Heisenberg Picture In Heisenberg picture the operators corresponding to observables
vary with time the state kets are fixed frozen at initial time to
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AHH UHH AsUIH It Heisenberg picture
St Schrodinger picture
1 107 its
14 1 1077 14,1014 independent of time t
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The expectationsvalue I is obviously the name in both pictures
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The Heisenberg equation of motion
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Heisenberg equation of motion for the operator
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It Emtreq
q p obey noncommutative algebra
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classical equation of motion in
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Interaction picture on Dirac picture
The Dirac picture is sort of intermediary between the Schrodinger picture and
the Heisenberg picture as both the quantum states and the operators carry
time dependence
We consider a Hamiltonian It much that it can be split into two parts
It II try
where Ito does not contain time explicitly Ito's is called unperturbed or free Itamitonian
In absence of kin the energy eigenkets my with energy eigenvalues En can be defined
by HIM ESIN
are completely known
We may be interested in situations where initially only one of the energy eigenstates of It
for example lip is populated As time goes on however the states otherthan lip are
populated because with Vit 0 hence we are no longer dealingwith stationary problems
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Since the expectation values of operators are independent of pictures
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It is time inde
pendent
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Look for a solution of the form
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From the orthogonality relations
Cmle e
Em It to
MIYsHY
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Ilm't the probability of finding the rentem in the state imy at time t if we
measure its energy
Iemit T Lml It T LMIUHto VISIT
LmlUlf to QIHo Y fo Utt to MY
Le Air Lrlatley
at t to 14,1677 4
ft dtdt
E E dtn VIIt Eltz Veffn
I C Mit 2 to 1 m 14
141
Which gives the probability of finding the nyntem in state imy at given time t given that
it was in the state line at time to
11 m t i to 1 Kmlift 8mi
Ic Mit i to KMS Ct dt lit I fÉdt miveltilitt
r
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MY
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The factory 4bintwhf.it is a strongly peaked function of Wmi At wmi to
very
its amplitude inereases as It tot and decreases to zero when Wmi 2M t to The
that Us induces probability
the nyntem to make a transition between Liz and state imy is
thus very nmall unless energy is conserved between the initial and final states
Home task Vs Vs Sin wt d find out the first order
transition probality amplitude for following situation
4 WnitWy Ki w
Heisenberg picture Interaction picture Schrodinger picture
stateKet No change Evolution determined by Ye Evolution determined by H
observable Evolution determinedby It Evolutiondetermined by Ito No change
