abwab adalat ahimsa akbra amil am/a anjuman ajlaf atma sakti ashraf’ ashram atrap azad azad dastas babu babas bakasht bhadralok bhadramahila bhaichara bhakti chapatis chakri charkha chaukidari chautb cutchery dadan dadani Glossary extra legal charges exacted by landlords court non-violence gymnasium revenue official zamindari official local Muslim association Muslim commoners self strengthening Muslim respectable class or elite Hindu religious organisation Muslim commoners-same as a;Jaf. free; liberty guerrilla bands a disparaging colonial term for educated Bengalees Muslim religious meeting land where permanent tenancies had been converted into short-term tenancies Bengali gentlemen, belonging to upper caste Bengali gentlewoman brotherhood devotional religion flattened wheat bread office job spinning wheel system of village ward and watch one-fourth of the revenue claimed by the Marathas acourt oflaw;azamindar's court or office advance merchants who procured goods by paying advances to primary producersda/(s) Dal Khalsa dalam dalapati daJit dalwai daroga dastak deshpande desbmukh dharma Dharmashastra diku diwan diwani diwani adalat durbar [arman fatwa [auidari adalat fitna Jituris ghatwali garbhadhan gtras gomustah goonda(s) Granth gurdwara harijan(s) hartal hundi jiaradari ijaradar tiaka Glossary xv faction(s) Sikh religious organisation initiated by Guru Govind Singh revolutionary units leader of factions oppressed-term used by the untouchables to identify themselves prime minister of the Mysore state local police officer permits issued by the local councils of the East India Company certifying their goods for the purpose of tax exemption revenue collector revenue officer religion; also, code of moral conduct Hindu religious texts foreigner-term used by the tribals (San- thals) to identify outsiders treasurer revenue collecting right civil court royal court Mughal imperial order Islamic religious declaration criminal court sedition a tradition of tribaJ rebellion service tenure for village watchmen consummation of marriage at the begin- ning of puberty customary dues Indian agent of the East India Company hooligan clements sacred text Sikh place of worship literally, God's children-a phrase used by Gandhi to identify the untouchables strike bill of exchange revenue farming system revenue farmer areaxvi Glossary jama janmt Jat Jjatha(s) jati fatra jhun jotedar(s) kanamdarlkanakkaran karma kazi khadi khalsa kbalisa khanazad khudkasht(s) khutba kisan kotwal kulin lathiyal(s) mah al mahatma masand maul avi mulgujar mansabdar mansabdari Manusmriti revenue paying estate distributed among the Mughal aristocrats estimated land revenue income holder of janmam tenure a personal rank ofa Mughal military com- mander or mansabdar Sikh bands of warriors caste rural theatrical performance shifting (slash and burn) cultivation intermediary tenure holders holder of kanam tenure action or deed; the Hindu belief that ac- tions in the present life determine a per- son's fate in the next life Muslim judge homespun doth Sikh order of brotherhood royal land hereditary Muslim aristocrats in the Mughal court peasants with occupancy rights Friday prayers in the mosque peasant Mughal police official in charge of an urban centre some castes among the Brahmans and Kayasthas of Bengal who are considered to be the purest musclemen who fought with bamboo dubs fiscal unit in north India great soul-epithet given to Gandhi by the people of India a deputy of the Sikh guru Islamic religious teacher landholding primary zamindar Mughal military commander/aristocrat system of organisation of the Mughal aris- tocracy religious text believed to be written by the ancient lawgiver Manu.meli(s) mir bahshi mirasidar misls mistri mor(ussil moballa mufti muktiyar namah mullah mushaira muttadars nakdi mansabdar nankar nari babinis nawab nazim pahikasht(s) panchayat pattadar(s) patii patni patta peshkash peshwa pir podu praja praja mandal prati sarkar pundit purdah Glossary xvu anti-feudal demonstrations Mughal imperial treasurer holders of hereditary land rights (mirasi) in south India combinations of Sikh ardars based on kin- ship ties jobbers. small town or subdivisional town an area of a town or village Mu lim learned per on, expert in religious laws power of attorney M priest public recital estate holders mansabdars who were paid in cash revenue free land women brigades Mughal provincial governor official title for the Mughal provincial gov- emors vagrant peasants village council landowners village headmen subinfeudatory tenures written agreement between the peasant and the landowner fixed amount paid by an autonomous ruler to the Mughal emperor prime minister of the Maratha ruler Islamic preacher atribal term for shifting cultivation preva- lent in the Andhra region nation/subjects/tenants nationalist people's organisations in the Indian Princely states parallel government an expert in Hindu religious texts a Persian word, literally meaning curtain, used to define the seclusion of Indian womenxviii Glossary qaum raj raja Ramrajya rashtra risalas sahajdharis sahib sahukar sajjad_ nishins sarmun sanad sangathan saranjam sardar(s) sardesbmukhi sarkar saryagraha sati satoar seba dal( ) sepoy shakri sharif shastra sharia subah sud suddhi swadeshi community based on common descent rule autonomous ruler kingdom of the mythical king Rama state units of the army of Haidar Ali of Mysore non-khalsa Sikhs Indian term for the Europeans moneylender custodians of sufi shrines association Mughal imperial order orgarusanon wansferable land rights chiefs of Maratha, Rajput or Sikh clans; also the term for jobbers through whom workers were recruited in Indian indus- tries aterm for Maratha revenue demand government, also, rural district amethod of non-violent agitation devi ed by Mahatma Gandhi the custom of widows sacrificing them- selves on the funeral pyre of their dead husbands anumerical rank for Mughal military com- manders indicating the number of horse- men they were supposed to maintain volunteer corps Indian soldier in the British army-origi- nating from the Indian word sipabi primal power respectable Muslim Hindu religious texts Islamic law Mughal province atribal term for foreigners prevalent in the Choto Nagpur region purification, reconversion movement star- ted by Arya Samaj indigenous political movement to boycott foreign goods and institutions and use their indigenous alternativesswaraj su/arajziladish taluqdars tankha jagir tehsildar thana tinkathia tufan dal ) Upanishad ulama ulgulan ummah utar vakil(s) vara uarnashramadharma Vaishnavaites uatan Vedanta Vedas wazir zabt zamindar(s) zenana zillah Glossary xix self-rule independent district magistrate large landlords in Awadh hereditary possessions of the Rajpur chiefs under the Mughals subordinate police officer police station; al o unit of police jurisdic- tion of twenty to thirty square miles a system that bound peasants to produce indigo in three twentieth part of their land revolutionary village units ancient Hindu scripture Muslim priests rebellion of the Mundas community based on allegiance to the common Islamic faith forced labour representatives/advocates at the Mughal courts fourfold division of Hindu society code of conduct maintaining the fourfold division of Hindu society followers of Vaishnavism hereditary land rights Upanaishads or texts written at the end of the Vedas ancient Indian scriptures prime minister Mughal system of land measurement landlords the women's quarter in the inner part of the house administrative district