CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE : (MEANING, SCOPE AND NATURE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE-IS POLITICAL SCIENCE A SCIENCE?) Political Science is both a very old as well as a new discipline. While its historical roots date back to Ancient Greece (times of Plato and Aristotle), its new and modern form has been the Modern Political Theory, popularly described as the Scientific-Behavioural Theory of [Link] study of Political Science involves the study of both the Traditional Political “Science an the Modem Political . Traditional/Classical Political Science/Political Theory. In its Traditional form, which has been present since very ancient times, Ancient Greece --- 3 & 4° Century BC., Political Science continies fo be defined as “the Science of State and Government.” It concentrates on the study offstate, government and all other p tions. At studies these in terms of their organizations, legal powers, positions tionships. It uses philosophical historical, legal-institutional approaches and methods for the study of the State and~Government. The theory of state, government and all political institutions stands identified as the Classical or Traditional Political Science/Theory. 2. Modern Political Science/Modern Political Theory. After the coming of the Behavioural Revolution in the study of Politics in mid-20" Century, the traditional Political ‘Science began giving way to a new Political Sciencé which got identified as Modem Political Science or Modem Political Analysis or Modem Political Theory. In place of focusing attention on the study of state, government and other political institutions, Modem Political Science began focusing on the study of Politics i.e. political relations, political actions, —a = INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCy. political interactions: and political proc political interaetions through which Tt began studying these as a system of all horitative and binding, decisions and values are made and-impteniented'Th each society, The study of all formal and non-formal structures ang tunctions-of Poli ie 10 be its hallmark. Modern political scientists bégan using the SHAE of Political Systems for the study of Potties, Within a short span of time, this concept became very popular and virtually replaced the traditional concept oF State, The study of Polities eame to be defined as the study of systems of Polities whicly were at work in all countries of the world, Several new concepts, new scientific empirical approaches, metho models and theories came to be developed andl used for the study of Polit ‘odern scientific approach in ics After the emergence and increased popularity of the a © ony pottical “utes, the teitional approach became less popular. Most of the modern politica scientist began using several new scientific approaches, like, Systems Approac! Decision. making 4 pproach, Communication Approach, Structural junctional Approach, Game Theory and some others, Consequently, a new poftical theory or modern politi acenneshseampa txistence and it got the name Modem Political Theory or Behavioural Political Science or cientitic Political Theory. : Modern Politieal Theory rejceted the nature, scope and principles of Political Science and it came to be more popular than the "Traditional Theory. Some Contemporary attempts at the Development of an Integrated Political Theory suvolving the use of both Traditional and Modern Concepts, Approaches and Theories, aditional al Political ‘Around late 1960s several Political Scientists realized the importance and usefulness of both the Traditional Political Theory and Modern Political Theory. They began building an integrated theory of politics involving a systematic mixture of traditional and modern studies Politics, It was held that the study of a complex and vast field like Politics needs both traditional as well as modern concepts and approaches for studying its all aspects. Attempts at builatng such an integrated thaory of Politics or Integrated Political Science are still going. on. ‘That is why, we have written that Political Science is both a very old as well as a new science of State, Government and Politics. For understanding the meaning nature and scope of Political Science, it is imperative that | we should tudy both traditional and modern conceptions of Political Science. |G OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: TRADITIONAL VIEW ‘The traditional or classical study of Political Science [Link]-Ancient Greece. Aristotle was the first person to present a theory of stat@"which at that time used to be called ‘Polis’. The term ‘Polis’ was uséd'in ancient Greece for describing a ‘City-State’ i.e. a small state. Aristotle used the name ‘Politics’ for designating his [Link]“Polis’. He observed the working of 158 Greek City States and presented his theory of the organization and functions of Polis, Under the influence of Aristotle the term Potties came to bE-pepularly used for “identifying the subject [Link] the study of Polis i.e. the State.HP xe eee OF INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE = However, after some time several philosophers began advocating the use of such terms as ‘Political Philosophy’ or ‘Political Thought’ for the study of State. This view Wasadvocated—~ fe real questions To be discussed were: What is the philosophy of State?, What the State should be?, What_should be the objective of state do7 amt" Wirat the State? Tater on, Weer ater on, HOWEVer. several ft State ‘Science of State shout © relation between ween the indi vidual Government, it was essential to designate dhe § ‘and Government... In the last two decades of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th, the term Political Science got a near universal acceptance for identifying the subject concemed with the study of State and Government. —_ Political Science came to be defined as the science of State [Link]-It was also considered synonymous with the term Political Theory, which was taken to mean the theory bject as Political Science of State and-Gavermint This view has now come to be known as the Traditional/Classical vieW of Political Sci at Some Traditional Definitions OF Political Science “Political Science is that part of social science which treats of the foundations of the State and Wreprinciples oF Government.” Paul Janet Pc ‘al Science involves “The historical investigation of what the State has been, an analytical study of what the State [Link] a political-ethical discussion of what the State ought to be,” = ~Gettell “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” ~Garner “Political Science deals with the State and Government.” ~P. Jenks In simple words, in its traditional form Pol Science stands defined as a epee 5 which involves the si ani ind activities of state and the principles-and ideals which underlie its political organisatio ivities.— Traditional view of Difference between Politics and Political Science In its traditional form, Politics is taken to mean the current affairs, problems and issues. being faced. dled, ment of the State. Party Politics falls in the domain ot” Politics. “Politics involves all the aeivities being actually undertaken by the politica gromps s-particularly, the poltical parties.” Politics is concerned with the current problems and issues faced by the government as well as the policies and laws of the government which have been made to TEKIE the’e. J.W Gariier advocates: the view that Polities means the 3s and activity which has to do with ith the actual condvet of the of the State,” Likewise, another scholar also declares that p Mm sis the conduct of publicINTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE itical Science, a sharp distinction is made [Link] science of State and Government, The tutions is defined as the scope of Politica faced by the government, In the traditional view of Politi between these two. Political Science is regarded as ¢ of State; government and other political insti Science. Politics is taken to mean the current problems Gis ed by the 20 a © Pollock tries to clarify the distinction between Polis and Political Science by dividing Politics in two parts: Theoretical Politics and Applied Politics. Pi iis Pola Science). ts scope inctudes: the theory oF Sta, Sovereignty, theory of government, tt of legislation, and theory of State as a legal entity ‘Seas airantiicial legal person. TL. Applied Politics (Potties). Its scope includes the existing forms of governm: the State as it exists, the government, constitutional Law. [Link], P ame Se STEM, At, Te ad wade s laws and legislation _ legislative procedures, Couns “edents and authority ; and diplomacy, peace anq ‘Such a classification was used by Pollock to highlight the distinction between the theory of Politics ie, Political Science and the practice of politics ie. Politics. < olitical Science an Tn other words, the traditional view makes a distinction between the discipline studying of political activities and State and Governmentic. Political Science, and the actual practice e. Politics current problems and issues being faced by the government Points of difference between Politics & Political Science: Traditional View 1. Politics is concemed with the day to day actual activities of the Government, Political Science seeks to study and explain the theory of the fundamental principles, origin, nature, scope and powers of the State and Government, _ e. those political activities which .al Science is that social science —— Politics means the actual behaviot actually take place in society. Against it, Polit which studies State and Government——— 3. Politics is a practical activity, whereas Political Science involves an academic exercise involving the study ofthe State-and. Government, 4. Polities differs from state to state and within each state from [Link]-time. The principles of Political Science are universal. Politics in India and Britain is different bat the theory Of Political Science's Very similar in both the countries. 5. Whereas each one of us involv in polities in-one _way_or_the other, Political ‘ence is studied only by the-studenis of this social discipline. Politicians are engaged in politics whereas researchers teachers and students of Political Science study the State and Government. 6. The difference between Politics and Political Science is reflected by the fact that a politician can take part in politics without studying Political Science and a student of Political Science may-or-may nottake an active part in-Politics.-Very often a Person having knowledge of Political Science fails to act successfully in politics. ftINTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Modern View: No Difference between Politics & Political Science In contemporary times, this view of the difference between Politics and Political Science is not accepted ‘Alniost all modern political scientists accept_the view that there > is little substance in nction between Politics and Political Science. Political Science studies Politics _ State and Government are the two main institutions-of political life-ofs which-are-the:main objects of study in Politics. Hence Political Science is {Ke science of Politics and it can be called Politics. MEANING OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: MODERN VIEW Siice the coming of Behavioura scientists prefer to use the Pi the science of political relation ve ct defined as all such relations and activities characterised by exercise of power to a sighifieantextent- Tey do not accept any distinction between Politics and Political Science and hold that Politics is an appropriate name for describing the study of political relations, activities and processes~They define, Politics as the science of politics which studies the poliiical phenomensroF system of politcal relations and interactions. in each society.—— Modern political scientists reject the traditional view of Political Science as and the difference between Politics and Political Science. They define Politics is as the process of struggle for power in society or as the process of conflict-resolution i each society. It is the __ system of making andimplementing binding Taws, policies, rules, plans, rewards and authoritative decisions and values Tor the-Whtote-society. Most of the moder political scientists define Politics as the system of political relations and processes in each society. They use the concepi of Political System far the study of Politics. This concept involves within itself the [Link]-of-State, Government _and Nation, and constitutes a useful analytical tool for the study of Politics as a system of power-relations and interactions. Revolution in Politics, several modem political instead. of Roitcal Scieng . They define Politics a& very Society, Political relations are Some Modern Definitions of Political Science: \ “Politics is the exercise of power in society.” As a subject of study, Politics means the \study of power-relations in society. -H.J. Price “Politics is the process of shaping and sharing of power in society.” Its study involves the study of power and the powerful and influence and the influential. Politics involves the study of Who gets : What, When and How? -Harold Lasswell and Kaplan “Polities is the study of political aspects of organised human society.” Politics is struggle for power and influence. Catlin Politics ie. Political System is “any persistent pattern of human relations involving to a significant extent power, rule, authority or control.” -Robert Dahlee INTRODUCTION TO PA LTISL SEM | In simple words, in its moder des Polit in defies estar omer Yom relations in-socictytr studies the exercise uf power io waicty. AAT uncer meensirr® aus | Structures, (State Government, Lepislare, Executive, Sudiciay. ea, hich “ | Political Elites, Political Panties, Interest Grow, Pressure Grauys wd ist), OMS see | directly of indirectly involved in the in the exercise of power in sucitay ate AUCIMEZE A Yow | realm and scope of Politics, | of Power || Modern View : Political Science as the Study of Exercise \\ in Society To sum up, we can now define Politics as the system of prawit pad echotions involving the making and ion of Jaws, niles and policscs el rs | for the Whole Bociety. Politics as Political ical Symemr ts the system of eee he mn far eg which binding and authoritative values are made and implemented * ee eee the words of David Easton, “Political System is vet off interactions deovyh . nics tn os and authoritative values are made end implemented for the entire witty | es aa ‘ political system enables the political scientists to study politics in 2 comuprebesnive, peotive and realistic manner. It can be effectively and productively used both for mnie and comparalive studies of politic. reo Poteet vane S ype: eaical Walere 0 vaeay Prilosophy Maree Poe er, Classical Pottical Science Pejess tn Vestine Fusing Ns atewren Science of State ard Yaw Peles Oermrenred trswn Pina wt Govern + Wren heh rare Diterert etna erhien ae Pera eee 4 C Polcl Soares eat ha rge Pola ome t 0 Pols amen AA's + Grsaicl CHery on gary Pots Theory of Sate 1 GabeenmineEn 2 Uaneiin " Deon, ee tage { Anogative sri sgpruaters, | %, terratnral Ianted view wie, het we pees coke Political Theory APs is ant persis ¢ page, ceed Peace pesistasen Slee Fults eo a (Poitcal Seance Oy 7 (Pol Sloe eats 7 em eee oe and edger oh pate ahr Bee wont Placa as Poli’ fies Ibject of ntudy Le, as a social dil power-relations, Michael Curtis writes : ine, Politics/Political Science is the scienve of “The study of politics 18 concerned with theINTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE a [Link], exercised and controlled, the purpose for which iis used, the manner in Which decisions are made, the factors which” influence the making of these decisions, and thé context in which those decisions take place.” ~ SCJENCE: SCOPE OF CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL SCIENCE liticsPolitical Science has been a continuously developing discipline. It has been swing changing and developing in tune with the changes in the social, economic and SAVEOMMEAT in All Countries of the world, Its seope-has- been changing-as well as expan PRCA ig PRESCHU, it involve Whe Stay all political relations, interactions, institutions ahd piOcesses Involved in the exercise of power" gach Socials Well as Tig Struggle for power : among al nations In fact, the scope Contemporary Political Science includes five major [Link] 1. Political Theory 2. Comparative Politics 3. Infermational Relations 4, Public Administration ~~ 5. Political Economy Let us briefly explain meaning and scope of each of these five dimensions of Political Science Te 1. POLITICAL THEORY: MEANING AND SCOPE \Political Theory is the first and foremost dimension of Political Science because the study of Politics always begins with a study of Political Theory and Political Thought. The scope of, Political Theory extends to the study of a large mumber-of traditional as well as modem concepts, approaches and theories, We can briefly discuss the scope of Political theory as = TT If Study of site] State has been the central-focus-of study_in Political-Science. Some scholafS, like Garner accept and advocate the view that Political Science begins and ends with the State. Study of origin, nature, purpose and functions of the State constitute the study of Political Science. It favolves a study of the past, present and future of the State. “~“@ Study of the State in the past. [involves an historical study of the origin and SE EE tlie we the present structure and nature of State has been the result of evofation, itis essential that we should study the past history of evolution or development of State for understanding the present,.The study of history of State is made through a study of history oF poncal Thought. the study of political ideas of all the major politcal thinkers 's, each of which is also an autonomous subject of study. These are: — —--___..INTRODUCTION TO PoLITrcay « Cty 7 \d relations between the [Link]-its-people, constitite seo of sudy_-Tese form an integral part of the scope of Political Sciengg, (c) Study of the State in future: The study of the pak TPS cere aig basically to assess or foresee the future of. sate Sate cee i iho evel in Sea work for securing good lie PoUta eles tres to tat Fons: How the State is likely to develop ? In [Link]-shoule What a ses sclations with people inthe future? What functions should-it-perform?-Hoy, show ons? Reform “of the State in future, forms at important areas of stugy y Political Science. ifaus ot Governmei overamet isu eset element OF State. Sey oy a essemtitffly involves the study of government of the State. In re B that ate of the state which exercises all the powers: oF the state. It ca = = i of State (," making function), enforces ihe ws (executive function), and realizes. beware through adjudication of aisputes uticial function). — aes The sudy of Government involves the study of its three organs: eid, Exeetig and Judiciary), in terms of their organisations, powers, functions. positions ang jn.” a 7 Government of the state can be democratic, dictatorial or totalitarian, or authoritar ‘monarchical, parliamentary or presidental, unitary or federal or of a mixed form. The snug, of forms of government also forms an essential part of the scope of Political Science, \¢ political philosophies of vary, ce Tndividualism, Utilitarianism, 3.\Study of Political Thought and Ideolo; Politicat thinkers and several ideologies and isms Democratic Socialism, Liberalism, Communism, Socialist afé also parts of the sudjectmatter of Political Sci i : Philosophies of great political philosophers such as of Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Bodin Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Green, J.S. Mill, Marx, Laski, Lenin and others forms valuable part of the scope of Political Science. 4.\Study of all Political Syste Poi involves the study of all political systems workin all States. It seek to study all political systems western as well as n developed as well as under-developed or developin; X: Suudy of Man as a Political being\Political Science studies man as a political being just a5Economics studies man as an €onomic being. Man is a political animal. He isa ‘group-forming-individual-He-seeks power and forms his ‘ssocitions for_protectng-tis interests and_for-[Link]. All human political organisations, political relations & Political activities are Studied in Political ry. State and government are two most major human _political-organisations. In Contemporary time is done by the use of several modem Concepts of Political System, Political Culture, Political Socialisation, Political Development and several others, Study of Interest Group, Pressure Group, Civil Society and Political Parties, The Scope of Political Science also includes the study all those non-government ahd non-formal —=—_INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE rT political groups and institutions which affect the policies and the functioning the government of the-State-*Study of political parties, pressure“gi HOUPS. nteTEST BFOUPSeMES-aid various ———_——— a part of its Scop ——=— aaa of Elections and Political Participation] Modem studies of Political Science give added importance to the study of elections, eettoral politics voting-behaviour and “Leadesship is the capacity to persuade people towards a common goal.” Political leaders” (Political Elites) are the major players in the process of politics. They exercise political power in the State. They sieving sd see ie ines dea of the people. They organise the people for political participation. The concept of Political Elites is used for this \_ Purpose, 9.{Study of Comparative Politics and Constitutiads, Each State has a constitution which is the supreme law of the land. It lays down and defines the organisation, powers, functions of all the government and their inter-relations, The study of constitutions forms an integral part of the scope of Political Science, SS 1 Stusty of Pot ical Concepts, Theories and ee the study of politics several concepts, th aches have been developed by political scientists. The study of these is essential for the ‘study of ‘Political relations and interactions. This includes the study of both traditional concepis and-approaches Tike_S Sovers ignty = Law-Liberty, is-and Justice a hon. Le Legitimacy and others. Study of Political fag important part of the scope of Political Science in a times is the study Df the aetwal-behaviour of the people in various processes of. Politics. Policy-Makin ‘Making, Decisic ‘Making Electoral Process. Voti ig jehaviow Political GD Study of Similarities and Dissimilarities among various Political Structures, Functions and Institutions. Modem of similariti fcions. On the basis of actual | fun ities and dissimilariti ained see ant compared. The attempt is not to tae which is the DER_PEESS or stem, ~The obj of Political Science also undertake an analysis 13. Study of Envi ironment of Palities. The study of politics dem demands psychological, sociological, economic-and-anthropological-environmenis of politics, in fact, the total environment in which every political system operates. 14, Study of Power, Influence and Authority. Politics is the exercise is the exercise of power in society, Hence its the study of power relations and interactions in society is a major — area ol itigal Theory. Since power is closely related to influence and authority,= INTRODUCTION TO POLITICA Sci, each student of politics studies such topics as: Power and Powerful, Influence and influsasy and Authority and Authority-holders, and social roots of power, influence and-authority 15, Study of Infrastructure, All political activities take place in an environment The socio-economic-cultural political factors present in the enviroament always influence the Process. of political. relations-and-activities, These factors constitute the infrastractre ¢; pelle onic TURES eLeseaiel seater POE ies. The study of Political Science needs a know! Understanding of other social sciences, ‘particularly, Sociology—Psychology. Cal Anthropology, “Economics and others Political Theory needs knowledge of other Sai disciptines-for-a real understanding of politics. Inter-disciplinary focus has now universal. popeiarity, aa 2. COMPARATIVE POLITICS: MEANING AND SCOPE Comparative Politics is the second major dimension of Political Science. It is also a very j vast area of study and a very large number of political scientists even eat it as a | autonomous area of study within the broad ambit of Political Science. | In the early part of the 20th century, comparative study of political institutions in major Countries of the world came to designated as Comparative Goyérnment and it was recognised as a major area of study in Political Science, Study of thé governments of more than one country got the name Comparative Government. Ogg,/Zink, Munro, C-F. Strong, Herman Finer and several other political scientists presented their studies of governments of severa) major countries. They compared political institutions of various states, particularly European State, in terms of their historical and legal similarities and dissimilarities. They tried to judge as to which political institutions were the best and which form of government was better than the other. Later on, modem political scientists felt dissatisfied with such studies of Comparative Government. They advocated thé view that what was needed was a study of the actual behaviour of all political structures and processes of all political systems. Gabriel Almond, Powell, Blondel, A.R. Ball,Coleman, Apter, S E Finer and several others strongly advocated the use of scientific-behaVioural-empirical method for studying actual behaviour of Political Systems and their stryCtures and functions. They designated their studies as Comparative Politics and not Cofnparative Government. As a result of their efforts, the popularity of Comparative Polities studies of politics increased tremendously. Comparative Politics got acceptance as a/Very major dimension of Political Science. It was held to be a very useful ‘means for scientific theory-building in Politics. However, at the same time some political Scientists coftinued to follow the traditional way of studying Comparative Government. Bln) Ip Contemporary times, both Comparative Politics isa very valuable part of the scope of ical Science and it involves a comparative study of all structures, functions processes and ions of all political systems of the world.er INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE In the words of Jean Blondel, “Comparative Politics is the study: of patterns of national governments in the contemporary world." The term patterns of government refers to the three parts of study (i) goverment structure,-ii) behaviour i.e. the study of how a particular political structure or institution Works, and (iii) the laws.” According to“ Michel Curtis, “Comparative Politics is concemed with significant regularities, similarities and differences in the working of political institutions and political ~befiaviour.” , SC@PE OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS Scope of Compéfative Politics involves the study of following key subjects (JJ AU Political Structures{ Comparative Politics includes the study of all structures— formal, T-formal, governmenal and extra-governmental, which are directly or indirectly involved in politics in all the Countries of the world, It is not confined only to the study of the three-formal"governmental organs—legislature, executive and judiciary. Along with these, Bureaucracy, Interest Groups, Pressure Groups, Elites, Political Parties and all other human ~politica associations Torm apart of the scope of Comparative | : arative Politics. (2\Ennetional Study of all Political Structures. Comparative Politics seeks to study politics less from the point of view of the legal institutions in terms of their powers and more from the point of view of their functions which constitute the political process i-actual operation in the environment. It studies the functions of interest_articulation, interest aggregation, political communication, rule-making, rule-application,. rule-adjudication, socialisation, decision-making, policy-making and the like. ” (QU3puay of Political Behavigur} Another important part of its scope isthe study-of the actual behaviour of the people Mr the process o oting_behaviour, political participaton>fexaemip ecrliment, elite behavi 's,-populism and the like forin an integral part of the modern compara litics studies. 1d Differences in all Political System. Comparative Politics also undertakes an analysis of the similarities and differences among political processes and functions, However, the approach is not descriptive, legalistic and formalistic. It is on the baSSOFTIE actual functioning of political structures and processes that the similarities and disgimilarit y explained and compared. The objective is not to decide as to st structure-or-process-or-system but to make_an objective systematic analysis of their behavioural similarities and differences, © Study of all Political Syst. behaviour and performance"of-alt pol s Comparative Politics seeks to analyse the actual tems, Western as well as non-Western, Political Syste ared_in_terms.of their structures, functions, capabilities and their performances in their environments;-The actual working of various political systems is analysed Wi few to galls systematic and objective knowledge about their actual no ——<$<— inctions. — “O-Study of the Environment and Infrastructure of Polities The study of Politics demands a study of the psychological, sociological, economic and anthropologicali Im INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIny¢, | environment, in fact the socialenvironment-ay-n-whole, in which cael political AY MMe, For studying this, modern political scientists have formulated! and wed eye, concepts, as political culture, political socialisation, political modernisation pat ie Thy | study of the political culture of various political systems farms w very DUBLIN Toca ig comparative polities. Study of the Infra-structure of polities forms an IMeREAT Pant of iy. scope of Comparative Polities. (7) Study of Political emotions and values‘of a society that relate to the politica and’ valties greatly influence the behaviour of each politi h Culture is air imiportant part of the scope of Comparative Politics. (8) Study of Political Socialisation, Political Socialisation is the Process by-whih ay individual acquires his political values-beliefs, orientations and habi A Ea ihe Pa Of the scope of Comparative Polities because the actual behaviour-of-polities depencts (0-4 large process. It is the process by which Political Cultures are maintained ang changed in every society. (9) Study of Political Parti only difference is that while in son Participation provides legitimaey to the government and admit ability the system: because it demonstrates the consent and will of the people in favour of the political system and its structures and functions. The students of Comparative Politics seek 19 understand as to how political participation influences the functional aspects of political systems of various states. (10) Study of Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Interest Groups Or, groups are found in every political system. These are formed_voluntarily by individuals for fulfilling some special and common objectives. Along with them, there are some other groups (Anomic Groups like Dhamna~Groups Action commitices) which come into existence suddenly [Link]-event and remain in existence for a-short period. These groups reflect_the wishes _of the people through public meetings, symbols, programmes, demonstrations, etc. These try to influence the working“of the- political system. Political Parties contest elections, form government, criticise government and perform other such functions. These are at work in all states. In fact, these are major political players in every state, The nature and functions of political parties and the activities of interest groups always exercise a big role in the working of a democratic political system. Comparative Politics studies the structures, functions and behaviours of these groups. ‘iture, Political Culture is composed of altitudes, betigg, I system or politics. These heli, system, ‘The study of Politig, {ion Political participation is a universal process, The ‘sates, it-is-limited, in others it is wider, Political ration. It brings stability in (11) Study of Power, Influence, Authority and Legitimacy Modern political scientists lay special emphasis on the study of Power, Influence, Authority and Legitimacy. They use these concepts for a classification-of-political. systems on the basis of the nature of authority relations and struggle for power. As such, the study of the concepts of Power, Influence, Legitimacy and Authority occupies an important place in the scope of Comparative Politics. , (12) Study of all Political Processes. Political processes like Decision-making, Policy- i, Judicial Process, Leadership-recruitment process and others, are always at work in ae icra Process, eee= INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE ea all political systems. The actual working of every political system depends upon these processes. Therefore, a comparative study of all the political prowesses 7s an inte the-scope of Comparative Politics. ~~ “The scope of Comparative Politics is very comprehensive. It includes everything that falls within [Link]-political-activity.and_political_process. In the words of [Link], “Comparative Politics aims at studying the political processes and_ institutions. ina truly comparative manner for the purpose of answering common problems and questions. In so doitig, it broadens_the_scope_of comparison to as many political systems as possible. involves conscious comparisons in studying political structures, political behaviours, p\ t Processes and political activities of all political systems. Comparative Politics is now guided by the goals of comprghensiveness, realism, precision and scientific theory-building, 3. UySERNATIONAL RELATIONS: MEANING AND SCOPE Interndtional Relations constitutes a very major area of the scope of Political Science, It is again a very vast area and most of the universities of the world recognize it as an autonomous discipline and have separate departments for the study of international relations. ral part of In simple words, we can say that the discipline of International Relations, which is also known as International Politics, primarily studies relations and-ififeractions among all the actors of the international community. It involves the studYof the behaviour of international system i.e. the interactions and relations among-nafions and other international actors present in the international environmer International Politics wees cay the political dimension of the relations among nations. However, whi because politic: loing so, it essentially studies all aspects of international relations fations are always influenced and determined by social economic, cultural ‘geographi id technological factors/relations. Currently, international economic relations have be€n acting as major determinants all dimensions of relations among nations, In contemporary times, the scope of study of Intemational Relations includes the following major areas/subjects. 1) Nation-state System or Nat Natior States as the key actors of international cations fes are the primary-actors in international relations. Naturally, International Pol studies relations and interactions. between two or more. states. Each state is conditioned by its a hy, resources, population, level_of industrial and 1 technological development, ational interest etc. Hence the study of inter-state relations necessitates of the basic-actors and these factors, ~— ational Interest./Since national interest-is-the-objective that each nation tries. secure airing the_collrse=of-relations..with—other_nations, it becomes imperative for Inéemational Politics tostudy-nat jonal interests Of various nations._ {Named Pare. fee concept of national power [Link] in the study_of Intentetional Politics. Nations are_actors-but these always act on the basis of their national poees—Realisioay-3 Speaking relations among nations are of the nature of struggle for —_ eo7 WSS SSS saa 1-16 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL Scttyq, power, Morgenthau holds that International Politics can be understood! only if viewey “Tiferest defined in terms of power.” National power determines the role and ability. of [Link] to foreign Doli, objectives. Tee wastomary to characterise nations as super fOWers, male er®. DIR Dowen, STAT PRWers, or-ageak powers, and this amply reflects the importance of national power Intemational Poitier Power is the basis of all inter-state relations and as such It forms . important part of the subject-matter of International Politics 4. Foreign Policy, The behaviour of cach state-in-international relations is alway, Airected and controlled by its foreign policy. Foreign policy is a thought out course Of actig for sccuring the objectives of national interest of the nation. The basis of foreign policy is yy nal power of the nation. A study of foreign policies of various nations alone can exp the nature of relatign uni nteraotions among them. No one can hope-t0-undlerstand ty natufe of preset Gay International relations without a study of the foreign policies of as magy nation a Hiay be posse . §. Feonomic Instruments of International Relations. The increased importance any i¢_and trade relations in Intemational Politics can be hardly overestimay EBsonomic relations among nations forma very TmpoMaM parrot tntemational relation Today, economic instruments—Foreign Aid, Loan, Trade ete., are the most important mean, of influencing The course of relation’, Political relations are being conditioned and guided by coonomiié relations. Hence the study of economic relations, forms_an integral part of the scope of Intemational Politi 6. International Institutions and Regional Organisations. An outstanding feature of the contemporary era has been the rapid growth of international institutions and organisations as the institutionalised means for the Conduct of relations among nations. Some of these at truly Titernational/univetsal in nature like the United Nations, while several other are regional organisations like NATO, OAS, OAU, OPEC, ASEAN, ECO, BU, SAARC. IOR-ARC SCO ctc.. Along with them now several trading blocs eg. NAFTA and APE nations, like G-8_G-77 G-20, G-24 and others, have emerged as important players of international relations” These iniemational and regional” organisations and supranational actG®S are important players in_intemational relations These have been exercising ‘voritiderable influcnice over the course of relations among nations and hence these stand indlUSEN i the subject-matter of Intemational Politics and some groups of TNon-state Actors. Rise of several active non-state international or supi trans-national actors, NGOs, Human Rights Organisations, Peace Movements and other such | actors in the intertational environment hay necessitated the inclusion of the study of the role these actors in Hnterntional system. The number and role of MNCs and nom state actors ySeSMIHTY Increasing nd Ws essential for us to study these. | Regulators of International Relations. There have been in operation several concept’ guided and are still guiding and controlling the behaviour of nations in the wironment. The concep Of Balance of Power, Regionalism, Functionalist and Arms Control, Collective Security. Intemational Law, World PublicINTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE sv Opinion, Diplomacy, Integration, [Link]., are the important principles, Processes {ai concepts of international relations. These have been continuously influencing. the-actual \ operation of the foreign policies of all the nations. A student-of International Politics has to study all suc an J . i — \ 9. Study of Global Problems and Issues. The scope of International Politics involves || the study of major contemporary issues and problems, for example, International Terrorism, 1 Protection of Human Rights, Issue_of Climat > Change, Environment Protection Ethnic } Conflicts, Sustainable Development and disarmament and Nuclear Disarmament. al Key Topics of Study in International Relations Presently, the Scope of International Politics includes the study of all the factors and forces which direct, shape and condition the behaviour of nations in international relations Currently the study of International Relations includes-a’study of the behaviour of nations and all the factors and forces which shape and condi Natigiial-Power-National Interest, Ideology, Forei Control_Nuclear_seapons, Problems. of inte terrorisms, Environment Protection, Ethnic Violen ons, Sv | Development, Regionalism and Regional Organisations, MNCs, TNCS, Econoinic |___Instrumients"oF Policy, Nationalism, Internationalism, major International iSsue, movements and trends, International Organisatiéns and institutions, “World Public~ Opinion, World Government, Balaiice of Power, Collective Security, Imperialism, Neo-Colonialism, New Imperialism, War & Peace, Conflict-Resolution, International power structure, Globalisation and several more. “ on = ition their behaviour. The key topics are: Policy, Di , Disarmament, Arms Thus the scope of international relations has been a very vast and also a fast expanding scope, IC ADMINISTRATION: ITS MEANING AND SCOPE uugh Public Administration now stands recognized as a separate social discipline, its ge is also deemed a necessary component of Political Science. Politics is the process making and implementing authoritative and binding policies, laws, decisions, rewards, vations (punishments) and rules. The implementation of these authoritative values is by the government through its several departments each of which is a headed by a fer (political representative of the people) and a well organized team of civil servants ae out the assigned work of the department.-The“siim total of the activities aken by the civil servants (who axe scaled public servants) for giving effect to Public policies and decisions of the-govémment is called Public Administration, “Public Which the policies of the government are carried out in society” Public inistraion is continuously involved in policy-making decision-making, plang ork to be done, formulating the goals, working with legislature, directing and supervising emy fees, providing leadership, determining work-methods and procedures, a l| (ON TO POLITICAL INTRODUCTION TO Sere exercising controls and other funetions performed by the ae ne Administration is the “action-part’ of government, ic, the system by whieh the DUmposes 9, goals of government are achieved. ; it "s a ic system, a culture ar Every society has its own political system, an economic sy Md ay, is and relationsy of interactions Public administration system, The political s) : a involved in the struggle for power through which authoritative decisions are made plemented for the whole society, The ceanomic system consists of all relations interactions involving money, wealth and resources, The cultural system or culture gg, society consists of the values, belief, Srientations, traditions, symbols, likings and Aisiking of the people of the society. Publi¢ Administration is the system of executing public Dolicig as formulated by a competent authority, No society is or can be an orderly society with, well-organised system of Public Administration, Popularly, the administrative system of each state is called Public Administration becayg it is concerned with all the people of the society. In common usage people refer to government administration, The government of the state carries out all its policies throu Public Adnrinistration, It is an indispensable aspect of every social system of our times, Scope of the Study Public Administration ‘Scope of Public Administration has been discussed by Walkert in two parts: 1. Administrative Theory 2. Applied Administration 1, Administrative Theory, “Administrative Theory’ implies that Public Administration concemed with the administrative activities of government ic.. its executive, legislative ang judicta Tunctioas. Irincludes the structure, organisation, functions and methods of all ps oF authority engaged in administration, whether national, regional or local and whether eXECHLVE OF ordinary. Tt also includes planning, programming, and execution of publ action, reeruitment and problems connecied with research, information and public relations Admi ¥e Theory covers control over administration, Financial administration and issu and problems of personnel administration, SSS Z-Applied Administration. According to Walker, the sphere of Applied Administration implies that Public Administration involves-the-application of all administrative decisions Walker has made am aifemp to classify the main. forms of Applied. Administration on he basis of ten principles. includes the executive-lesislative relationship, politico-administative i of the Cabinet, the ministers and official relationship (i) “Pegislation’ includes delegated Tegiskation” amd preparatory ~ Officials in the drafting of bills for legislative enactments, (iii) “Financial’ includes the whole of fiscal_adm budget to its execution, = a oi e* includes military administration, (v) Educational’ covers aif aspects of educational administration. ork dane by theINTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Ea (vi) “Social’ or Social Administration includes all admin such as housing, food, ial security and employment, | (vii) ae a includes all administrative activitic in 2 Z rp aes naan, agriculture, foreign. trade,..t --trade,—business, (viii) “EoreignAdministration or International Administration covers foreign administration which includes international cooperation, international agencies for international peace and prosperity, and id diplomacy_— (ix) “Waaporial Administration" covering reas and techniques _of imperial domination over other nations, nations, @) eal” or Local Administration covers administration of local bodies. -[Link]. social. field The scope of Public Administration is very wide itis not only concerned with the development of new administrative techniques but also includes the ecological and human aspécts of iministration. It glso gives due importance to the study of the environment int Which the ad Iministration operates. Along with this, Public Administration also includes the Study of administration of all organisations at various levels of government—local, national and iesatonal“Phe-Beotoieal Approach and interd the Scope of Public [Link].a new level: ic Administration is the organised system of affecting public policies which cover all aspects of [Link]- As a subject of study, Public Administration involves the study of all operations of government concerned with the making and implementing of public Policies which are designed to secure the desired goals of al-round- development: TA student of Political Science essentially needs some knowledge and -understanding of the principles and working of Public Administration. The scope of Public Administration involvesThe study of Public_Administration inyolves both Adrfiinistration ‘Theory “and il men ECONOMY: MEANING AND SCOPE Conti study of Political Science essentially involves a study of Political Economy. Economic factors of Politics, political factors of Economics, needs and compulsions and needs of the economy of state, nature of budget_and_budgeting, nature. of issues of ternational economy, relations and interactions between Politics and Economics, policy- ‘making and compulsions of tafe economy, economic policy of the goverment of state, vwelfafe-state, welfare economics, sustainable development, economic dimension of politcal a planning, fiscal policy and planning, export and export regime, taxation policy andPotitical compulsions and several other such topics are the subjects of study in both Politics “aid Economics. Political’ Economy studies the economic environment and “compulsions of politics “arity traditional mieaning Political Economy is held to be that branch of the art of= INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE / / oe id causes Of the goverment which is concemed ith systematic inquiry [Link] ie political aspect ‘wealth of a nation, In simple words we can say Political Eeonamy studies tical policy-making. of economic policy-making and also the economic aspects of political policy-making. fh in the ideology of Marxian Kart Marx and his followers (all scholars faving faith fm the ROMY CN SocialisnivCommanist) aoa all pofitcal relations an Le een economic relations and class struggle between the ich and the poor gi, y 1h that politics has its roots in, economies. and hence study of econo Bite stracture and economic relations between the rich dnd the_ poor a ines Pol Wis however not accepted by most ‘of the modem political scientists and tt ey a : Giat-sexreme and rarrow view. They, however, acept the importanss of VS Ao econsmic factors of politics and political factors of economics. Political Economy studies both these dimensions. Political Economy involves interdsciplinary studies drawing upon Economics, Laws and Political Science in explaining hoW political institutions, the political environment, politica relations and the economic system (Capitalist Economic System, or Socialist Economic System) influence and interact with each other. It seeks to study (i) The role of government i location in every economic system : (ii) Role of ‘the nations in-the world ; and (iii) Economic models of political processes: Each Political ideology has a large content of economic principles, policies and objectives. ‘tors, economic class In contemporary times, political scientists studying political economy principally study ‘the role of political power-holders-in-the making of economic policy and the effect of economic performance on the popularity and credibility of power-holders of the state. They also study as to how the nations, in effect how their governments and people, organize and manage the production and use of wealth. In contemporary times, when economy bas come to be a major driver of politics and political policies, it has indeed become essential for political scientists to study political ‘econoniy. ~ ‘As such, the scope of Political Science include: science can be complete without the study of Politi When we combine the scope of each of the above discussed five dimensions of Political Science, we find that the scope of Political Science-is-very vast. Each of these has been @ major key area of study and rescarch.-All of these are major, essential and important areas of the scope of plifieal science. Infact, the scope of Political Science has now become very broad. It includes everything that falls, directly. or indirectly within the fold of political activity, political action and Political process, Political Science SG&kS to study all mechanisms of Politics with a view t© build a scientific theory of politics. It includes the study of all intuitions, structures, functions, associations and_groups which directly. or indirectly, vigorously or passively affect the political processes in each society. E No study of PoliticalaS £ “eee eS INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE evolving tudy. It is a social discipline devoted to the study of man as a political man ihe process of governing. elf. Political Sciefice studies all aspects-of politics of governance which [Link] work in every state. mo NATURE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE : Is POLITICAL SCIENCE A SCIENCE ? Every social'eisipline which studies a particular social aspect-economic, political, or cultural, has to face a question: Is it a Science? Politics is a social discipline. Naturally it also wwer to this question has been given differently by different Political Science has been and continues to be a dynamic and_continuousl subject of st faces this question. The ans sthorais —gome scholars hold that Politics is not a science. It is an art because it has neither exactness nor the ability of prediction-making. Others hold that Politics is a science because it USee a scientific method for the acquisition of knowledge of Politics. The differences in their views have been largely due to the different ways in which each of them defines Science. Traditionally, Science stands defined as a subject characterised_by exactness and predictability. Since Politics lacks both these features, it cannot be characterised as a science. SWEVETThe modem view of Science conceptualises science as a systematic study leading to the determination of objective, tested and valid conclusions. Judged’ upon this definition, Polifies qualifies fo be accepled as Science becauseit also USS 8Ci “[Link]-of-study-— ——— me E Let us examine both the traditional and modem views regarding the nature of Politics. (A) TRADITIONAL VIEW: POLITICAL SCIENCE IS NOT A SCIENCE Several scholars have traditionally held the view that Politics though often called Political Science is not a science. Prominent among them have been August Compte, Buckle and Maitland" They categorically state that Politics is not a science and that it cannot claim to be a science on any ground. Buckle observes: “Politics far from being a science is one of the most backward-of-all-the”art&:” Tn the words of Maitland, “When I see a good set of examination questions headed by the word Political Science, I reject not the questions but the title.” (Because, he held the view that Political Science was not a science.) These traditional writers define Science as a body of exact knowledge of a field on the basis of which predictions [Link], “Science is a body of exact knowledge or principles, capable of explaining every relevant phenomenon in the selected field, [Link] invariable or uniform that it should be possible to make predictions on their basis.” Exactness and Predictability constitute the two fundamental properties of science. These qualities are found in natural sciences like Physics and Chemistry but these do not characterise Politics. Hence Politics is not a science. A. (1) Arguments in support of the view that Political Science is not a Science 1, Lack of Agreed Principles of Political Science : There are no agreed principles in Politics. Scholars have different views even regarding its meaning, definition and scope. aS| CoH INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENe, ‘There is a luck of generally agreed principles of Politics. Had Politics been a science it woy have got within its fold a set of definite and agreed principles. Hence Politics cannot 4, accepted as a science, ie 2. Lack of E’xnetness : Political Science lacks exactness. Politics does not provide exay knowledge about State, Government and other institutions and processes of Politics. Sciengy stundls-for-exactness-in-the knowledge of the field. Politics does not provide any cxaq, knowledge: Hence it Cann \dmitted as a science. “3. Pre 2 is not pos in Politics : The main quality of science is its ability (o predict. A scientist can make valid and exact predictions in Physics, Chemisty, AstracPhysics, Astronomy and others, However, in Political Science little"exact or defini prediction are possible, The law-makers cannot predict the success of laws. The peopl, cannot”predict the behaviour of their representatives. Election results cannot be realy predicted:-Because of this Weakness, Politics is neither a science nor can it become a re science in future, 4. Non-operation of the Law of Cause and Effect : In the sphere of science, the law of cause and effect is always and certainly present. The same causes lead to same effects, Whenever Potassium Chlorate is heated it gives out Oxygen. When we add Manganey Dioxide to it, this process becomes faster. The properties of Oxygen stand predicted beyond doubt. However, same causes do not Iead to same effects in Politics. In some states poverty acts asa cause of revolution While-in-others it Téads to stagnation in social life. The factors jich-led'to a revolution: in Fiance, failed to produce a revolution in England. As such the of cause and effect, which is a basic feature of Science, is non-operative in Politics, Experiments are not possible in Politics Political Science : In science, say Physics, tists can prove their conclusions or prove the validity of the laws of Physics by lucting several experiments in their laboratories. Expetiments-under-controlled conditions id x validity of conclusions can be proved. However, imentation is not possible in Politics. The validity of so called laws of Politics cannot be strated through experiments. Arguments [Link] against can be given but no scientific -and tested conclusions can_be.made, Even when certain conclusions are reached, there is always-a lack of agreement behind them. a On the basis of these five main arguments, several scholars advocate the view thet Politics is not a science. They go to the extent of observing that it cannot even become & Science. It is the art of government. It is the philosophy of state. It is the theory of political institutions, Itis not a science of Politics. It lacks exactness and predictability, (B) MODERN VIEW : POLITICAL SCIENCE IS A SCIENCE Against the traditional view that Politics is not a science, the modem view holds that its a science. Modem political scientists, reject the traditional definition of science. Science does not stand for exactness, predictability and experimentation. On the other hand Science really means systematic acquisition of knowledge. It involves a use of systematic method of stud. “Science is systematic knowledge relating to an area acquired by systematic observation,INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE ea classification and [Link] data.” Stuart Chance says, “Scene thod-and-not with sul with subject -matter” Any discipline which uses systematic method of study i.e, scientific tiethod of study, qualifies to be treated as a sclenverSiice Politics ad ‘admis systematic method of study; and"sinceits"study“involves"a systematic acquisition of knowledge, Politics is a science, The study"of F Politics in contemporary times involves_the.use.. of scientific method B, (1) Arguments in support of the view that Political Science is a Science : 1. Use of Scientific Method : Political Science is a science because it uses scientific method of study. It depends upon observation, classification and interpretation/analysis of data for theory-building, It involves: systematic ‘aequi acquisition’ “orkiiowledge. jon of knowledge and_not”any Z. Validity of Conclusions of Political Science : Presently, the use of systemati of study has made it possible for the political scientists to arrive at valid, verified and t coficlusions. The verification of conclusions is now becoming increasingly possible. In'a natural science the conclusions are cent per cent valid because of definiteness and exactness of the nature of material and physical”World around it, Since subject-matter of Politics"is ‘human behaviour-which is very dynamic, a high degree of exactness [Link] really possible, ‘Thivis in fact the case of every soctat-science, like Beonomies, Sociology and others 3, Inereasing Abili hod of Political Science to make Prediction: The deyelopment of new _ concepls, tools, methods and approaches. as well-as-the-increasing ability to arrive at tested conclusions have been increasing the scope of prediction-making in Politics, Of course we can not make deterministic and cent per cent valid predictions in Politics. But we can make can certainly predict the outcome of a poll to a very large jon polling has increased our ability to do so. We can safely predict that ‘unchecked inequalities and poverty can lead to a revolution in most cases. 4, Possibility of Experimentation: It is true that experiments under controlled laboratory conditions can not be made in Politics. However, social experimentation is possible int Politics~The whole. of-India-is'a Taboratory in which the success of a democratic system is being continuously tested, The use of computers has increased the ability of political scientist to collect and analyse data, and help the society [Link] certain. policies and projects onranexperimintal basis, 5. Even Scientific Knowledge lacks exactness: It is indeed untrue to say that scientific knowledge is absolutely exact. History of evolution of science clearly shows that some principles of science Which were considered fully valid in the 19th century were proved to be wrong in the 20th century. Theory of electricity is now based upon certain principles which are different from the principles held earlier. 6 Exact Predictions cannot be made in the sphere of some Sciences like Meteorology: Meteorology is a natural science, which seeks to explain and make predictions| = INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL Scie =a Ne about climate and climate-changing..It-makes weather forecasts which are at times found 4, be inexact-and€ven inaccurate, If Meteorology is a science, des imitations in respect g prediction-making, Politics can also be admitted as a science. Politics can make prObabitiy, predictions or conditional predictions which can be accurate to a large extent. \ 7. Politics has several Agreed Principles: It is not fully correct to say that Politics ha, no uniform agreed principles. It has now a set of agreed_ principles whose v: ity stands accepted-by-allThe value of democracy as the system of governance which alone can secure tenet ice, liberty equality and fraternity stands fully established. Moreover, noy, several principles like liberalism, open striggle for power, democratic decentralisation rule of law and many others staiid fully recognised and respected. Thefe is again unanimity behing ‘he nature and content of Human Rights which are to be secured by all for all. In fact, the number of universally agreed principles of Politics-has-increased and is still gradually increasing: al ~ 8, Law of Cause and Effect also operates in Politics: It also not fully correct to say that the law of cause and effect is non-operative in. Politics. No doubt it does not operate as exactly ini Politics as it operates in a natural science, Nevertheless it is operative in the sphere of Politics't6 Some extent. Behind siniilar political events there are often similar causes. The ‘causes of revolutions in various societies are quite similar, It can be safely said. that Pierre and exploitation of the masses by a class or some classes always le arich ground for a popular revolution against the established order. By analysing the calises behind several revolutions which have already taken place, we can get the knowledge about causes of revolutions Which can be used for ascertaining the chances of a revolution in a society which is characterised by similar factors.” Oi the basis ofall these arguments, almost all modern political scientists strongly uphold thé. view that Politics is_a science. It admits scientific method of study. It involves a systematic attempt to acquire scientific knowledge of the political phenomenon. Politics is a science because, as Bryce puts it, “there is constancy and uniformity in the-tendencies of human nature,” [t admits scientific theory-building through the use of scientific method of ny Science uses Scientific method'are hence it a science. ~ (owever, while adniit ‘ : i olitics is"@science,-[Link] be stated that it is a social science and nota natural science, It is as much a science as Sociology-and-Economics are sciences. science, Politics secks to study the political aspect of human behaviour or thé political dimension of every social system. —~____— QUESTIONS FOR REVISION Short Answer Questions Define the following : 1. Traditional meaning of Political Science. 2. Traditional view of nature of Political Science,\ 4 \ ‘ INTRODU! \CTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Modern meaning of Political Science. Political Science as the science of state. Polit Is there any difference between Politic as struggle for power. s and Political Science as a 7. Key Areas of the scope of Political Science. 8. Meaning of Political Theory. 9, Meaning of International Relations. : 40. What is comparative Politics? 11. Define Political Economy. 12. Define Public Administration, 7 Pitre ee and Political Science (Traditional view). |. Why modern Political Scientists rej tional vi ule s reject the traditional view of Politics as not a 15. What is Science? 16. On what grounds some Political Scientists say that Political Science is not a Science? 17. Give main arguments in favour of the view that Political Science is a Science. Long Answer Questions 1. Explain the traditional and modern meanings of Political Science. +2, How is Political Science defined in its traditional form? Explain the traditional view of difference between Politics and Political Science. +3, What is the modem view of Political Science What is the scope of Political Science? 4, Briefly explain the meaning and scope of the five key dimensions of Political Science? 5, Briefly explain the scope of each of the five key dimensions of Political Science. 6. 1s Politics/Political Science a Science? Give arguments for and against. 7. Define Political Science. Is ita science? 8. Give arguments for and against the view that Political Science is a science. oao