the ‘ordered pairs belonging oR is called to domain of R, wile the set ofall second components of coordinates of the ordered palts in Ris ealed the range of R. ‘Thus, Domain (R) = fa (a,b) e RI nd, Ronge (R} = fb fa, © Rl nis evident from the definition tha the domaln ofa relation froma A to B Is subset of A and its range is 9 subset of B. Inverse Relation : Let A.B he two sels ond let R bea relation from a Set A toa set B. Then the inverse of R, denoted by Ris ration from Bio Aand is defined by Row fb, b) eR Clearly, be Reo(b,a) © ‘Aso, Domi) = Ranga) and Range (R) = Dom (R!} ‘TYPES OF RELATIONS : Jn this section we intend to define varius types of relations ona gven ath. \Vold Relation : Let A bea set. Then 6 A x A and soit ta relation Con A. This relation is called the void or empty ration on A. Universal Relation : Lei Abea sa. Then Ax AGA A and soe 2 relation on A. This relation i called the universal relation on A. Identity Relation : Let A be set. Then the relation |, la,a):2 0,a) e Rioralla, be A ie, aRb=bRaforalla,b, © A. ‘Transitive Relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on A iss tobe ‘transitive relation iff (a,b) e Rand b, eR (,c eRioralabeeA le, aRbandbRe=aRcforala,b.ceA Antisymmetric Relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on set As sald to be an antisymmetric relation iff 8] © Rand 2) ©R=>a=bicralla,b =A Equivalence Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff @ itisteflexive Le. (a) ¢R for alla e A (itis symmetric Le. fb) e R= 0, 2) e Rforalla,beA (i) Wis transitive Le. (2, b) eR and (, o) © R= (a, d) © R for all abceA. Itis not neccessary that every relation which Is symmetric and transitive 's also reflexive,2) Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 4. i=J5,? P =-iandi* =1 2. i" +i" +i? 4 i"*? =, when n is an integer and j is an imaginary number. & (i) 4 x22 = (yx2— Ia) + lat HN) (ay 2 Wty yn) + hoy = 4 Yl) a y+ where, 2, = x + iy, and z) = x2 + iV 4. (i) @=z where, Zis a conjugate of z. (ii) 7+ 7 = 2Re(g (iil) 2-2 =21m@ (iv) RFQ SRt+] ) 4% =%-% 8. (i) |zl=|21=|-2z||-2, where|z| is a modulus of z. (i) Jz) 22 1-12) [le21 (iit) |z P= zz (iv) E| IZ (v) lz,t2Isl2i Mz! (vi) |2" J=]z1" (vii) []2) F lzallsla: +2a!sleHzal (viii) [zy +2gP Hz, - 22? = 2( ley? Hea} 6. (i) Ifx>Oand y> 0, then arg (z)=0 Ix 0, then arg (z)=n-0 Ifx Oand y-<0, then arg (z)=-8 (ii) arg(z) = -arg(z) (iii) arg(z,z,) = arg (z,) -+arg(z,)+2kn{k = 0 or or =), where arg (z) is a argument of z. (iv) are(=) = 2arg(z)+2kn(k =0 or lor—1) (iv) Ifarg(z) =0 = 2 is real (v) arg @,22) = arg (e,)—arg(e2)7. Iisa rational number, then (i) (cosO + isin®)" = cosn0 + isinn® (ii) (cos® —isin®)" = cosn8-fsinn® 1 8 —isind aoa find oes a 8. Ifz=(cos®, + /sin@,)(cos0, + isind,)...(cos®, + isin®,), then z= cos(@, +8,+... +0,) +isin®, +8, +... +0,) 9. (at =rnfcos( 22 +8), isn(2*9)} ” ” where, k= 0,1, 2, 3,...,1—1and nis a positive integer. 10. Ifa+ ibis a complex number, then square root of a + ib, fe, avib=a} [ato +a)+i fate ea], 2 2 forb>0 [Fy] forb<0 11. Cube roots of unity, ie. x =1'” are, co, 07 (1) 140" +@” = 0.1 ris not a multiple of 3 =difrrisa multiple of 3 (i) @ store” = i) oY" =0,0" ‘The nature of roots are (i) real and distinet, if > 0 (ii) real and equal, itt (iii) complex with non-ze imaginary part, 1D <0 19, (i) ifa 2 0, then minimum value of ac + e+ ¢ sah ia b ate a 14 th a-B= (feo oaep =(a +p)’ -20p (ii) 2 =f? = (a +f) ia > PP — 40 (iv) ce? +) = (a + By ~ 308 (a +p) (ii) a? +B15, Sign of Quadratic Expression (i) @>Oand D <0, so f(x)>0 for all xER, be. fix) is positive for all real values of x, (ii) a0 and D=A so f(x920 for all xER, ie. fix) is positive for all real values of x except at vertex, where fay=a (ivy a<0 and D=O so f(x)S0 for all reR, Le. fix) is negative for all real values of x except at vertex, where syed 16. Intervals of Roots Suppose ac? + bv + use conditions on a, band ¢. Since, a #0, we can take f(x) = x i) Both the roots are positive. Le they le in(0,») iff roots dre real, then the sumof the roots as wellas the product fof the roots is positive. 4 € 2. a +p= > oandaB=5>onth! 4ac 20. th the roots are negative, Le. they He in Similarly, bo then the sum of the roots is [=e 0) iff roots are n nde Mand the product of the roots is positive. p= owith ~4ac 20. @ ¢ 2 Olic in a given interval. For this we bene iets, aa ie. ico + (ii) Both the roots are greater than. given number, ifthe following conditions are satisfied, p20zPokandsik) >0 (iii) Both the roots are less than a given number &, iff the following conditions are satisfied p20,=P>kand fi) >0 te (iv) Both the roots lie in a given interval (i,k) iff the following conditions are satisfied D20,k, sh eksand sky) > Of (k,) > 0 (v) Exactly one of the roots lie in a given interval (Ky, k3), (f 11h) £0) <0 (vi) A given number é lies between the roots. LR) < 0.1n particular, the roots of the equ be of opposite sign, iff 0 lics between the roots = s(y<0SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION & RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS & CO-EFFICIENTS : () The solutions of the quadratic equation, ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 is, ven by x=22# esas (b) The expression b* ~ 4 ac = Dis called the discriminant of the ‘quadratic equation, (©) If a. &B are the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +e= 0, then @a+B=-b/a (i) aB=c/a (ai) |a-f|=VD/lal (@) Quadratic equation whose roots are a 8B is (x~ cx )(x— Blak he. x —(a+B)x+ aB = Oe. x*— (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0. “ NATURE OF ROOTS : (8) Consider the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢= O where a, b, © €R&a x Othen; © D>0 <> roots are real & distinct (unequal) ® bee < roots are real colncident nual) Gi Ifa =p + JG is one oot inthis case, (where p is rational (ii) D <0 <> roots are imaginary. ll be p— (i) Ifp + ig is one root of @ quadratic equation, then the & Jq isa sund) then other root will be p— fq other root must be the conjugate pi q & vice versa. COMMONROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (a eR & i= A). (2) Only one common root. (b) Consider the quadratic equation ax* + bx + c= 0 Lat abe the common root of ax’ + bx += O& ak? + Dx +¢=0 where a, b,c €Q&a + Othen; thenaa?+ba +c=0 & dat+ba+e=0. By Cramers ) If Disa perfect square, then roots are rational. So the condition fer a common root is {ca!— cal? = fab’ abide be) (b) If both roots are same then ROOTS UNDER PARTICULAR CASES ‘Let the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 has real roots and (a) Ifb = 0 = roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign ©) Hc = 0 = one roots is zero other is — b/a (©) Ha =c = roots are reciprocal to each other 1275 E So] > rossorectopnoste sans a>0,b>0,c>0) @ i eo ecre at = both roots are negative, a>0,b<0e> © nbiausnes a} => both roots are postive. (@) sign ofa=sgnofbesignofe = Greater root 1 ‘magnitide is negative (0) Msign of b = sign of e#sign ofa => ‘magnitude is positive @ Ha +b+c~0- one root is 1 and second root Is c/a. Greater root inMAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION: Vein trun eterna tne 2 which occurs at x =~ fo/2a) according as @ <0 ora > 0. y «[2-) Haro & ye(agQ]te 0 & (-b/2a) > d. aco Deo a>0 a Ty (©) Conditions for the both roots of fix) = 0 to lie on either side of the number ‘a’ in other words the number ‘d’ lies between the rools of ffx) = Ols a.f(d) < 0. () Conditions for exactly one root of fx) = 0 toe in the interval (de) .e..d 0 &af(e)>0; d<(-v/2a) bt = ac = loga, logb, loge, are in AP.Note: (Iman GP. product of k* term from beginning and ke term from the last is always constant which equal to product of first term and last torm, (i) Three numbers in G. a/r, a, ar FivenumbersinG.P,: a/r*, a/r, a, ar, ar* Four numbersin GP. : a/t', a/r, ar, ar Six numbersin GP. a/s,a/r', a/r, ar, ar’, ar® each term of a G.P. be raised to the same power, then resulting series is also a G.P, I each term of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity, then the resulting sequence is also a G.P. Way, dg, won ad by, By By, nn. be two G.P’s of common w) o ratio f, and r, respectively, then 2,b,, a,b, ..... and Be Bes eet alo form a GP, common ratio wil be rr, and + respectively (i) Ina positive G.P. every term (except first) is equal to square root of product of its two terms which are equidistant from it. ie. T,= Taker (si) a,, a,, a,....8, is G.P, of non zero, non negative terms, then log a, log a,,....log a, isan A.P. and vice-vers: MEANS HARMONIC PROGRESSION (HP) (2) Arithmetic mean (AM): ‘A sequence is said to HP if the reciprocal of its terms are in AP. Ii the sequence a, ay, ay wn» & 15 an HP then 1/a,, Ve, V/a, is an AP & converse. Here we do not have the formula pete terms of an HP. The general form of a 2,1 ae, a jarmonic progressicn is +5 53! gyda Tas (n—Dd Note : No term of any H.P, can be 2er0. If a, b, c are in b bre Hp b= 2% or ©) © Ii three terms are in AP then the mile term is called the AM, between the other two, soifa,b, care in AP, bis AM ofa &e. rarithmetic means between two numbers : a,b are any two given numbers & 8, A, Ags oom AL Bere ‘are the n AM’s berween a & b, then AwatdA.~ nd, whered = 22 Note : Sum of n AM's inserted between a & b is equal ton times the single AM between a & bie. SA, =nA where A isthe single AM between a & = Geometric mean (GM) : Wa, be are in GP, bis the GM between 2 & c, bP = ac, therefore b= ec mgeometric means between two numbers : la, bare two ghen postive numbers & a, G,,G, b areinGPthen G,,G,,GjwonnG, aren GMebotvoen 2 &b. Gye AG, = a ones Gye ar where r= G/ali? Note : The product of n GMs between a & bis equal to nth power ofthe single GM betweena& bie. 1G, =(G)° where Gis the single GM between a & b Harmonic mean (HM): a,b, care in HP, then b is HM between a &c, then b = ase Important note @ WA, G,H, are respectively AM, GM, HM between two postive number a & b then(2) G? = AH(A,G,H constituteaGP) (bt) A2G2H () A=G=H>a=b (i) Let a,, aj... ,2, be n positive real numbers, then we define their arithmetic mean (A), geometric mean (G) and harmonic Apt ay thay mean (H) asA = (0, 2p) and H= (2 11 2,2 a) 8 ay Itcan be shown that A 2 G2 H. Moreover equality holds at either place if and only ifa, =a, =..." a ARITHMETICO - GEOMETRIC SERIES : Sum of First n terms of an Arithmetico-Geometric Series : +[a+(n-1)dje"? a drt-r) fat (n—2)d)_ 1° Let S, =a+(a+d)r+(a+2dyr? + then Sa= ya >+ oe ae ‘Sum to infinity : Wh]<1 & n-r@ then Limr=0 = S,= ws ar tT (L=1? SIGMA NOTATIONS ‘Theorems : (@) Le, tb)= Yat b, &) Dke, =kKYa, a atieict mt (© Sk=nk ; where kis constant. a "RESULTS (@ r= 11%) (eum of he st natural numbers) © > numbers) cna fe o% a sf (oum of the cubes ofthe fist n fatural numbers) ® es got Mens Bn? +3n-1) + ssn 1X2n+1) (eum of the squares of the first n natural 64) Logarithm and Exponential Series 4. If Oand a #1. 3. d°®* =x;a#0,4#1,.x>0 4. 10g, x= log, blog, x= Ta Tidy b> O,#1,x>0 5. Form,n>Oanda sous (i) log,(m-n) = log, m+ log, (ii) tos,(") =log,m-log,n 1 (iii) log,(nt") = log, m 6. For x>0,a>0,41 i aly (i) Log a(x) = log x m ii) I om = — | (i) Tog, 2" = "log, x 7. Forx>y>0 (i) log, x> log, y,ifa>1 (ii) log, x 1,then (a) log,x >p => x >a” (b) 0p = 0 |aex+byy+egz|=!d,| => ]a2 be ce} |¥|=| asx +byy + cz] [dy Bs by Co] Lz = AK-B = AMAK=A"R aig AGA = x-a1p AN Note: @ If 1 At¢0, systemis consistent having unique solution (i) WIA tO & (adjA).B # O(Null matrix), systems consistent ‘having unique non-trivial solution, (iil) 1A 20 & (adj A). B= O (Null matrix}, system is consistent having trial zolution, (w) IF) A. =0,, then matrix method fails Tt (adj A) © (oil mats) Consistent (infinite solutions)7) Permutations and Combinations As t= nyt = nin In = 2) ..3-24 2, Number of permutations of m distinct objects taken r at a time is "P,. ! ie" ong StS" 3. The number of permutations of m differcnt things taken rat a time when each thing may be repeated any number of | times, is n', 4. Number of permutations of m different things taken rat a time when a particular things is to be always included in cach arrangement, is r ‘The number of permutations of m things of which p are alike of one kind, q are alike of second kin third kind and remaining are distinet, is pigtrl Number of permutations of different things taken all at a time, when m specified things always come together is mix(n— m+). rate alike of 7. The number of combinations of n different things taken rat atime is mint ‘The number of combinations of a different things taken rat a time, where p particular things occur is ""C,_,. 9. The total number of combinations of 1 different objects taken rata time in which i) mparticular objects are excluded = """C, (ii) mparticular objects are included = """C,_,, 10. The number of ways of n different things selecting at least one of them is MOAN a+ "Cy 227-1 11. The number of ways of selecting r things out of 1 alike things is +1. pS? pf! where py-Pre-neePy are different ‘primes and Gy. ¢.....0t, are natural numbers, then (i) The total number of divisors of N including 1 and N (et, #1) (45-41) (25 +1). (a + (i) The total number of divisors of N excluding 1 and N = (+1) (43-41) (241). #01~2 43. The numberof ways in which (m+ n) different things can be divided into two groups which contain m and 7 things respectively is men ‘min! 14, (i) The number of ways in which n different things can be arranged into r different groups is "*”"*F, (ii) The number of ways in which n different things can be distributed into” r different groups is De teyr- 0 #102 =" =. HED Ca) n 15. The total number of non-negative integral solutions ofthe foquation 4 43 t =m Where seXyenedy BOS me. 1 fp tered ive tin vf] [4] [4]- FEMA 17 tn din bjs are aanged in aro then the mbes of ways in which they can be arranged so that no one of re occupies the place assigned to itis 1 a ott Etat8) Statistics and Probability 46 (1) Arithmetic mean ¥=+ 5) x, where, 4/8 are ‘observations and is number of observations. (iy eae Se, whee Aw Asma mean 1 —, were, fs are frequencies. DA 2. Combined mean, 33 2-1 Gconette man GM xan") (0 cata $ se} Where. N = Sum of frequencies ‘where cis commulative frequency of group before median ‘group. isa lower limit of median dass and his the width of the interval 5. Mode= tof on where, f,= frequency of modal class frequency of pre modal class ‘fx frequency of post modal class wy sunt detain Sees ) Silat ‘7. Mean deviation, MD ==" —— xh 8. PH, VEJ=P (B)+ PIE) PIE, OE) ‘ and if £, and £, are mutually exclusive events, then PE, UE) =P(E)+ PIE) 9. (a) PE, NE) = P(E — P(E, VB, (b) PE, OE) =PE,)-PE, NED 410. P(atleast two events from E,,E,,F, occur) =P (E, NED + PEE) + PEE) 2 (ENE) 11. Ponly one event occur from E,, E,,E;) =P UE)+P (E)+ P(E) -2P (ENE) ~2P(E, Ay) ~2P (EVE) + 3P(E, NE, OE) fare exhaustive events, then P(E, UE,U..UE,) =1. 12. FE, 4B. IEE, Bye ate mevents, then (@) P @, UEU..UE SPE) + PLE) + + PIE) (b) Pe, UE,U...UE,)21-PE)-PE) - 14. (@) (2) reba (b) ITE, and &, are independent events, then PU, NE) =P(E,)-P (E,), P(E) #0 15. If E,,£,,....£, are mutually exclusive and exhaustive ‘events. If be any event which occurs with E, or or or B,,then A reear(4) p(E)- BD a2, Eree(4 46. If Xray are discrete random variables of x with respective probabilities 7),p,,...pq,then mean (or ‘mathematical expectation) BX) =% WEP Kat ot Py Ky 47. Variance of x, V(a)SOME BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS (a) An Experiment : An action or operation resulting in two or more outcomes is called an experiment. (b) Sample Space : The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space, denoted byS. An element of S is called a sample point. (c) Event : Any subset of sample space is an event, (d) Simple Event : An event is called a simple event if it is a singleton subset of the sample space S, (e) Compound Events simple events. (f) Equally Likely Events : A number of simple events are said to be equally likely if there is no reason for one event to occur in preference to any other event, (g) Exhaustive Events : All the possible outcomes taken together in which an experiment can result are said to be exhaustive or disjoint. (4) Mutually Exclusive or Disjoint Events : If two events cannot occur simultaneously, ? Itis the joint occurrence of two or more then they are mutually exclusive, If A and B are mutually exclusive, then A A B= 6. (i) Complement of an Event : The complement of an event A, denoted by A, A’ or AS, is the set of all sample points of the space other then the sample points in A. MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY Let the outcomes of an experiment consists of n exhaustive mutually exclusive and equally likely cases. Then the sample spaces S has n sample points. If an event A consists of m sample points, (0 < m $n), then the probability of event A, denoted by P(A) is defined to be m/n i.e. P(A) = m/n.Let $= a,, 0, A @ Per a, be the sample space = 1 corresponding to the certain event, &) P@) = © = 0 corresponding tothe nll event 6 or impossible event. (@TA,=b), _ nthen A, is the event corresponding 1 to a single sample point a, Then PIA, @osRAs1 ODDS AGAINST AND ODDS IN FAVOUR OF AN EVENT Let there be m + n equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive ceases out of which an event A can occur in m cases and does not ‘occur in n cases. Then by definition of probabilly of occurrences +A men ‘The probability of non-occurrence = PIA): PIA’) = m:n ‘Thus the odin favour of occurrences ofthe event A are defines by m:n Le, POA) : PA’); and the odds a the event A are defined by n : m ie, PIA’) : PIA). ” ADDITION THEOREM (a) If A and B are any events in S, then P(A u B) = PIA) + PIB) - PIA n B) Since the probability of an event is a nonnegative number, it follows that PYA U B) s PIA) + PB) For three evens A, B and C in S we have PAu Bu C= Pia) + PB) + PIC) ~ Pia B)- PIB C) = PIC A) PA Bn C) General form of addition theorem For n events A,, Ay, Ayy nu. A, in S, we have PA, UA, UA, U Ay cane UA) = dr A)- DPA MAI Y PAA NAD... a ie + EI PIA, 9 APA, oe A) (®) If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A 6 B) = PIA u B) = P(A) + PB) 0 so that (MULTIPLICATION THEOREM Independent event : So if A and B are two independent events then happening of B will have no effect on A. Difference between independent & mutually exclusive event : (Mutually exclusiveness is used when events are taken from same experiment & independence when events one takes from different experiment, (@) Independent events are represented by word “and” ‘exclusive events are represented by word "OR". (a) When events are independent : PYA/B) = P(A) and PYB/A) = P(B), then P(AmB) = P(A). RB) OR PIAB) = PIA). PIB) (&) When events are not independent ‘The probability of simultaneous happening of two events A and Bis equal to the probabiity of A multiplied by the conditional probability of B with respect to A (or probability of B multiplied by the conditional probability of A with respect to B) i.e P (AmB) = P (A). PB/A) or P (B) . P (A/B) OR P (AB) = PIA). P(B/A) or P (B) . P (A/B) but mutually(© Probability of at least one of then Independent events Wy «Pas By + nn Py are the probabilities of n independent ‘events Ay Apy Ag nu. Ay then the probability of happening of atleast one of these event Is =1(1=py)(1= pp) oe OPT PA, + Ap + Agh n+ A,)= 1-P(A,)PCA,) PCA)» PLA) CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY : 4, WA and B are any events in § then the conditional probably of === == he vanance end the Handard deviation of binomial] B relative to A is given by 7 PRM = pays PIA 0 BAYE'S THEOREM OR INVERSE PBOBABILITY Let Ay, hy ny A, ben mutually exchsve and exhaustive events (of the samipie spate S and A is event which can oceur with any PUAIPIA ZA) SPIIPIA/A) BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FOR REPEATED TRIALS Binomial Experiment : Any experiment which has only two ccutcomes is known es binomial experiment. Outcomes of such an experiment are known as success and failure. Probably of success fs danoted by p and probably of failure by g. p+a=l 1 binomial experiment is repeated n times, then ema Hp CE back Cp + +°C, pal (a) Probability of exactly r successes in n trials of the events then o(S)- % cco (@) Probability of at most r successes in n trails = 3° "C,pta™* (©) Probability of atleast r successes in n trails = 3: "C,p'a"* (@) Probability of having F success at the r* tials = pf '. PIAA) , distribution are np, npq, /npq + SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS (@) Let A and B be two events, then ® PA)+PA)=1 @ PIA +B) = 1- PAB) P{AB) PIB) (ie) PIA + B) = PIAB) + P(AB) + P(AB) @ AcBSPAs PR ()-P(AB) = PIB) ~ PIAB) (vil) P(AB) < P(A) P{B) < PIA + B) < P(A) + PIB) (il) PIAB) = P(A) + PIB) — PIA + B) {&) P{Exactly one event) = P(AB) + P(AB) = PIA) + PIB) ~ 22(AB)= PIA + B) - P(AB) 9 P{nzither A nor B) = P(AB) = 1 - PIA + B) (3) P(A+B)=1- PAB) (©) Number of exhaustive cases of tossing n coins simultaneously {or of tossing @ coin n times) = 2° (©) Number of exhaustive cases of throwing n dice simultaneously (or throwing one dice n times) = 6° (@ Playing Cards : @ Total Cards : 52(26 red, 26 black) (i) Four suits : Heart, Diamond, Spade, Club - 13 cards each (if) Court Cards ; 12 (4 Kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks) (iv) Honour Cards : 16 (4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4 Jacks) (©) Probability regarding n letters and their envelopes : In letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the envelopes at random, then (i) PAB) = 1 (Probability that all letters are in right envelopes = <> i) Probability that all letters are natin right envelopes = 1 = 5; (lil) Probability that no letters is in right envelopes: sears,9) Trigonometry 1 Fondion Domain Tange sin x R Lt) cose R en cme | freee safes dJonet 2 cox {exer rennnel} R cosee x {eixeR — x¢nnnel} (=, -Une) 1 fesaer xe (ne4)emet} | o,-qupey ce | fesse ve(ned) (tun) 2 ‘nga [0 | 3 | 4" | or | 9 1 1 B s"Tolaglal| |: & 1 i wm; rl} >} alae tan ° 5 1 8 - ao | + 8 1 $ ° see 1 % | 4 2 = 2 ae | 2/4/13 1 3. (i) sin(A£ 5) =sin AcosB cos A sin (i) c0s (AB) = cos A cos 7 sin Asin’ (ii) tan (at wy = A tan tan AtanB cota corB=1 : Iv) cot (A+ 5) = SA COB =1 Fale a cot + coLB. covacotB+1 cot (A~p) = SACD +L Oexa-B corB—cotA (vi) sin (A + B)sin(A —8) = sin? A-sin?B =cos*B —cos?A (vil) cos (A+ BY cos (A—B) = cos*A-sin?B = cos*B—sin? 4. @ 2sinAcosB =sin(a+8)-+sin (4-2) @) 2cos Asin B=sin (4 + B)—sin(A — 8) fe (lil) 2c0s A.cos 8 = cos(A + B)+ cos(A—B) (lv) 2sin Asin B = cos (A~B)~cos (A+ B) 5. (i) sinc+sinD =2sin (2)-—() (i) sinc-sin =2e0s(S22) sn?) cxv) Ui) cose cos = 2xin( 2) sin 6. Wsin20 = 2sindexo = 2829 tate =1-2sin’0 tan? 1+tan76 (i) c05 20 = cos?9 sis = 2c0s*8-1 = 2tand 1=tan* cor?0-1 cot (¥) sin30 = 3sind~4sin’® (vi) €0830 = 4c0s°8 3050 3tan8~tan?e 1=3tan‘e cov’ ~3c018 3cor7O=1 (iii) tan26 = (iv) cot26 = (vii) tan3e= (iil) corse = 7. {i) Acos2Acos4a...cos2™" (ii) sin A+ sin(A + B) + sin(a + 28)+..sin(a + (n—1)B) sina n-n8} ine sind 2 (iil) cos. A+ cos(A + B) + cos(d + 2B}+...+ cos(A + (n—1)8) sinB a @-) * ae ++ } 2 ¢ 3-1 ‘ MEH 8. (i) simtss “ce (ii) cost: wT (iii) tamts°= 2-3 (6) sina at (oy cosa2h 2492 uty an 22! a 51 cn sere B=2 Gy con OER (hy sinsor = O= NS 9. General solutions of trigonometric equations ner costo tan8=0 sind=sing cost = cost asi0, s.mettand=uane cos 0200 tan?0=tante sin=t 10. Leta, band care the si (SNA sin o (li) cosa Ema? where Ris a citcumnradius of a triangle, 16, The distance of the orthocentre of the triangle from the angular point are 2Rcos A,2RcosB and 2cosc. 17, ()r=4, where rsa inradius ofa triangle, co) 4 Aig BicsO, 48, (i). =A sstan4 = aRsinA cosBcose (ym 5S, astand = 4Rsin$ cost cost 4 B BoC eosA il) p= 2 = stan = 4Rsin BcosS cost (ii) pS sin cos cos) . 4 ic CoeAcos? ili) 1, = © = 4sinEcosteos, (ii) 1 = stan = 4RsinSeosScos where, ff and r, are the exradit ofa triangle. wt 1 a, ty 44. ia 5 Oe) 20. Function] Domain sintx | [Lay cos tu tanlx R coseex | (-e.-NUIL=) uth) cor R 21. (i) sin") = 0:0 (1i) cos“(cos8) =6;¥ 8 [0, x) Av) cosee"Hcosec8) = vor{-2.2] 940 (v) sec (seed) =8; ¥ 8 €f0, n).8 “ (1) cot" (cot0) =0; V8 €(0.2) (i) sin(sin“' x)= x, Vr e[-1,1) (ii) cos(cos“' a) = x, xe [1 (iii) tan (tanta) =x, Var (iv) cosee(eosecty)=, (v) see(seex) = x, ¥ x €( (vi) cot(cot x) =x, ¥ xe R Wxe(-<,-1] U [L) Aut) a) = sin“), xe [1,1] (C= n= cos'), Vx ef-1.1] (iii) tan" Ga) stant x, V xe R (iv) cosee'(-x) = cose x, ¥ x6 (“IU fl) (W) Sem) = nsec, ¥ x eH, UNL) (vi) cot Ex) =n-cor Veer 24, (i) sin“! x4 005" F.vxetu) (ii) sex cose l= 3, We em ,-1]U LL.) (il) tan" 2+ €0r WER(2 ayel 25. (i) tan“! x+tan 0, then we take positive sign to obtuse, angle and negative sign for acute angle. on (ii) If a, a, +4, b, <0, then we take negative sign for ‘obtuse angle and positive sign for acute angle. 10. Equation of ice having endpoints ofa diameter are (x94) and (,92) 18 (x= ay) XA) + OI) I= 14, Equation of tangent to the circles x*+y?= 7? or x24 y?+ 2ge4 2fp+ c= 0 at point (x, y,)i8 ty =P ora +9, H9lxt HF SU+ HIFE=O 12, Length of tangent from exteinal point (x, %,)i5 Vag 9+ Bax, + 2h, +6 49, Ifa line y=mx+ is a tangent to the circle x? + y?=r?, then e=rVie m= 44, Equation of normal to the circle 2+y?=r or 2497+ 29e+ 26) +¢= Oat point (x94) is Zed op AAAI HOW He TF 15. Equation of pair of tangents, $$, =T?, where $ =Equation of circle §) = Value of a circle at given point T= Equation of tangent 16. Equation of chord of contact from outside point (x, y,) to the circle x74 y+ 29x4 2/40 = 01s Mi tM taletAsS U4 y)te=0 17. The equation of chord of circle when mid-point is given, is Tas, 18. The equation of direct circle to the circle 2+ yar ig Payer. 19. The two circles (@) touch each other externally, if]¢, Cy) 4 +1, whereC, and, ate the centres of circle, (i) touch each other internally if|¢,Csl=|y =. (ii) lies totally inside the other, if 1G, Cs1<15~n) (iv) intersect the other circle, if Vitnl>lcsl>ln =n] 20, Angle of intersection of two circles is where ‘is the distance between their centres, e 24. Two eles et onhogonaly, 24,94 ff) =e 22. Common chord of two circles iss, = 23, Radical axis is S—5, = 0. +e24, The second degree equation, ax? +2/nry+ by? +29r +2/y +e = O represents (i) aporabola, ita #0, ab— ie =0 (ii) an ellipse, if #0, ab—1? >0 (il) ahyperbota, if #0, ab <0 (iv) a rectangular hyperbola, if #0, ab—M? 0 | tm Ve & | toa, (Alone, 0 > 0,21 a | sine com (40 | cox sine (4) | tare sects be) | soo. scx tare 0 | covecx | ~coseoe cote | crx 6st) | corto Gait | art bet | cosh bo) | tat (a) | sect tan | conse» tes) cor x LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION : To find the derkative of. {@) Afurcton which sthe protic cr qustent ofa rumberal fncion or () A function ofthe form {4} 8% where {& qare both derivable itis convenient to take the logarithm of the function first & then diferentiate.DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION : {@) Let function is 6x, 9]=0 then to find dy /éx, inthe case of Implicit functions, we dflerentiste each term wrt x regarding yyase functions of x & then collet terms indy / dx together on ‘nese to finally find dy / x a : vue 2-8 i ientonceen conffcient of x,y) wsto x & y repectively () In answers of €y/de Inthe case of implicit furetons, both x Sey are present. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION : dy _dv/de _ thd & @/ée a0) “- DERIVATIVEOF A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE FUNCTION : Let ye fod; 2-960, then irwersa of y = Me) x= Fy is denoted by x ~ of) then sf) = x gible HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE + Let «function y = fy) be defined on an open interal (a,b). I's erivotive, if exes cn (a,b is 8 certain function Flory / dx) Or its cllad the frst darwatve of y war. tx. IF happens ‘hatte fest derhetive has a derwvatve on (a,b) then this derivative ‘5 called secon dertvative of y wart. x & is denoted by fx) oF (ey /&s2)cry- Surilanly, the 3° order derhatie of yw rt x, fit 26%) en £69 oe alae) also denoted by fx) £y ty etna by FY Tes00n. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS : fix) atx) hx) TFG) = | iGx) mtx) rte) |, where fg, hem. nu, v, ware ux) ved wie) differentiable functions of x, then te) gid Hfel |) ghd ix) fo) gh) his) FU) = [46 mix) bl] +]tt@ mtx) nts) ]+] 6m) nfs) hi) te) ute] Jed whe) waxy | ob) vO) wh L’ HOPITAL'S RULE: () Applicable while caluloting limits of indeterminate forms of thetype 3. ©. the fnetion (ard gare dfferenitle in certain neighbourhood of the point a, except, may be, at the point a itsell, and gly) #0, and if tne) = mats) = 0” or tint) = imal) =, then Done ate) Provided the Imit mT exis! Ha ill. The point 's'may be ether fate or improper + = or -2, (©) Indeterminate forms of the type 0. or ~ are reduced to forme ct the ype © or © ty algebraic transformations. (€) Indeterminate forms of the type 1”, <° or O° are reduced to forms of the type 0. = by taking logarithms or by the transformation [= of nts,