Er.

P SURYA PRAKASH, Managing Director

SatyaVani Projects and Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
A 203, Kushal Towers, Khairatabad, Hyderabad – 500 004.
Tel: +91 40 39804646, Fax: +91 40 23308184, e-Mail: suryapp@[Link]
 Overview
• Introduction
• Detailing
• Foundations – Shallow, Deep
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs, PT, Composite, Stair Case,
• Retaining Walls
• Case Studies
 Introduction
• Reinforcement
• Need for Detailing
• Good Detailing saves Structure from Collapse
• Good Structural Engineer Should Understand the
Failure mechanism
• Failure mechanism guides Good Detailing
• Good Detailing Follows Codes of Practice and
Structural behaviour.
 Detailing
• Detailing of Reinforcement
• Minimum and Maximum %ge of Steel –
Quantum
• Position of Reinforcement – Top, Bottom,
Sides
• Direction of Reinforcement
• Diameter of Reinforcement Steel
 Detailing
• Spacing of Reinforcement – Minimum & Maximum
• Extent of Spacing
• End Termination of Reinforcement – anchor
• Lap, Development Length
• Cover
 Detailing
• Tension Reinforcement
• Shear Reinforcement
• Compression Reinforcement
• Torsion Reinforcement
 Detailing
• Side face Reinforcement
• Ties
• Temperature Reinforcement
• Skin Reinforcement
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

• Spread footings
–Square
–Rectangular
–Circular
–Continuous
• Mat (Raft) foundations
 SPREAD FOOTINGS
Spread footings :
➢Spreads the super-imposed load of a wall or a
column over a larger area.
➢Used where the loads are light or there are strong
shallow soils.
➢Spread footing may be of the following types –
1) Single column footing
2) Stepped column footing Pad footing Pad
footing
3) Slopped column footing
4) Simple Wall footing strip footing
5) Stepped wall footing Strip
Footing
6) Grillage foundation
 SPREAD FOOTINGS
• Made From Reinforced Concrete
–Square (B x B)-Usually one column
–Rectangular (B x L)-When large M is needed
–Circular (D/B<3, Rounded)-Flagpoles,
transmission lines
–Continuous (Strip)-Support of bearing walls
–Combined (Cantilever)-Provides necessary M to
prevent failure. Desirable when load is eccentric
and construction close to property line.
SPREAD FOOTINGS
COMBINED FOOTING
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
Types of Reinforcement in Beams
Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements:
•Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face.
•Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or
bent up longitudinal bars.
•Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam provided
when the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm.
•Distribute minimum 0.1% of the web area equally on two
faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness,
whichever is less.
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

Reinforcement Cover in Beam

•Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the larger
diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement including links.
•Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be used
to satisfy the durability criteria.
Added to that, The specification for detailing of reinforcement in beams are
given in cl.26.5.1 of IS 456 – 2000. Lastly, standard bends and hooks required
for reinforcing bars are shown in figure below.
IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
Stirrups

Stirrups
this type of
reinforcement act
against shear
force. Following
are the types of
stirrups provided in
beams:
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
Main Bar Spacing
When a beam is designed with slab, called slab beam or Tee-beam,
reinforcements are provided as shown in figure below. The beam is
generally designed as simple beam but additional reinforcement
provided on top with slab to make it behave like a Tee-beam.

Fig.2: Slab-Beam
Fig.1: Mid-span Details of Tee-Beam.
Details
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

• TIES

Fig.4: Standard bends and hooks in beams

 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

Fig.5: Typical Details of Reinforcement curtailment in beams

 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

Curtailment of Reinforcement in
Beams
Generally, curtailment of reinforcements performed along beam
span based on the bending moment at the section. Moreover,
anchorage or development length required at support is
provided during curtailment of reinforcement.
Furthermore, cl.26.2 of IS 456 – 2000 gives the anchorage length
required for main reinforcement in tension and compression.
Lastly, figure 5 shows typical details of curtailment of
reinforcement in cantilever and continuous beams.
Development length (Ld)
Figure 6 provides details of necessary anchorage length for
main reinforcement in tension and compression:

Fig.6: Typical Details of anchorage length of reinforcement in beams

 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• 26 REQUIREMENTS GOVERNING
REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING
• 26.1 General Reinforcing steel of same type and grade shall be
used as main reinforcement in a structural member. How ever
simultaneous use of two different types or grades of steel for main
and secondary reinforcement respectively is permissible. 26.1.1
Bars may be arranged singly. or in pairs in contact, or in groups of
three or four bars bundled in contact. Bundled bars shall be
enclosed within stirrups or ties. Bundled bars shall be tied together
to ensure the bars remaining together. Bars larger than 32 mm
diameter shall not be bundled. except in columns. 26.1.2 The
recommendations for detailing for earthquake-resistant
construction given in IS 13920 should be taken into consideration,
where applicable (see also IS 4326). 26.2 Development of Stress in
Reinforcement
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall
be developed on each side of the section by an appropriate
development length or end anchorage or by a combination thereof.
• 26.2.1 Development Length of Bars The development length Ld is
given by Ld=[Link]/Tbd( where , Phi = nominal diameter of the bar,
Ss=stress in bar at the section considered at design load, and
• Tbd =design bond stress given in [Link]
• . NOTES: 1. The development Ld includes anchorage values of hooks
in tension reinforcement. 2 For bars of sections other than circular.
the development length should be sufficient to develop the stress in
the bar by bond.
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• For deformed bars conforming to IS:1786 these values shall be
increased by 60%. For bars in compression. the values of bond stress
for bars in tension shall be increased by 25%. The values of bond
stress in working stress design, are given in B-2.1.
• [Link] Bars bundled in contact
• The development length of each bar of bundled bars shall be that
for the individual bar, increased by 10% for two bars in contact, 20%
for three bars in contact and 33% for four bars in contact.
• 26.2.2 Anchoring Reinforcing Bars
• [Link] Anchoring bars in tension
• a) Deformed bars may be used without end anchorages provided
development length requirement is satisfied. Hooks should normally
he provided for plain bars in tension.
• b) Bends and hooks - Bends and hooks shall conform to IS 2502
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• 1) Bends-The anchorage value of bend shall be taken as 4
times the diameter of the bar for each 45Deg. bend subject to
a maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar.
• 2) Hooks-The anchorage value of a standard U-type hook shall
be equal to J6 times the [Link] of the bar.
• [Link] Anchoring bars in compression
• The anchorage length of straight bar in compression shall be
equal to the development length of bars in compression as
specified in 26.2..1. The projected length of hooks, bends and
straight lengths beyond bends if provided for a bar in
compression, shall only be considered for development length
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• . [Link] Mechanical devices or anchorage
• Any mechanical or other device capable of developing the strength of the bar without
damage to concrete may be used as anchorage with the approval of the engineer=in-
charge.
• [Link] Anchoring shear reinforcement
• a) Inclined bars- The development length shall be as for bars in tension; this length
shall be measured as under:
• 1) In tension zone, from the end of the sloping Of inclined portion of the bar, and
•
• 2) In the compression zone , front the mid depth of the beam.
• b) Stirrups-Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this standard, in case of
secondary reinforcement, such as stirrups and transverse ties, complete
development lengths and anchorage shall be deemed to have been provided
when the bar is bent through an angle of at least 90" round a bar of at least its
own diameter and is continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at
least eight diameters, or when the bar is bent through an angle of 1350 and is
continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at least six bar diameters or
when the bar is bent through an angle of 1HO° and is continued beyond the end
of the curve for a length of at least four bar diameters.
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• 26.2.3 Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement in Flexural Member,
• [Link] For curtailment. reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is
no longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of the
member or 12timesthebardiameter, whichever . is greater except at simple support or
end of cantilever. In addition [Link] to [Link] shall also be satisfied.
• NOTE-A point at which reinforcement is no longer required to resist flexure is where the
resistance moment of the section, considering only the continuing bar, is equal to the
design moment.
• [Link] Flexural reinforcement shall not be terminated in a tension zone unless
anyone of the following conditions is satisfied: a) The shear at the cut-off point does not
exceed two-thirds that permitted, including the shear strength of web reinforcement
provided. b) Stirrup area in excess of that required for shear and torsion is provided
along each terminated bar over a distance from the cut-off point equal to three-fourths
the effective depth of the member. The excess stirrup area shall be not less than 0.4bs/fy
where b is the breadth of beam. S is the spacing and fy, is the characteristic strength of
reinforcement in N/mm2•
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• The resulting spacing shall not exceed d/8Bb where Bb is the ratio of the
area of bars cut-off to the total area of bars at the section, and d is the
effective depth.
• c) For 36mm and smaller bars, the continuing bars provide double the area
required for flexure at the cut-off point and the shear does not exceed
three-fourths that permitted. [Link] Positive moment reinforcement
• a) At least one-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple
members and one fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous
members shall extend along the same face of the member in to the
support, to a length equal to Ld/3.
• b) When a flexural member is part of the primary lateral load resisting
system, the positive reinforcement required to be extended into the
support as described in (a) shall be anchored to develop its design stress in
tension at the face of the support.
• c) At simple supports and at points of inflection, positive moment tension
reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter such that Ld computed for fd
by 26.2.1 does not exceed
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

• Table 16 Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirements

Clause 26.4.2)
• Exposure Mild Moderate Severe Very severe Extreme
• Nominal Concrete Cover In mm not Less Than
• 20 30 45 50 75
• NOTES: For main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar for
normal exposure the nominal cover may be reduced by 5 mm.
2. Unless specified otherwise. actual concrete cover should not
deviate from the required nominal cover by + I0 mm o
• 3. For exposure condition severe and 'very severe'. reduction
of 5 mm may be made. Where concrete grade is M35 and
above.
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

• Table 16A Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire

Resistance Clauses 21.4 and 26.4.3 and Fig.
• NOTES 1. The nominal covers given relate specifically to the
minimum member dimensions given in Fig. I.
• 2 .Cases that lie below the bold line require attention to the
additional measures necessary to reduce the risks of spalling is
ee 21.3.1). Fire Resistance h o.s I 1.5 2 3 4 Simply supported
mm ... Beams Continuous mm Simply supported nun Slabs
Continuous beam Simply supported beam Ribs Continuous
min Columns mm
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

• [Link] Side face reinforcement Where the depth of the we in a

beamexceeds750mm, side face reinforcement shall be provide along
the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall be not less
than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on
two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness
whichever is less.
• [Link] Transverse reinforcement in beams for shear and torsion
The transverse reinforcement in beams shall be taken around the
outer-most tension and compression bars. "In T-beams and L-
beams, such reinforcement shall pass around longitudinal bars
located close to the outer face of the flange.
• [Link] Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement The maximum
spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the
member shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for
inclined stirrups at 45d where d is the effective depth of the section
under consideration. 1ft no case shall the spacing exceed300mm
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• [Link] Minimum shear reinforcement
• Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:
• Asv/bSv>=0.4/0.87fy
• where
• Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear. ‘
• Sv= stirrup Spacing along the length of the member.
• b =-breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam. And
• fy, = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not be taken greater
than 415N/mm2
• Where the maximum shear stress calculated is less than half the permissible value and in member
of minor structural importance such as lintels. this provision need not be complied with.

• [Link] Distribution of torsion reinforcement

• When a member is designed for torsion (see 41 or B-6) torsion reinforcement shall be provided
below:
• a) The transverse reinforcement for torsion shall be rectangular closed stirrups placed perpendicular
to the axis of the member. The spacing of the stirrup. shall not exceed the least of x1, (x1+y1)/4, and
300mm, where x1 and y1 respectively the short and long dimension. of the ltimap.
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
• b) Longitudinal reinforcement shall be placed as close as Is
practicable to the corner of the cross section and in all cases, there
shall be at least one longitudinal bar each corner of the tie. When
the cross-sectional dimension of the member exceeds 450 mm,
additional longitudinal bars. shall be provided to satisfy the
requirements of minimum reinforcement and spacing given in
[Link].
• [Link] Reinforcement in flanges of T & L-beams shall satisfy the
requirements in 23.1.1(b). Where flanges are in tension, a part of
the main tension reinforcement shall be distributed over the
effective flange width or a width equal to one tenth of the span.
whichever is smaller. If the effective flange width exceeds one-tenth
of the span, nominal longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in
the outer portions of the flange.
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing
26.5.2Slab,
The rules given in 36.1.2..1 and ZU.2.2 shall apply to slab sin addition to those given in the appropriate
clauses.
[Link] Minimum reinforcement
The mild steel reinforcement in either directions shall not be less than 0.15% of the total cross sectional area.
However this value can be reduced to 0.12 % strength deformed bars or welded wire fabric are used.
[Link] Minimum diameter.
The diameter of reinforcing bar shall not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
26.5.3 Columns,
[Link] Longitudinal reinforcement
a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement , shall be not less than 0.8 % nor more than 6
percent of the cross sectional area of the column.
b) NOTE: The use of 6% Reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing & Compacting of
concrete; hence lower % is recommended. When the bars from column below have to be lapped in the
column above floor % of steel in such areas shall be restricted to 4%
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

• b) In any column that has a higher cross-sectional area than

that required to support the load the minimum percentage of
steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to
resist the direct stress and Dot upon the actual area.
• c) The minimum number of longitudinal bar provided in
column shall be four in rectangular columns and six in circular
columns.
• d) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter.
• e) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement
shall have at least six bars of longitudinal reinforcement within
the helical reinforcement.
 IS:456 Provisions for Detailing

• f) In a helically reinforced column. the longitudinal bars shall

be in contact with the helical reinforcement and equidistant
around its inner circumference.
• g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery
of the column shall not exceed 300mm.
• h) In case of pedestal in which the longitudinal reinforcement
is not taken to account in strength calculations, nominal
longitudinal reinforcement not less Than 0.15 percent of the
cross-sectional area shall be provided.
FOUNDATION DETAILS AS PER SP-34
FOUNDATION DETAILS AS PER SP-34
FOUNDATION DETAILS AS PER SP-34
FOUNDATION DETAILS AS PER SP-34
FOUNDATION DETAILS AS PER SP-34
FOUNDATION DETAILS AS PER SP-34
COLUMN DETAILS AS PER SP-34
COLUMN DETAILS AS PER SP-34
COLUMN & BEAM JUNCTION DETAILS
AS PER SP-34
COLUMN & BEAM JUNCTION DETAILS
AS PER SP-34
COLUMN & BEAM JUNCTION DETAILS
AS PER SP-34
COLUMN & BEAM JUNCTION DETAILS
AS PER SP-34
COLUMN & BEAM JUNCTION DETAILS
AS PER SP-34
COLUMN & BEAM JUNCTION DETAILS
AS PER SP-34
STAIRCASE DETAILS AS PER SP-34
STAIRCASE DETAILS AS PER SP-34
STAIRCASE DETAILS AS PER SP-34
COLUMN DETAILS AS PER SP-34
BEAM DETAILS AS PER IS-13920
COLUMN DETAILS AS PER IS-13920
FOUNDATI0N DETAILS AS PER IS-13920
FOUNDATION COORDINATE LAYOUT
COMBINED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
 ISOLATED FOOTING

▪ Pad footing is the support used at a point load such as columns or framed

structures. They may be circular, square or rectangular and consist of a block or slab

of the thickness.

▪The pad footing may be stepped if they are required to spread the load

from a heavy column. The pads are usually shallow but deep ones can be

found depending on the structure.

▪Isolated or independent slab, of concrete foundation to support concrete

columns or steel pillars, detached brick or masonry piers.

ISOLATED FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
 STRIP FOOTINGS
➢Strip foundations consist of a continuous strip, usually of concrete, formed
centrally under load bearing walls.
➢This continuous strip serves as a level base on which the wall is built and is of
such a width as is necessary to spread the load on the foundations to an area of
subsoil capable of supporting the load without undue compaction.
➢ Concrete is the material principally used today for foundations as it can readily
be placed, spread and levelled in foundation trenches, to provide a base for walls,
and it develops adequate compressive strength as it hardens to support the load
on foundations.
➢ The width of a concrete strip foundation depends on the bearing capacity of the
subsoil and the load on the foundations.
➢The greater the bearing capacity of the subsoil the less the width of the
foundation for the same load.
STRAP FOOTING
 RAFT FOUNDATIONS
• Necessary when the soil is weaker and more compressible
• It is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath
a structure and supports all the wall and columns.
• Use on soft or loose soil with low bearing capaicity as they
can spread loads over large area
• Since large area is needed from a spread footing, mat
foundation is more economic.
• Advantages
– Spread the load in a larger area-Increase bearing
pressure
– Provides more structural rigidity-Reduce settlement
– Heavier-More resistant to uplift
– Distributes loads more evenly
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
EXAMPLES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATIONS
 DEEP FOUNDATION
END BEARING PILES
PILE Foundations
▪Driven in to the ground until a hard stratum is reached.

▪Act as a pillar supporting the super structure and transmitting the load to ground.

▪Piles, by themselves do not support the load, rather act as a medium to transmit the load

from the foundation to the resisting sub-stratum.

 DEEP FOUNDATION
SKIN FRICTION PILES
PILEsoil
▪Piles are driven at a site where Foundations
is weak or soft to a

considerable depth and it is not economicalor rather possible

to rest the bottom end of the pile on the hard stratum.

▪Load is carried by the friction developled between the sides

of the pile and the surrounding ground (skin friction).

▪The p;iles are driven up to such a depth than skin friction

developed at the side of the piles equals the load coming on

the pilles.

▪The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased

by

a)Increasing diamerter of the pile, Driving the piles for large

depth, Grouping of piles, Making surface of the pile rough.

 DEEP FOUNDATION
PRECAST CONCRETE PILES
PILE Foundations
 DEEP FOUNDATION
iN-SITU CONCRETE PILES
PILE Foundations Uncased Piles
Cased Piles
 DEEP FOUNDATION
PILES & PILE CAPS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
▪ In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift

forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces.

DEEP FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATIONS
 DEEP FOUNDATION
PIERS ERS

FOUR TYPES OF PIERING

▪ Helical

▪ Compaction

▪ Caissons

▪ Resistance
DEEP FOUNDATION
PIERS ERS
DEEP FOUNDATION
PIERS ERS
 DEEP FOUNDATION
Types of Well Foundation
➢Wells-different shapes and named as

• Circular Well

• Dumb bell

• Double-D wells

• Double Octagonal well foundations

• Single andd Double Rectangular wells

• Multiple Dredged Holed Wells

DEEP FOUNDATION
Types of Well Foundation
 PRECAST FOUNDATION
▪ Retaining walls have 5 different types which include: gravity retaining wall, semi

gravity retaining wall, cantilever retaining wall, counter fort retaining wall, and

buttress retaining wall.

COLUMN LAYOUT WITH ISOLATED FOTTINGS
COLUMN LAYOUT WITH ISOLATED FOTTINGS
 FOUNDATIONS ANCHOR FOOTINGS
ISOLATED FOOTING
 FOUNDATIONS
STEPPED FOOTING SHOE FOOTING
PILE FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS

GRID BEAM FOUNDATION

COLUMN-BEAM AND SLAB
LAYOUT

Layout of Columns, Beams & Slabs at Roof Level

COLUMNS
 COLUMNS
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS BASED ON SLENDERNESS RATION:
1. Short columns: Those columns have slenderness ration less than 32
are called short or stocky structs.
2. Medium size Columns: Columns having slenderness ration lie between
32 and 120 are known as medium size or intermediate columns.
3. Long Columns: Columns having slenderness ratio more than 120 are
called long columns.
Column: Column is a vertical compression member whose unsupported
length l shall not exceed sixty times of b (least lateral dimension), if
restrained at the two ends. Further, its unsupported length of a cantilever
column shall not exceed 100b2 /D, where D is the larger lateral dimension
which is also restricted up to four times of b (vide cl. 25.3 of IS 456 and
Fig.10.21.1b).
COLUMNS
SLENDERNESS RATIO
COLUMNS
COLUMNS
COLUMNS
COLUMNS DUCTILE DETAIL AS PER
IS-13920
COLUMNS & PLINTH BEAM,
LIPPING SLAB
COLUMN AND BEAM JUNCTION
COLUMN
COLUMN AND BEAM JUNCTION
COLUMN AND BEAM JUNCTION
COLUMN AND BEAM JUNCTION
 BEAMS
Beam is a structural member which is normally placed horizontally. It provides
resistance to bending when loads are applied on it.

Various types of materials such as wood, steel, aluminum, etc are used for
making RCC beam. Most commonly used material is RCC (Reinforced Cement
Concrete).

RCC beam can be various types depending on different criteria. Such as

depending on shape, beam can be rectangular, T-beam, etc. Depending on
reinforcement placement, beam can be double reinforced beam, single reinforced
beam, etc.
 BEAMS
Singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is only reinforced near the
tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the tension.
Doubly reinforced beam is one in which besides the tensile reinforcement the concrete
element is also reinforced near the compressive face to help the concrete resist
compression.
Under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile reinforcement is
smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression
steel (under-reinforced at tensile face).
Over-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater
than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-
reinforced at tensile face). So the "over-reinforced concrete" beam fails by crushing of the
compressive-zone concrete and before the tension zone steel yields, which does not
provide any warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous.
 BEAMS
TYPES OF BEAMS
RCC beams are 4 types depending on their supporting systems.
1. Simply Supported Beam or Simple Beam, 2. Semi-continuous beam, 3. Continuous
beam, and
4. Cantilever beam.
1. Simple beam: This type of beam has a single span. It is supported by two supports at
both ends.
2. Semi-continuous beam: This beam doesn't have more than two spans. And supports are
not more than three. Technically this beam is a continuous beam.
3. Continuous beam: This type of beam has more than two spans and has more than three
supports along its length. The supports are in one straight line thus the spans are also in a
straight line.
4. Cantilever beam: It has only one support in one end, another end is open.
There is another type of beam we can see in the civil engineering world which is called
over-hanging beam. This beam extends beyond its supports. Actually this beam is a
combination of simply supported and cantilever beam.
 BEAMS
TYPES OF BEAMS

SIMPLE SUPPORTED BEAM

CANTILEVER BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM

FIXED END BEAM

OVER HANGING BEAM Prpped CANTILEVER BEAM
 BEAMS
TYPES OF BEAMS

BEAM DETAILS
CANTILEVER BEAM
CANTILEVER BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM-LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS
 BEAMS T-BEAM
A T-beam (or tee beam), used in construction, is a load-
bearing structure of reinforce concrete, wood or metal, with a t-shaped cross
section. The top of the t-shaped cross section serves as a flange or compression
member in resisting compressive stresses. The web (vertical section) of
the beam below the compression flange serves to resist shear stress and to provide
greater separation for the coupled forces of bending.
The T-beam has a big disadvantage compared to an I-beam because it has no
bottom flange with which to deal with tensile forces. One way to make a T-beam
more efficient structurally is to use an inverted T-beam with a floor slab or bridge
deck joining the tops of the beams. Done properly, the slab acts as the compression
flange.
PIERS ERS
I girder
GIRDER
BEAM AND SLAB LAYOUT

Layout of Beams & Slabs

BEAM AND PERGOLA/ waffle SLAB
LAYOUT

SHUTTERING

RIB Grid
SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRAGNEMENT

ONE WAY SLAB REINFORCEMENT

 DON’T

DO

ONE WAY SLAB REINFORCEMENT

SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRAGNEMENT
 SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRAGNEMENT

ONE WAY SLAB TWO WAY SLAB

REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT
ARRANGEMENT DETAILS
ARRANGEMENT DETAILS
DECKSLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRAGNEMENT
DECK SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRAGNEMENT
DECK SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRAGNEMENT
DECK SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRAGNEMENT
SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRANGEMENT
➢Post-tensioning is simply a method of producing prestressed
concrete, masonry, and other structural elements.
➢The term prestressing is used to describe the process of introducing
internal forces (or stress) into a concrete or masonry element during
the construction process in order to counteract the external loads
applied when the structure is put into use (known as service loads).
➢These internal forces are applied by tensioning high-strength steel,
which can be done either before or after the concrete is placed.
➢When the steel is tensioned before concrete placement, the process
is called pre-tensioning.
➢When the steel is tensioned after concrete placement, the process is
called post-tensioning
PT SLAB PLAN
 PT SLAB R/F
ARRANGMENT PLAN
PT SLAB COLUMN DROP
DETAILPLAN
PT SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRANGEMENT
AFTER

BEFORE
PT SLAB REINFORCEMENT
ARRANGEMENT
PT SLAB TENDON ARRANGEMENT
 PT SLAB TENDON
ARRANGEMENT Pour STRIP
PT SLAB TENDON STRESSING
 STAIRCASE
➢Stairway, Staircase, Stairwell, flight of stairs, or
simply stairs is a construction designed to bridge a
large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical
distances, called steps.
➢ Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or
more straight pieces connected at beams.
➢Special types of stairs include escalators and ladders.
Some alternatives to stairs are elevators (lifts in British
English), stair lifts and inclined moving walkways as well as
stationary inclined sidewalks
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
RCC VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING

VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING (TRIMIX FLOORING)

RCC VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING

VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING (TRIMIX FLOORING)

RCC VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING

VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING (TRIMIX FLOORING)

 FLOORING
LAYOUT PLAN FOR VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING
 FLOORING
JOINTING DETAILS IN VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING
Types of wall failure
– Wall fracture
– Overturning
– Sliding
– Undermining
 RCC RETAINING WALL
Design Elements to Prevent Failure
Relieve Water
pressure
(for all 3 types of
failure)
– Crushed stone
– Weeps
Overturning
– Cantilevered
Footing
– Reinforcing
Sliding
– Key
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC RETAINING WALL
RCC LIFT WALLS
RCC LIFT PITS
RCC LIFT PITS
RCC LIFT PITS
RCC LIFT PITS
RCC LIFT PITS
RCC LIFT PITS
TYPICAL LINTEL AND CHAJJA DETAIL
TYPICAL LINTEL AND CHAJJA DETAIL
SHEAR WALL DETAILS
SHEAR WALL DETAILS AT OPENINGS
RCC SHEAR WALL
RCC SHEAR WALL
CULVERT
RCC CULVERT
DRIVE WAY RAMP
RCC RAMP
RCC RAMP
SWIMMING POOL
SWIMMING POOL

SECTION
COUNTER WASH
BASIN,KITCHEN PLATFORM &
LOFT DETAILS
EXPANSION JOINT DETAILS
 EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT IN
SLABS
 EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT IN
SLABS
COLUMN STRENGTHENING DETAILS
COLUMN STRENGTHENING DETAILS
COLUMN STRENGTHENING DETAILS
COLUMN STRENGTHENING DETAILS
 DAMP PROOF COURSE
DAMP PROOF COARSE (D.P.C)
➢To protect walls from moisture, a layer of damp proof coarse material is laid
down at floor level.
➢hickness of this concrete layer is 0f 1 inch. Material of damp proof coarse layer
consists of concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with a mixture of water proof material 1kg/bag.
➢DPC Material for floors, roofs etc: For greater wall thickness or where DPC is to
be laid over large areas such as floors, roofs, etc, the choice is limited to flexible
materials which provide lesser number of joints like mastic, asphalt, bitumen
felts, plastic sheets etc.

Damp proofing material

➢Classification of Damp proofing material
➢Qualities of a good Damp proofing Material
➢Important places for Damp proofing materials.
DAMP PROOF COURSE
DAMP PROOF COURSE
DAMP PROOF COURSE FILLET
DAMP PROOF COURSE
 ANY QUESTIONS ?
Please Mail to suryapp@[Link]
(or)
Call Us +91 98480 48484, 93933 48484

Thank You
• M1/v+L0
• The value of M1/V in the above expression may be increased by 30 percent
when the ends of the reinforcement ,;r.... ~OJJtined by a compressive
reaction.
• [Link] Negative moment , reinforcement At least one-third of the ~JaI ~in
forc~nt provided for nepavi JIJOIft8tItIldtflUPPOJtsball extend beyond the
point ofi"fbJodo" for It 4jstaneenot less than the effective depth of
thlmom'* of 12, or one-sixteenth of the clear span which ov" i, 8f8*.
[Link] Curtai"",,,' ofbUNII.d bar, Bars in a bundle shall terminate at
difforln~ points spaced apart by not less than 40 times the bar diameter
except for bundles Itoppin. at a support. 26.1.4 Special Member! Adequate
end anchorage shall be providod for.",10" reinforcement in flexural
member where reinforcement stress is not directly proportional to
mOlMltl, such as sloped. Stepped , or tapered footing; brackets; deep
beams; and members in which the tension reinforcement is not parallel to
the compression fICO.
• 26.5 Reinforcement Splicing, Where splices are provided in the
reinforcing bar. they shall u f. 81 possible be away from the IeCUonl
of maximum ItreS' and be staggered. Itiancommended that splices in
flexural member should "Ol bf at sections whore the bending
moment i. more than '0 percent of the moment of resistance; and
not mON Chan half the bars shall be spliced at a section. Where
more than one half of the bar are spliced at a section or where
splices are mad. It point. of maximum stress , special precaution.
shall be taken,
•
• Such as increasing the length of lap and/or using spirals or closely-
spaced stirrups around the length of the splice. -.u.l Lap ,plie" a) Lap
splices shall not be used for bars larger than' 36 rom; for larger
diameters, bars may be welded (see 12.4);
• in cases where welding is not practicable, lapping of bars larger than 36
mm may be permitted, in which case additional spirals should be provided
around the lapped bars. b) Lap splices shall be considered as staggered if
the centre to centre distance of the splices is not Jess than 1.3timesthe lap
length calculated as described in (e). c) Lap length including anchorage
value of hooks for bars in flexural tension shall be Ld tse« 26.2.1) or 30(/)
whichever is greater and for direct tension shall be 2Ld or 30~ which ever is
greater. The straight length of the lap shall not be Jess than IS, or 200mm.
The following provisions shall also apply: Where lap occurs for a tension
bar located at: I) top of a section8S cast and the minimum cover is less than
twice the diameter of the lapped bar , the lap length shall be increased by
a factor of 1.4. 2) comer of a section and the minimum cover to either face
is less than twice the diameter of the lapped bar or where the clear
distance between adjacent laps is less than 7S mm or 6 times the diameter
of lapped bar. whichever is greater, the lap length should be increased by a
factor of ).4.' Where both condition (1) and(2) apply. The lap length should
be increased by a factor of 2.0.
• . NOTE-Splices ia tension members shall be enclosed in spirals made of bon
Dolless than 6 mm diameter with pitch . not lnofe than 100mm. d) The lap
length in compression shall be equal to the development length in
compression, calculated as described in ~.1.1. but not less than 24~. e)
When bars of two different diameters are to be spliced, the lap leegth shall
be calculated on the basis of diameter of the smaller bar. t) When splicing
of welded wire fabric is to be carried out, lap splices of wires shall be made
so that overlap measured between the extreme cross wires shall be not
less than the spacing of cross wires plus 100 mm, _> In case of bundled
bars, lapped splices of l1""dtcd ban shall be made b Table 15 Clear Distance
Between Bars t Clause 26.3.3) f). Percentage Redistribution to or from
Section Considered -10 - 15 0 +I~ +30 Clear Distance Between Ban NIJnln2
nun mm mm mm mm 2~() 215 260 300 300 300 415 12~ 15~ 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 17S 195 N()TE - The spacings given in the table are not
applicable to members subjected to particularly agressive environments
unless in the calculation of the moment of resistance, I., has been limited
to300N/mm2 in limit state design and alii limited to 16' N/mm2 in working,
stress design. Splicing one bar