READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY
*defined by Merriam webster as “a chronological records of significance events
* History is a set of events that has facts and evidence. It is a study of change over time and it covers all
aspect of human society, political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural and
intellectual.
* Derived from the Greek word “historia”
-knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation
-study of past
* most historical writing are about wars, revolutions, and other important breakthroughs

RULES OF HISTORY

*No documents, no history

-It means that unless a written documents can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be
considered as a historical facts.
-Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is a discrimination against other social classes who
were not recorded in paper.
-Other got their historical documents burned or destroyed in the events of war or colonization.

SAMPLE OF VALID DOCUMENTS ARE:

Government records, chronicle’s account, personal letter, receipts

QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

What is history? Why study history? History for whom?

HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

*history are the events itself
*historian is a person who study/wrote history
TAKE NOTE!!
FACTS CANNOT SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES.
- it is the historian’s job not just to seek historical evidences and facts but also to interpret them. It is
their job to give meaning to these facts and organize them into timeline, establish causes, and write
history.

TWO THINGS IN WRITING HISTORY

1. Tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity free from colonial discourse and
knowledge.
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and idea of colonialism.

HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
- Comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and
historical evidences in writing history.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
PRIMARY - First hand evidences during the time.
*newspaper, clips, records, photographs , letters
SECONDARY – Produced by an author who used primary sources to produce material.
*Philippine Revolution 1896 by Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the
Katipunan published originally in 1956
TERTIARY - Are those publications that summarize and digest the information in primary and secondary
sources to provide background on a topic, idea, or event.
*encyclopedia, bibliographies, indexes, abstracts, dictionaries and other reference resources.

HISTORICAL CRITICISM
EXTERNAL CRITICISM - The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining the physical
characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced, and the
materials used for the evidence.
INTERNAL CRITICISM - Is the examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence. It looks at
the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. It could be done by looking
at the author, its context, agenda, the purpose behind its creation.

Theories constructed by historians in investigating history

1. FACTUAL HISTORY
- Basically, the word "factual" and its root word "fact" suggest that the offered data and information is
primarily made up of pure facts that have previously been verified.
2. SPECULATIVE HISTORY
- refers to speculations, opinions, and facts based solely on guesswork and that can be seen from several
perspectives.

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators of the 16th century.
Written by Antonio Pigafetta in one of the five ships that first circumnavigate the world. It covers the
time where Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet “Armada de Molluca” started the voyage (1519) until it was
successfully went back to Spain.

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

- Antonio Lombrado Francisco Pigafetta
- an Italian scholar and explore
- 1490-1534
- belong to the rich family in the city of Vicenza in Northeast Italy
- studied navigation, astrology, geography and cartography
- joined the expedition to the speice lands led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan
- He served on board the galleys of the Knights of Rhodes, and accompanied the papal nuncio,
Monsignor Chieregati, to Spain.
- joined the Portuguese captain Ferdinand Magellan and his Spanish crew on their trip to the Maluku
Islands.
- He was among only 18 of Magellan’s original crew who, having completed the first circumnavigation of
the world, returned to Spain on board another vessel, the Victoria.
- He kept a journal of his voyage, and this is a key source for information about Magellan’s famous
journey.
- Pigafetta presented the copies of his account to Pope Clement VII, King Francis I’s mother, etc.
- His original diary was lost and not known in what language it was written
- There 4 manuscript version that survived 1 written in Italian and 3 in French.
- Throughout the expedition there serve a translator named Enrique from Sumatra (Indonesia) who is
also a slave of Ferdinand Magellan

MARCH 17, 1521 (originally March 16)

- Pigafetta reported that they reached the isle of Zamal (Samar), particularly in the island of “Humunu”
(Homonhon)
-Magellan called it “ Acquada da li buoni Segnialli” (Watering place of Good Signs )
- They named the island with the nearby islands as archipelago of St. Lazarus.
March 25, 1521 ( originally March 24, 1521)
- Pigafetta recounted that they saw two Ballanghai (balangay), a long boat full of people in Mazzava,
Mazaua.
- Magellan met king Raia Siagu and his brother, Raia Calambu, king of Zuluan and Calagan ( Butuan and
Caragua).
April 1, 1521 (originally March 31)
- The first mass in the Philippines was held in Mazaua (Limasawa)
- Attended by Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Rajah Siagu together with Spanish Voyagers and local islanders.
- After the mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought, with nails and crown in place.
April 8, 1521 (originally April 7)
- Magellan went to Zzubu (Cebu) and met Rajah Humabon
- The rajah wanted Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them but told his translator Enrique that they
are working for King of Spain
April 15, 1521 (originally April 14)
-The people gathered with the king and other principal men of the island. Magellan spoke and
encouraged the king to be a good Christian by burning all the idols and worship the cross instead.
- Island’s inhabitants were baptized including the king of Cebu.
April 27, 1521 (originally April 26)
- Rajah Zula, principal man from the island of Matan ( Mactan ) asked Magellan for a boat full of men so
that he would be able to fight the chief named Silapulapu ( Lapulapu), because he refused to obey the
King of Spain.
-Magellan offered three boats instead and expressed his desire to go to Mactan himself to fight
Lapulapu.
After the death of Magellan
- Duarte Barbosa elected as the new captain.
- The men of Magellan betrayed them and told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as possible.
The slave allegedly told the King that if he would follow his advice, the king would acquire the ships and
the goods of Magellan’s fleet
 THE KKK AND THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
: Emilio Jacinto
BACKGROUD OF JACINTO
- ( December 15, 1875 – April 16, 1899)
- He was only 18 years old when he joined the Katipunan.
- He was a law students in University of Sto. Tomas.
- He wrote the society’s paper called “Kalayaan”
- His pen name was “Dimas-ilaw”
- He is the author of the “oath of Katipuneros and the “ Kartilya ng Katipunan He served as the
spokesperson for the Katipunan, as well as handling its finances
- On April 15 1897, Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon
- Jacinto died of Malaria at young age 24 in the town of Magdalena, Laguna.

KATAASTAASAN, KAGALANGGALANGANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN ( KKK / KATIPUNAN)

- Bonifacio founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on
July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila.
- As a symbol of the member’s loyalty, they performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact),
wherein each one signed his name with his own blood.
- The members agreed to recruit more people using the “triangle system” of enlistment. Each original
member would recruit two new members who were not related to each other. Each new member would
do the same thing, and so on down the line. Members were also asked to contribute one Real (about 25
centavos) each month in order to raise funds for the association.

The KKK members agreed on the following objectives:

- The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring the country’s
independence.
- The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals, and how to
guard themselves against religious fanaticism.
- The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed.

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
- It was written by Emilio Jacinto on 1896 mainly for Katipuneros.
- The original title of the document was “Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B” or “ Lessons of the
Organization of the Sons of Country:
- It was treated as code of conduct to the member of Katipunan. It contained 14 rules that the way a
Katipunero should behave and which specific values should he uphold.
- In 1896 there is what we called “Duties of the sons of the people” that was written by Andres Bonifacio
that strictly followed by the members of the organization. This Decalogue embodied what Bonifacio’s
beliefs. Bonifacio would then later adopt Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan as the official teaching of the
Katipunan and named it Dekalogo.
- In difference between Dekalogo and Kartilya, Kartilya is more and much longer and more philosophical.
It shows concepts of virtuous living as lessons for self-reflection.
 THE DESIGN OF KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

- To show a concept of a good living as lesson for soul searching rather than straight prescription.
- To show that it was the internal and not external modification to make human greatness eminence.
- To take care and appreciate the essence of its authentic tagalog form within the factors of the social
and political environment of that colonial era, surrounded by local traditions, spiritual beliefs, family
idea and cultural diversity.
- To be Katipunan’s idea and principles in its existence.

14 RULES IN KARTILYA
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s conduct, acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal; superiority in knowledge, wealth and
beauty are to be understood, but not superiority in nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time; wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the
precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share
with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will
remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou does not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not do unto
the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not
because he is a priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon Earth,
but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words, to worthy
and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness an know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longest for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant
over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the
confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the
well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter has informed himself of all this and believes
he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for admission.
 Declaration of Philippine Independence

Atty. Ambrosio R. Bautista

-One of the officers of Liga Filipina and wrote articles about La Independencia
-Arrested and jailed at the outbreak of the revolution
-Adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo and was appointed auditor-general de Guerra
-Read the declaration during June 12 1898 independence proclamation by general Aguinaldo at Kawit,
Cavite
-Became the second president of the Malolos congress
-After the Filipino-American war, he was appointed judge of the court of First Instance Pangasinan

Background of the revolution

-Revolution starts when Filipinos had enough of the violent of the Spanish Rules
-For katipuneros revolution serves as the start of reclaiming the freedom that was taken by general
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
-Leadership of the revolution was given to General Emilio Aguinaldo in 1897 after Andres Bonifacio was
allegedly accused of sedition.
-On the 15th of December 19 1897, the Philippine Revolutionary army made a truce known as the “Pact
of the Biak-na-Bato”
-The pact of biak-na-bato was a failed truce between the revolutionary army and Spanish government
-While in Hong kong, the leaders of the revolutionary army along side with general Emilio Aguinaldo
used the money they received from the Spanish government to buy new weapons while Spanish
government did not commit in the making necessary reforms
-General Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines with the help of U.S navy led by U.S navy commodore
George Dewey
-They defeated the Spanish fleet in the battle of Manila bay toke place on 1 st of May 1898
-Although successful in defeating the Spaniards, general Emilio Aguinaldo and the rest of the Philippine
Revolutionary army a new enemy, the United state saw the Philippines as the prize for defeating the
Spaniards.
-After suffering from the Spanish government and the Friar’s mistreatment and the sacrifice and lose of
brave countrymen like Dr. Jose Rizal and the 3 Filipino priest known as the GomBurZa, the
revolutionaries sought to reclaim their country for their people

AGUINALDO’S MANSION IN KAWIT in 1914

-Site of the historic declaration of the Philippine Independence on June 12 1898
-Declared a national shrine in June 1964
-It was stated that Ambrosio raised the first Philippine flag and not Aguinaldo
-Here, he declared the independence and the birth of the Philippine Republic under the protection of
the might humane North American Union

Content of Proclamation and Recognition of the Philippine Independence

-The June 12 declaration was modified by another declaration done at Malolos, Bulacan upon the
insistence of Apolinario Mabini the chief adviser of Aguinaldo for he believed that the first proclamation
did place the Philippines in the protection of the Unite state
-1964 when president Diosdado P. Macapagal signed the republic act 4166 designating June 12 as
Philippine Independence that the country began to celebrate Independence in June 12 instead of July 4
-During the 1950-1960’s it was deemed by the law makers to make June 12 to be the Philippine
Independence to give recognition to those Filipinos who stood up against the Spanish government.
-August 1896 were torn in the cry of Pugadlawin.
-Former president Ferdinand Marcos issued proclamation 2364 on July 4 1984 that state that July 4 is
the Philippine-American friendship day to commemorate the efforts of the United States to liberate the
Philippines from Japan during the world war 2

BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

-The speech declaration on June 12 1898 was written by Ambrosio and was declared on 1898 at Cavite-
Viejo know today as Kawit

(ewan anong label to basta kasali to bahala kayo jan)

-Don Emilio Aguinaldo return in order to initiate a new revolution and the first movement started on
August 12 1896 on Imus and cavite-viejo which was won by the filipinos and was spread through Bataan,
Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong afterwards Manila was taken under control by the
Filipinos with the aid of the American.
-Emilio Aguinaldo was crowned the president of the Biak Na Bato Republic under the governance of
Governor general Fernando Primo de Rivera

DESCRIPTION OF THE SYMBOLS OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG (1898-1901)

- White triangle symbolized the distinctive emblem of Katipunan
-The 3 stars symbolized the 3 main island of the Archipelago: Luzon, Panay, Mindanao
-The sun symbolized the of our countrymen to progress and civilization
-8 rays symbolized the 8 province active in the revolution since the first revolt: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, Batangas
-The colors red, blue, white symbolized the commemoration of the flag of the U.S and as a sign of
gratitude to them.
-The flag was designed by General Emilio Aguinaldo During the exile in Hong Kong
-Mrs. Marcela Marino de Agoncillo(wife of the first diplomat Don Filipe Agoncillo) was requested by
General Aguinaldo to create the flag because of her sewing skills together with her daughter, Lorenza
and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad(niece of Dr. Jose Rizal and wife of General Salvador Natividad)
-The flag was made in 535 Morrison Hill, Hong Kong
-June 5 1898 general Aguinaldo ask Julian Felipe to composed National hymm
-The Philippine National Anthem was known as “Marcha Nacional Filipina” with a tempo of 2/4 and was
played without the lyrics
-The Marcha Real, The Grand March of Giuseppe Verda’s Aida, and La Marseillaise is the basis of the
national hymm created by felipe.
-The 2nd National Anthem was written by Julio Nakpil in 1897 “Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan”
commission by Andres Bonifacio
-Together with the raising of the Philippine Flag they were presented during the proclamation of the
Philippine Independence in June 12 1898 in Cavite el Viejo
-It was played by the band of San Franciso de Malabon
-The anthem was sung by the Filipino on May 26, 1956 and minor revision were made during the 1960s
an it is now the version we sing today.
 Philippine caricature by Alfred Mc Coy’s

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

Birth: 1945 Massachussets, U.S.A
Citizenship: American
-A professor of Southeast Asian History at the University of Wisconsin at Madison
-Serves as a director of the center SE Asian Studies
-spent quarter century writing politics and history of the opmium trade
-his publication include
*Philippine Cartoons in 1985
*Anarchy of Families in 1994
*Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy in 2000
*Live at the Margin 2001
-After earning Ph.D. at Yale the writing of Mc coy focuses on 2 topics: Philippine Political History and
Global opium trafficking
-his teachings includes:
*Modern Philippine Social and Political history
*U.S foreign policy
*Colonial empires in Southeast Asia
*Global illicit drug trafficking
*CIA covert operation

BACKGROUND OF THE DOCCUMENT

-1900-41 Philippine Political cartoons gained full expression during the American era. Filipino artists
recorded national attitudes towards the coming of American as well as the changing mores and times.
-While 377 cartoons compiled in this book speaks for themselves, historian Alfred McCoy’s extensive
research in the Philippine American archives provides a comprehensive background not only the
cartoons but to the turbulent period as well.

ACHIEVEMENTS
*PHILIPPINE CARTOONS (1985)
*PHILIPPINE CHATOLIC MASS MEDIA AWARD BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR IN 1985
*PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BOOK AWARD FOR HISTORY(1986)
*GINTONG AKLAT AWARD (MANILA) SPECIAL CITATION FOR HISTORY, 1987.