THEORY OF STRUCTURES (MODULE 2) BY: NTDEGUMA THEORY OF STRUCTURES (MODULE 2) BY: NTDEGUMA

IV. VIRTUAL WORK EQUATION INDETERMINATE BEAMS DEFLECTION OF TRUSS II. CASTIGLIANO'S THEOREM

DEFLECTION:
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD y = deflection
DEFLECTION:
I. THREE-MOMENT EQUATION VIRTUAL WORK EQUATION L M = actual moment at the
element under
L y = deflection consideration
where: M M
M = actual moment at element y= dx m = moment due to
Mm M1L1 + 2M2 L 1 + L 2 + M3 L 2 + 6A1a1 + 6A2 b2 = 0 S = stress in member due to P EI
y= dx under consideration actual loads 0 application of a P
L1 L2 at the section under
EI m = moment due to application SuL L = length of the member
0 of a unit load at the section = AE consideration
u = stress in member due to
under consideration virtual unit load
II. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD A = cross-sectional area SLOPE:
SLOPE : of the member
STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED: E = modulus of elasticity L M = actual moment at the
L element under
1. Solve for k = I / L M M consideration
M = actual moment at element
Mm m EI m = moment due to
under consideration 2. Solve for Distribution Factor (DF) DEFLECTION OF FRAMES 0 application of moment
EI m = moment due to application DF = K / S K "m" at the section
0 of a unit couple at the under consideration
section under consideration
DF = 1 for external hinge
DF = 0 for fixed end support I. VIRTUAL WORK METHOD

3. Solve for the fixed end moments DEFLECTION:

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
4. Balance the moments
L
V. CASTIGLIANO'S THEOREM
5. Carry over the moments (COM)
Mm CANTILEVER METHOD
DEFLECTION: COM = 1/2 moment of the other end y= dx
EI
y = deflection 0 ASSUMPTIONS:
III. FIXED-END MOMENTS
L M = actual moment at the
1. A point of inflection occurs at the midspan of each girder.
element under For any loading condition, the moment at the fixed end where:
M M consideration can be solved by integration. y = deflection
y= dx 2. A point of inflection occurs at the midheight of each column.
m = moment due to
P EI application of a P
M = actual moment at element
0 P = ydx under consideration 3. The axial force in each column is directly proportional to its
at the section under
consideration xa L-x m = moment due to application distance from the center of gravity of all columns on that level.
b of a unit load at the section
under consideration
SLOPE: y
A B
MA L MB
SLOPE:
L M = actual moment at the x1 PORTAL METHOD
element under L
M M consideration ASSUMPTIONS:
m EI m = moment due to Mm
0 application of moment x1 x1 1. The building frame is divided into independent portals.
"m" at the section EI
0
under consideration 1 2 1 2. A point of inflection occurs at the midspan of each girder.
MA = - 2
Pab MB = - 2
Pba
2

L L where:
x2 x2 3. A point of inflection occurs at the midheight of each column.
y = deflection
M = actual moment at element 4. The horizontal shear at a given storey is distributed among
under consideration the columns such that each interior columns resists twice
m = moment due to application
as much as each exterior column.
of a unit load at the section

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