ELECTROSTATICS ae Charge: A proberly-of some eae theles that causes | | them to exert Fe rces fa ie ah The ch age atid of Yeon arises az a result of a ones amici electrons wh vest protons Char e is ithe in electric cutent wie Yesbect fo time cind is mensuted. in cottlomb The ct Vunit af egetive fis hare i isthat possessed by — the electron andl the spoton Foe nt of positive chan he electron hes acha gee \. ah fy i ‘chaig ed ve is said té le ct point cae, if its dimensions are ni ay etal as Grpated tothe distance TRat its e fet ines Lived on of chame: “Electric charge.can Rave onl sce Values : vatherthan anu-value, the smallest ‘iste te value 2p el that can exist in nature tothe charge on an electron She char “qcarvied by ways an inky mult plo te hasic unit F hard (Hel ome chal he =< Ne re Nis anin ‘ 21 Conservation of charge + Incn ei system jthe total charge doesnot change with time In i raid, char eran nei er becreated nol Sesh Ex 4) Idhetl two bodies are charged by-rubbitig together they attain equal an ofp gers It shoe-thak he ‘old al ene Cae | 1 tubbing “ts Inall ngele Heaps be number & protons is found to remain uncha &. ath * flo Bary + nee Rair pieduetion © riper og a gamma rai photon interact with the rucleus -» é afanatom ,a pair akan electron and at positron is preducect . YS Oct ; sere dea emt A-chaige cannot exist without mass hough ci mass oy exist without t charge. The particles suchas photon oy neulyifto have. no real mass. peers fawticles crenettie, varianee of charge : The numerical value of acharge ts tndefendent the fame of tence mente ef echgge Pearce remainethe Cu itis s Nationary- oY movit rope constant G Velocthy ov ace lerating Ht Elect. Ss are Aditive + : The total charg 2 inan isolated syst fest es algebraic algebraie sum of all +h “thd individual charge ee 6.1A cel lege! char.e reid ener t ‘ is havin af ect c chai zi hie, How manwelectyons have * he cnt iet to Grvemoved ved Hom ih ° i Selr], Since the charge is positive here, is clefietency-4 electrons - ne -1cl 2 6.25x10 elections . |e wingh < x a 5 a i Scanned with CamScanner pela a!5 char ng—a body “ Theta it tg Wks chargin cited ujctitin. hyn fhe ‘Ce at rubbed together, electrons arettinster’d from one bedyto the of er As cir eault his, one becomes _fositivel y-charged while the afhes ne cdivel charged. Anebohi Iyed rubbed with’ Woo! ee "8 ctivel Brarg af. }Charging-by-induetion. Tf a charged belly is ou ft near a boc he aug bod illethreo ope pos! chav ond Yebel similax_ chal g presen Bin the Heyl bs ocl “AG ateau tcf Bhs onesidep| the neutbal ocdu—becomes posilivelyel whilethe rn ‘3 iscalled'elettrostatic eluck a ‘4 7 T™ i nis pce : Induced charge-can belesser oy equicl te inclucing— ik (Ch char via? eemecimcn valu b qien be g I Here qvis the ee _chare ed Kis theclidectric constant of the fatal of ihe unehiig ed doc Vehatsire te c onclucl it by mr edchery tris jouche| nitfre neuted odd arge i ransferte > | jl n tothe neutral bal The rans ferred charge is ofthe Lone hype Coulomb's La The Jorce of inhiaetion of two stationary point charges is direct! iy pro! pore the product gi these cl ies and inversely propertitna| tothe square of th Sat Separatt fons g FR aids ee eee endo on two factors ie (i) System units and Gi) medium ay Cas rr Ret a st sistem R= axio! in vacuum a) Vacuunryatr Rede Here &—> absolute elestee permittivity of vacuum 2 e ) ln B85 a ae b i wum otherthan ai wacuti : ee leclvie permittivity —sthe meclium | ae Hoe E+ bsolute ol tive Pie “dg dae — © —av eal sot yy N -¢ medium med Gare HS + ) J Scanned with CamScannerws a €, of KI v either Known as yelative berm itive Me atthe me el vacuum athe clielectric constant ofthe tedium, or K) = fi us ae fve_constankaf a medium can bedefined asthe ratio of the Force belween TWocharses placed ata certain distance. ctpart in vacuunyair +o th forge between the Same tive charges plaaddthe same. distance abart in that n iredium, qd Ke 4 fo air/vacuum Kod for a aes » & Ke 8) fw walter, Definition th force be k 4 n Sf susiem 4 4orce between two char anda, placed ata certain dletemce Yabart in vacuum tegen ve Fy= Atel Moye y= Pee , ved and fy =axto'y en axicl = axigl a ett » AC ysdthat shar 1 tBch rebel! an equal and similar charge. witha force ot Axio when Placed | in Vacuum at adistance dim fom it, According—‘te the princi sf suber position the total force peu iven c! hora e due to a number of cha around othe Wecke tim ath e individual forces acting-dn that : atte clue +o all “hech cirge: LSt us consider that tp point charges % ,%,5----.Iq ave distributed in space in a discrete manne and are *interactin with each otfier SP-lhe char gq, exert forces Fed Th fin onthe char 14 ane acatiitg fe pring! ple of’ suerbesition the 42 +l 4 orate harge % is given bu i F Rg tet Aa Electric field The re ion around a charged body sittin which its influence can be felt Bealled electric Pielel . The electric field due toa charge ata point tn space maybe Sete force that a a unit petllve a) shat wo experience. laced at that point The char is producin Fe Ra stuck alee wei Wedel ation tests the eblect of a source. char idealled atest wee ange Th The source charge @ must remain af its ori fal locection. However if9q char. fh rougkt qt an F around @,@ itselP is bound to te an elect hal Force eee gard will fend to na A way Pf I thes Scanned with CamScannerde’ Bo S. De es Til istomake 9, negliqtbily- smell . es "law A ithe fore on i aL £ ee S90 ea > Electric Field "tena clue to a boint char Let us censidertha a pi ch charge + Vis laced at the origin O Let P be the position vector othe obsetvatron boint ® whorcthe Gleotyc Field isto be deleminecl , Tofind & at , es ine a vente small positive test cl ore, SY, by to be bead at, P.Qecording $0 Cou iss halge. By. Saydue tothe chaige y 1 Vis" given by Y > auntt vector alon ug, a ee de (dete > e ee? > Te of ime Electyrc Lines of force, ° An electric Fine of force is an imacunarye curve the tangent te which aba porn as «direction of the Hlectrig Feld intensity: at that point. 48 el Technic fing of, Ate then tsthat ima reer cae day inan elecine. relcl alone whicha Freie silt charge will move Sem DE CO Some imborlant broterties of electric 4eld dines. aon Electric, 4teld Hines are continuous aus without any. breaks. Two Field ines canal Coss ee otter .9F they cea a port Ahan, ich itwo aa nds can be drawn ofthat commen intersection would oor that there en 4 frend saat Ihe, Blechrefiell at Theet ent Mis a) piel imbossibi Elect re, ed fre usual] Nee clive from ie charae lancl end ag, Jon rp chg charge. ov ont fon in Frit lectin J Hows Glee caihot “Form Sead toeh 1 4. elect ines enc or start normally onthe surface dka eonducler . 5- (The electric Tines of do not eles te a ceed fe electyre eld 9 inside a sa luctur ts oheep equi 6. ey he Pines a cre equidistant ae, 7 Of ines the electric aaa is J. a “seanned with CamScanner= tite inci of force are eee equidistant or Soph Tineo wy bath then the electrre ich With’ be non- uniform a —> —— “Tniform elect field] ~~ Non-ciniform “Go —\ Electric Dipole. i lem of 4wo eqpial and o! ste chy es placecl alg very shor cistant e igen i the product ie ate che anel ss distance between them is Known ciethe eee clipole mor (b) . B ys avector whose clirection ts Prom - -Y Towne tyaimik axis of the dipole - * P Vv A Electric Dipole Moment “B= y@e een oP be dre I. yea ra ee Benes water,ammonia ee behave as electric dipoles. Dipsle } electrre dipole. havingr electriccipale moment 22a) is an ideal ioe choge y's ty large. chattel lap ° “he dif ts relly Ona Leech thse ree oe the cas don electric lito « “yO tg : ‘ i 8 Y Let ua consider an electric clipole eee 9-64 charaes aes y ippraterl | bu aclistance 2a ‘and placed vacuum crm tlobservattion ‘Sint onthe Hine: Jefe thet ‘thas Caxval Aine }at a distance. ror the ele, Coot the chipole . The lectrre 4ield 3 ‘atP will bethe resultant + gf the el electric “fee E (due te 4 the La pkicad at A) and Ea (cue tothe chaige +4, afthe point aio “Bs E+, . a 7 Glen & ) © Ele omy al (long Be) - ele eae - = fa Ea = 0,e® Ge aa day ~ toy] * ae ae Es ei = 2 for a vey chor MYER & exer) Scanned with CamScannerElect ic fi0 d onthe equatoval Pine ok an elertr'c clibole . "|tet © be an observation font ov the:equedaval Fan AfaSin& Aine cf the dipole at ct distance x from the Fats e. bentre ¢ cf the dipole. The resultant eclectic” Rrell Gat Po - E = 26st - © A 7 in, B IIT eee YY urge)? ung, @4 ) Cost = Wrae In deca —- © Fon © ,@ - @ Ge 2.4 1 = meer) Tae tee . Fora very shott dipole acc > . zo The direction of E at obs. boint P is obbesi ayo ume | tothe = dp * i [The behaviour of an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric fill Let us consider an electricdrpole “length 2a placed ina uniform 2 electrtc field E mai ing-on ang la with the direction of th? Fela { : The char &y) experiences a force. “VE -y +9 in the divection of electvie fel <> and the see exberiences a Force GY)E in adirechion obpait: dethat db the glectic eld .Sincethese forces are eqpuict! anel olbostte forces with different Pines dbaction , sothese constrbufe A. Caltbe his Couble causeshe dipole to exbertenca a “torquect ) T= efther force x perbendicular distance. behyadnthe fin forcea, =e )x BN] =(q ) 2a8ine _~ “Ls pESin® ~ Vs xe Sinportant Points. \) WhenAhe dipole is placed ina uniform electric Field , it experiences only a torque The net Pace onthe dipole is 3a0. | Vn a non-uniform electric Field tthe dibde experittces a torque a Wel aoa Net Force. due +o which it would exhibit at translcteny motran a8 well qa ctreinaled motton , 3.| Cs PESinge= pe —sYmevximum pe Sinem = © —> Minimuin- Scanned with CamScannerFe work requitecl to beclone in rotating. a dipole in an extemal a oti v ‘uniform electric field from 8 to 6; Finer! orientation Ze [ZIG »—E > a © cS = ——— ZI ty = Any instantaneous orventat'on Initial onentation Subbose that an electric. dipole Raving_clipole. moment p is blaced 7 ate a direction snekint an an nop Phe Te then shee an eSternal uniform electra Field, Shen, the torque aeting—on Hhe dipole is T= pESme SP the dipole is rotated against this torque ,some Work is tequired to be done This nerk as stored asthe potential enerqiy-the dipole. “Uthe dipole is rotated Hoge an infinifesimally-smal | a dG againsh the terquie actingon itthen a small wollte 3 be done 4 dW- Tdb - bESiné The work done in rotating the elipole from its orientetron making_an qnole & withthe directroa dl the electric ied toe = pene de = - peo 2 Ws! - pe[God-cooy] Meo We U-U = change in electrrcal betentral} onetget U-U,=—PEoe= ee ] Conventionally. PE =o whencthe dipole is held at rightangles tothe clirectit dlectn'c field. te. i Be Sa then di u Ue = pECes 6s, =e §n general the botentral ene) ‘the clipele in gn orientation * making an an re with the led fon Stier fete . LU® pecs w Us pee Istable Equili byrum Unstable equilibrium —— Tso and Pe Us max a SeoGe Unax = — PE Coa IB0"= + PE WU pine = PECSO i a = Umin = =p = | "Woreue = © Scanned with CamScannerElectric Flux ( a: She lux of electric field & through a small aren dementd= 4. z is given Pe dé = Pde = £4s cosb, SS 3 vector d¥ea elementds” is = ds ere ds isthe magnitude otH4hearea element and § is normal tothe area element iffich can be considered lanar fay sufficienlfusinall ds for ence elenen a ea surface ft is takente be the ditectiin of outward normal, by conventron The Te Actes (ithe ufcle surface s canbe founcl Ep integtting — = Tetal electric flux Nout the surface S13 gven s bf ey Ml he Stirface S is aclosed surfacesthen the total electric lux throug hithe eleseel surface is qiven by— = oer Gauss's Th ihe dlc of elect vic Aieldthyough any-clised surface Is. Je, times the total charge enclosed bythe closed surface”. 2 @ , By definition the tolal electric Plux Ahrough the closed surface § 1 given by | °&- eds @ :|From @_ai 's theorem may be expressecl as follows geay = % 2 She surface. inlegr | ct electric {eld ore aclosed surface ts equal to 46, timeo Mn’ al the total charge enclosed bythe surface . Applications Gauss'sthed 2 Ho find electric Field due toa dine charge ' ote lLetus consider an infinitely long line Charge placed along xxaxrs wh Gone chage att Hensify-d .Oufaim isto Bnd electric field * intendthyal a point Pclistant y fem the! 2 ine charge We draw ct cusindrical surface 6| radius y and ength 2 coaxial with he fine charge. The net flux through the cylindrical goussfan Surface i « fee -[ed a [eae 4 [eae ier cs Ror = JEdsCasse + [Fdscosc! + feds qac® Ler S. Rr - = elds - c.2mt © 5 7 «ae , Using leche bythe gausstan surface 3 y= dk -G) Elem? | =>Ye, >eE ode Scanned with CamScannerAwe fielcl duetoan infinite Hose sheet charge. “let us consider an infinite thin plane sheet cl postive Ichargehaving a uniform surface charae densi Led P be the int where electricfield-e is ‘ode. land, Let us imegine acylindreal gauss tan ; isurgace of length 2r and~ containing P cz shown, =] rhe net 4lux Hite cylindnech gfeussran surface, <[e. av 4 [aR 4 far REF Ler éuned s eae + JEdAGao” + fedacoae’ Lek ze. a + EA + ° Here A isthe area of cross Section be d each blaneend ie LeF aRCF. The fant charg aed by the qewsstan cylinder =6A = -@; Using Gauss's“theorem Pron Sond bea = Ne, | =e, Electnic Field dueto two infinile plane parallel sheets J} charge . Let jeongie 4wo infinite plane parallel sheetsd charse Aardl & Aayin surface Wes densities ©, and 6 respectively. Let us fake, electric 4 Rel PY towards 1 be negistive and towards Walt to be. posit ive. [In corr I a Fa) *G8] ; Er. -[s48) a yt lin region I] o «(s2] *) ores 26 Pin cegion TS = Gal sgl =[eaa) Vase» Electric field dueto4wo ops chargectthin plane sheet. in tefon Tr ger ii se4C9) =O) In region TH fg * 28seel =o Tn teqion 1 ey = Bs -€ Scanned with CamScannertn Apblication fio Pind electric fielel due tocacharged sbherrcal shell [Let cybethe total amount i} charge uni ormly distributed hover erspherical shell of radius ise When observation point Rieo outside the shell y a We consider aspherical gaussian surface, passin 4 Hhroug® porn Pand eneldain clhe cheirqed spherical ~ |chell “Let tis consicler a smalt/surface Senex A ciound point P. ge.de -€ $d acoso” =U? _@ Also edn’ = We, From eqns ©4® E-une = Ven > “Hee {UCase Idhen P Vico onthe surface tthe shell 4 §@.aR = EGdA Coo" 2 = E aur? — © ag Neo GRaP> Ve, -® From eqna @) and © EWTR= Ye, -. E= we “Tl Care \dhen ? fies insidethe shell . Gea =E gdAGsso" =e&-4nv —@® Aso BEAR = net enclosed change = %, =2 -&, From eqn & and © EWtys o => E=0 Scanned with CamScannerLe ‘The Line Ategral othe Electric Field Let us consider pa charge +4/located atthe origin O.Su pose that AB is ae belween two points Aand ® inthe electric field of the charge64) [Let of be rand oB ber, Let E bethe lectric ‘late _, intensity-at any point Ponthe path Ag Let Wedf *Y [ke an in ties! thal mall displacement alengthe path’ Ae. BaP = asmall wor\done by-dechiefield in ming unit posttivecharge Jrom point P to @ Sap STolal w done bythe el ticle /fa movi unit positive char fe re met me ba el fiel force in ovingyat uni positive charge FPP is called the bine inbepyed ofthe electricdield between faints And * PAP = EdRCs6 =v Ales © hn right angled Ape “NST oxy PACD =df Cod -~B As fn is inthe direction d} increasing, ¥ jtherefore PN = td p ARGDB = dy ra BaP - Udo mat a To ¥> une,y) MTS Ys «Wefind thal’ the bine integral of theclectric field betweenttwo points is independent ¢-the petth YelBueel belweenthe prints and is debendent onthe inthal and Final positions onkiy “thereby. chowing that electric Force is ou conservative-force - important Points about the fine integral d an electric Field ae J She fine infegral of an electric field long, a closed pal tye. [ke geet . Tear x [Pa I 1h Alongyrtht,—® lenge = deGbk) + Het =0 She fine inte tal the electric field between te paints is equal te the work clone by Che olectrre field th movi it positive b weeSeR Eder ATM Foe gehen The concept ct electric potential anel petential ciPforence in tema at the ine inlearal eclecltic field . The electvic potentral difference betweentwo point: Band A in an electric. ield is ‘lebined astheamount of work reqpitved to be clone per unit pesitive. testcharge in moving ib from A4o® ager nat electric Retcewith ct constant yelociti M4 Vand Ve, ad electric potentials at points Aand B in the elechicPield Scanned with CamScannerExpr rence and electre potential The electric potential difference between two boints in an electric Held is defined asthe work reqpiirecl to bedone pertnit positive test charge in moving it from one point tothe olfer without acceleration ag oak Hhe electic force cueterths electric field . +v g £ oe Vy- Vy = hs oO B ae on st A y electtic Field intensiflrat point P due teth’ sotiree cher +H phcecl ato Hhen clestrie forge ott the test charge due tg source chahe = SfE [To move-the tes! ced inst his Clectric Lorce wi oud acceleration ¥ Suppose that ino ct the feat charge Gyiset pant P.3 { E isthe Hthe external force yequitecl to be abblied is Re iE [Suppose that the fest charge is moved ough ain infinitesimeall small disp- -lacement Pe=-dL Athen a smell work teqfiited| to bedone te riove the test charge rom point P+0@ . dw = Rudd = -Sy2.dP = -Sqedbcmise - + Syedt . Asche dest charge is movecl from point Ato B,the distance y decreases inthe direction of disp dt. forthis reason dt=—dy_ odW = &q£ Gda.) She electric Field intensity € att point Pdue tothe charge +y - Aree “dW 2 -5y dy Hence total vere required +0 be done in moving the test charge, rom A 40B Aa 6 1 - Won? few = [ee “ee uit- iI -~® From ent @ and @ Sf point A is imagined aj inginity, then Wes: [rdw 8% (a sy y a I ee (oe eEh Wao = _Y - Lhe electrieVpolential akta-pomnt in an electite field my be define onthe ic\1 mount df work reqptired +o be done peruntt prsitive test charge in moving it Pan iin poh without Cedleratton against el-force . a 2a -@ _ Ve = Wgae. fom &2 @ Ve= ey ngenercs|el-potertial val a paint? dictant y from gS Ve vw UTE Scanned with CamScannerExbression for ofential difference and electric potentral The elec! rie polential difference between two points in an electric Ge is defined asthe work reqpiitect 10 bedene perunit positive test cha in moving it from one point tothe oltier without acceleration ag ir the elect¥ic force. uae the electrre Field. ty — 0 SE Ve-Va = Me © Oo. . & oY A sy Su pose that atanty instant the tell char &yis ot point POLE isthe electric Field in inal int fais AoAhY source charye + placact ato hen eleva orce atthe test cheirge due te es chathe = Soe Ho movethe rch charge grins hts Srectric f foreg with 7 ‘acceleration ithe external 4 ee i Ae ke ee is Fy Techy he teal he test is moved throusR ein infin Hesimeal small disp -lacement FE =Ae then a Taira work reap ited to bedone to wibve-the jest oa 2 om Joint P40Q SBD = -sqedhcmiad - + Sy edL heche est chine e is movecl 4iom point Ato B,the clistance y decreases” inthe ditection ais At, Fortis reason dt=—dy_ rdw = & Cay che electric field intensity € ait point Paue tothe charge +y Estee dW = -Sy wee Hence total work, Seated to be done in moving the tsk charge. by yom A se ‘ Nhe "fa « ou. gn “Seed, -® From eens ond Vary ee feed te Wt point A is imagined a} infin then Woon = S'dw = v 38 S w ee [ “on seu Woe = _Y —@ Nhe cole ah apoint in an electrie Fld ma jl be defined agthe hs mount db work vequited to be dene evant paces test c' oat in moving it Brom nae Paty without acceleration against el. OYCe « fom &2 @ bree el. peel Val a aut PP distant y fem ys Ve ey Scanned with CamScanner* Electric Potentral uy boint clue to an electric dipole. P _ [The potential at P due to chate Letus consideran electritl clrpele 4B havin O cis its centre cind tet P be ant poin at a distinc. ¥ from tts centre where electric botentalelue to the dipole is 40 bedelermined Let LPop-8 [The potential at P spe echargecy) Je en | WO eettan 5aoy Net potential ve (ak Le une, Ho ind ne and PA Jetus draw BN 4to oP and AM 1 to pOafter seeing. From right angled 4 AMO OM = aCe. eine a ofthe di leis \ “4 small as compares to + ythen Pas T4a het and PB= Y-aCosb Nn eq) atbituting. fr Pk and P8,we get “the ¥-ACe Fae | Vo = V, 200m =_bo -@ Ullg, (ceca s0) bree e378 | o Special Cases. ! tre doe Plies onthe axis athe dipsle Mere =0 Fem eqn) We Beran Ss Vests = oP. nN case a< Fiat [Electric Field Intensity as the negative of botential qrdient. asSee sy U. oy ee

SE 4 The work required +e be clone in moving“the test ch an innit small dis| slacement O7@ « de ad rough dws F2dP - $y2.d =-sytdhcaisc dW =+SyE(-dy) -@ Gl dl=-dr_) Fon @ and & Ee aay Scanned with CamScannerwc onductors ,instilators and Dielectrics . Conductors are Those substances Thakean conduct electric Charge drom one place to ano' er A conductor can, concluct electrrert because op the dre electrons present in tHemer ions. In metal conductors the charge carriers are electrons Sn electrolyte Conductar the ehoge carriers qe both positive and nepeye ions. Some nbortant results regaucling. cledHrostatres of conductor Tnsicle a conductor, electrostaticUfield is 4210. At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal tothe sur ace At everty, point - he interior of a conductor cally No, excess charge insite sic 2 3 y | Electrostatre potential ts Constant Throughout The valuthe of the conductor and hasthe same yalue Cas “inside) on if surface - 5-Electric 4reldl at the surtace of a. hai Condycter E= RR Kore s-rethe surface chardeclensty-and ff isa unit veetor normal tothe su inthe Gutward directron , 6.lNalhcdever bethe charge and Field con#iquratton outs icle ,an yea ae uence’. in aconductor temaits shielded from obttside electrical in 2 thetrelal inside the cavity,is qlway ‘o.Shis ts Known as clectrostatre shielding. he ahd be made uke of in brctecki see Give inchuamentsiom olfstde electrical influence . t HTnsulettors : The materials which donot Mave q1ee electrons in Ahem. are unable to conduct electricity angle termed as inatulators, An inaulecfor may behave din the fellowmg tire Ways: Fis main coneluct electri Thtou a and 7 suet ally, che B)S+ man ot conduetelectriet HOU tonal ing electrietiel eer charges are produfed ont faces speed eect a Calleal dieleethre . Soa dielectric can be defined ax an inaulaby that tranamits electric e4¢eete without conducting Cobacitor - @pacitance is the property Bt aconductor ot system ef conductors Hhaj deseribes its ability So store electrical inth eleciric. Fielel avound it Gn case 4 aniscleted eddueter) a | ov in it Cin case ie sytem concluctors) ae case of an ea Heel ae ‘ duct we qive same charge @ to anisolalz, ib viwe give racer qe a a ee luctor ib potenhal @) Here C > cabacifance Pr,case 3 a % tem eopeluchors, C-@ ts The charge. wrich has been tr oy Se Ean! ohms arc Stelncen ence Scanned with CamScannerNefinilion ot cabact tance pacikance, tselefined az the amount ch charge necessq Cal 4o increasethe bo rental ef a conductor (or potentral di dy between two conductors bi ead volt. SI unit Cabacita = Wa SI unit = = | Parad . xX The calaig an ealaled sbherreal conductor , Leb usa ‘consicler an Nccoleted spherrcal conductor xf vaelius ¥ -having-charge Genel placd tn air The potentral at any points on the surface ofthe conductor 15 yee . CabriciFance , C= Y% the ape le ae b> Let us eee a abapatt chaiaecl metal plate A. Place an uncharged plate @ close te i. charge inductron, the nearer face a preciaes an AE et char. ae its PartRor 4 ‘cice acqtires a. positive. char in hareon B fends he teduce the a Ger Palen a late A. itive chargeck & ‘eye increase the potential rl i ve he He tively Faced} 8 is nearerto A bet ere pesttively che aged ithe fe plate,8 near A is to tecluce + plate A.Henee. More char. will have to be supplied to plate A A (aise gee ae ctentral 98 before In otter words the be sett me ae A of holdin charge chas {ncreaseg cftedl en Benge Fin, sally’ ha Lo °. ear ae cis shown ing tt he tial “A bleyte At 6 By er vedltics Ge ikean ae still pe ch arge hus -bringing an ear Conductor alos ta char condl pea Crteate te, cabaci tance dhe latter .Suctfan ayrengement is calleal a capacitor So factieay ponent) plates A and ae es ledo et battery Th Q pe ve crm 2 hus i ae ently ol k still ce p “i +l ~ +P ~ alt bh a fig S 3. = Scanned with CamScanner aa of Heal B ta ete + FFFThe ite atalle| plate air cabac mee lel plate aloes e consists gine metal plettes, one carruing-a el aa 10) and offre he potential of oF th Teanee late stn [ tive bet anamount Vv re ce surk lace ie a deny = V ye *elalely ae fh one ‘a oer pate = Alea cf one ace of et er plate E » Electric Bensenstt between the Hates V = potentral iS erence belbicentheed bl plates, c= VWs E=%e, Cs Wr iV = = z - ae > Ve Eel = Fl od Cz Ve A Dielectric Substances Non- polar clielect es, In such clielectrics the Centre of mass of all posthive cher es( protons) ina molecule ae saith the centre of mags &alll'the neqative charges fect ere: ra sthe ee not! elect ically i but al yer ipole méments . Inthe presence of an extemal fielcl ithe two centres og charge Fos slight ts sebarated and gach molecule becomes a dipokVhatt ull pele moment, Thus in the presence. a Feld sthe cee c gets bo! lartsecl , Plar dielectrics : In polar Wdtelectries Ce- rater) the centre of. assof brotong in the molecule does not toincide withthe centre ml electrons Thus each molecule behaves as a dipole aving-c permanent dipole moment A Dielectric in an external electric die dl sy Supbose a dielectric slab ta placed ina “uniform 2a electrre Prelel df intensity &, the electrre Preld will Se P|: polarise ever ctopolesle et of the slab. The pesitive lpampmnaae charges willbe shit bed sli ns pears t" Ba 2 Qeaq) Hhe een charges towards The ri sub « IPoel Slab gets sey oe al the FePt stutboee meng mee This! sets up adield Es inthe opbes io Scanned with CamScanner@ : diction swhich isless than &, .The net field inside the slab becomes 2 &-E;'. The dielectric constant K dhe sublance is defined as the ratro Kee 5 [The Dielectric Stren ok at dielectric isthe maximum value db e electric frelelthat ean be abblied tothe clielectric waive its electrre peor ie- without Meerevting- electrons ‘from ib atoms w molecute fon es for air the dielectric shength is Bxl04fn . }Can ametal sphere ol radius tem Rel ot charge o} ie) sty Ye oe electric field intensity, is maximum att points veryy-closente he “sur e, = Y ame Fo yet BR and =fem a Ep = Axio! x! bx 162? Fulo Sal Thrs in lo rach 9 aterthan the dielectric vont i eave (= 2x10 Sym uses an eae an of the Surroun air andthe ck ven n terthe ob here eas Reatcin into the ‘T Bao “Tho ove, the "ion metal sphere. A not be able te aa a charg 4 jf ic Scanned with CamScannerhe'capacitance ofa parallel plate capacitor witty dielectric slab (t<4) =% Ye a wy the, charges on thecal TF ss “t plates ve lele a ate on HL tu! ch onthe Res othe dideclic + = Bethe dieldetric. slab ant + . . Ae pr eae ope f> electric date inert in 1 air een the ea d ° > The reduced value of electric Rield itenaiti inside the dieleckte skb, When a dielectric slab of tRickness tt is introduced between he Wwe plates of Ihe Cabaciter the electric Field Aeduces to i due tothe polartzahion oP the pslielectric the pdlamtial diffenne also gel chan ec rerlucee) - “he new pofental difference dud the tu plates ie given by: VeV+ W+Ve = VeEd + Et +d © Here isthe educed \cluef clectric Field intensily TS ee ee EP ik cthe leche. field due tothe induced charmer [+% and -Y% | = WE = PEP ye EASTER EL CesT" € Mzo the an | ielectric. const Kis qiven bi K-& © we Oe Eo= = _ ao nes 8 9,0,8 v=, [4i+4] + fet wv “% d-t+£] -® : ae Uae science of lhe. cabaeitor oF lhe imbroduction of c=™ -© ©®® aa [c= SA data We (SB ted, then CER > C=KO, . Here Gr GA ! “Sine KIL C7 Co Vaewury valine P ew Lapor trance.» Scanned with CamScanner|The Enerqu stored ina eabacitoy - . rie erany tl charg ed capsetor | is the amount of work done in cl hag in ta ch arg od capacitor stores an dectrical potential ener in it 9 aegis chdig ing-of he cay pacitor is clone by a batter ad the electrical ener: i ed in it se expense of the chenfical energ a AAhe ball. ets consider af Veaipacitor 4 capacitance Cand carry ing a ae at any instant, Let the pdentral chi eozon ca letWeen les be te Then = Yo —@ ¥ an additional charg ye dq, is to be given to this @apertter ‘Ahen some work must bedone @ a aid the foleatle ae lite erence .So work done in inerensing chat @ if day fe ie b dWe Welq r The total work dome. a charg We ia : fey We Now 5 2ey,7 eres stored by a charged cabaeitor + veneer tt es espa Ce ey “Ws LQv As eV ae = ev? Fora parallel plete capacitor of avea A and plate separation d, d the capacitance C % given by Qs ea and v= Ed 2 iB Energy stored Us L ExBA x edd? = te, EAR © i g ea paciter toa charge Sis The enerqu storecl per unit volume = te, St the caftetbor is placecl ina meelium a dielectric constant Kythen the energy {stees| ber unit volume Ue ld kee teem Cera > Scanned with CamScannerELECTROSTATICS — CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS. | charge of 40. is catried by Ahaw many-electrons? [Two identical metallre. spheres te exact masses are taken . One is iver a. positive chamme Q coulomb ondding other an equal negative ehai Gy friction. Are therrSimasses after chargint al ? ‘te {C&h a charged bod y-atfract anettior und chad be Explain. we 3 4 |Ts Coulombls law tH electrostatics abblicablé in all sttuations + 5.| For what oder of distance is Coulomb!s law tne 9 Be 5 .}Com-two balls Aaving the same Kind of charge on them attract each oter } + [Tivo Rage cond yctiny spheres cary t che yan qpave brought — - close fo Cqch other: M+he ma wae of elethostatic ove between them exactly aiven by a%/tine, v9 where vis the distanee betweenthem t @.]An ckehon and % froten are free to move in an electric 4ielc Will the electria forces on them be equal} Willther accelerations be equal t Explain. 4 JA charged particle is fee +o move in an electric Field \ditl iFalways move dlonq.an electric Fine ‘over } to] Electric Mest force never cross. Also these never close on themselves . Explain . i Al}Can a metal ghere of tadius Jem Rold q chargect 4 coulomb? 48} Two small balls Maving- equal positive charge g, coulomb on cae ate suusbended| by. so tlig- hn eqyial Rene & mele Ayorn a ook fixed oa stand. TH whole Get up istakens inte g satellite i _ jin space where thete isa state of Weigttlessness What tathe angle + behwoerhe tWostrings andthe teflgion in each string_t Tn defining electric Pibld due to a point charge the + Fehaige Rox! +o be vanishi amall. How-this condition cai be justiBield ,tthen we Knowthat chavge leas thanthat on an electron is not possible) J Tsthe clechostadve dokental nrecessanlly Reto at a point wherethe electric fielcl shength is 22109 Give an example *e illustrate your anawer . [Two point charges’ rand ~y are placed at adictance d apart. What are the poiats “at which the resulting Afeld is fpacllel “to-the fine Join ing-the we, charges 1 4610n oir away frost & point chaige, the dlectric Feld clue tothe Jehan Songs: vs is also we fora small electric dipole. Dees Live electric Field clecrense atthe same rate in bath Cages} hak is meant bythe statement that the dectric field af «poi charge Aas sphericall: symmetry ) Whereca that of an electric. dipol Is Aagtinderally symmel rieq| t 4 we Al = 4 a A = Scanned with CamScannerOne coulomb page is carried by 1/1-6xi6"1 = 6.25x lo™electrong. No,the mass of ativel rchetge ed sphere will jbe_snpre than 4Rat of a positivelyy—cha sale use e Ene pete sphere Aas an exeess of electtOns and a bositivel chathed eee JU should be ia lan al pe SOLUTIONS , CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS , ELECTROSTATICS. | i ' election Has a Finite masz va af ackiclency ugh ( 3 he \dhen a changes) bad is placed neat an unchar iy hen charg at sos Kind ‘bre. ine ed baa uncharsyrl beelty becid thisthe cha athacts the uncharg Mt retains Kano lech oskatts ts apblicabe att xing sca [b) The electric chars must be stationartL. patents law is Valid Yor very small distances (=16'fh) ae well for vert larg distances (= tol). Yes, two aid aving-same pe cas canatlrack each ctfer IS ball possesses an abbr Hretlabla la 2 a8 combate tothat on echertall He veer yeason is 4hat when-hY 4 Mt ‘qed | ills awe placed clee +e onek ete f a aon charge of obbosite Kind on the qaces 4 ecich cther - Since, orrthe varing M amount af chaige initially, quitea lar amount ef Raueed is produced thetwo balls gia + ctthracted towards each other due Se iat fovea. betweerrthe | large. induetn a 7 one. ball and large induced char Cobpeste igs) Jecathe athe 1 bint expr sion F= ne) doythe eaeciohe Ravce behveen ave ve changes: holds tien ch charges q, \ q, ate boint electric, charges. on expression hoes rict hole) in-the Case at large eon cing ati. [I+ is because ven large, coricuctin ar Spheres are brought closer Ahert charge clistribution ent rlstherbco 3| hei es will notremaif uni Gem ‘and same &.MMhe Rree on a proton of of chat fal in an glecinc-} Yield of intensity & is Fe-+eE_ and on an electro Fe -e&. the acceleration lpicton will be (/iss¢] timezdhe acceleration rece because the massok ~~ J proton Is 1836 times the mats of electron 4. felhen i charged particle ia inihally: at test in ra a Foeld, it will move along attelectric bine of force’ hen the initial velocity he ehargecl Hetile makes a certain ang{e (@>0°) wilh an ele ae Aine et kote then the chen particle cloes not move along—an electrre line , Electric dines a era cress at one point. M4Ahey her ntegect ata point Ahen two tai ngent 2 can beelrawn bat that comme poink, which would | mean that iheeant | twie ae rent clitections othe same electric Field ak Hhat-point which vo a. braetiea| impossibility [The tines never close on tHiemselwes . Asaclhiqe ee ay an electic. ine Yotce the total work done on peerage alto 4 7 A shengih | IE mu \tiplied ihe sh distance mavecl So, the ae ae ran het work dune. pocaey harge Aroma, point back tothe came. point if an clechre Mine of 4 Gree thins taabanaee closes on itsA¥ This we Knew isnot ‘pasibh, lay The elechic fae must be Point electric char a o d S Scanned with CamScanner12} AB i A 5 a Ithe work dene in a clased loop is gore 4or conser vettive [This is consequence af the His zero butthe potential jsurgace ' | 1 Fores The werk cone in clectostadics does not debend upon balk but only en end hoints This work | clone is equatte potential ch Herence between the tar Points multiplied by charg ‘ ck that ike qrantechonal faces PoblombHforas are also conservative - When a charge of 1c is givente a inetallic sbhere of Tadius Sem , then it procuices an electric ‘Mad in 4h@ tmmediate vicinity equalte E= Gee =Beishy! mF ye The dieleciric strength of air is axis Vin Thue at Bene bec ed in will eceur and charges Fromthe sphere will leak out inte air, Sphere. therefore canno| Ahold the requived charge - The stving-becomes horigentall Hue to eleclie farce between the cher . he point Ghenges areat a distance of 24. The ange between strings is 180. he tension in'each ate equal jothe-fevce between the charges which t ' | afer be er fia . sve toch ' General the source charges aie alwaus very large as Compared tec! a i i Sere ae, ow a isha onan electron inthe meitroseopic sitttatio Arowving-charge equal tethat stan election, the eondrtion Ahatthe twat charge * ends Ho evo" is justrfied fer scurce charges ef macresesbic sizes . No, “inside a bolo charged sphere although the electric Field intensit ‘Ghale it Y the seme ao at anyypeint on iB Thechve charges are congtituting-cn electric dipsle nthe ease of an | electric. dipole the resultant field B parailerterthe Line qoiningcthetwe 9 chatges ch @) any. point onthe axts st dipole and {b) petpendiculay bisector of the Ain :joinin the charges. The electric Fuld IHenst hy ue te t electric dipok (E <4,) clecrdases more vabidky-than the eléctric field duete c beint electric charge) The electric Fel intensity due tea. paint electric charge tata distance vitom itis E = LOnthe surface ofa sphere ef rad ius r, with the charge o at ee Centre the electric Held intensi hes the same. evonyich @. Due tothis reason the electric field due to a beint electric charge is safd to be gl her veal y- symmetric The electric Field intensity ‘at qt poinl distant y onthe esuctial Aine fan electric dick of dipole meme p and Aength aor is ‘piven by Es dns teas All points Aying- on the surface ota cylinder of vad ith electri Anata dicaran,te, tfons che saa lens "ath Yeason the field duet an electric dipole is said be eylinevically Scanned with CamScannerpy 5 a 5 a - do, & = CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS ELECTROSTATICS TT -| Tuo cobber spheres of same radii, ote Follow and other solid are chara, tothe same. Pa dhich (fany ofthe two will Have more charge? [Two identical metal plates are giver fe ve hes Sea eek ) tively. TP+h brought close toqetherte-torm a parallel plate cahacitey bio eee tles Sihal ose potential difference behwan them 9 2 4 lahena, batleny- is connected! across a capacitor arethe aheirqes orrthe lates always’ equal and opbosite, even for plates of different sizes? Kdhat is thé basic difference behveen d chargec| cabaciter and an electrochemical cell 1 hat a aaa capacitance. of a eabacitor ifthe petentral differen between 15 plates is doubled" A metal sheet of neg ible thickness is Inserted betweenthe plates of. a benallel plate c ite @) How is the eaberity ected (6) Deesthe position of sheet matter 7 €) What if the sheet Aa: Finite Thickness .[Subpose thatthere are two isolated conductas each Aaving_a definite capacity, Kebt far abart and arethen connected te cach ctherd by ct fine ate they peas in tecalet or in series} re : Since the net charge ona cabacitor is alw ro, Whal docs a capacity stag): T¥ potential di ence is re wally e charge cn a eter increase, decrecise or Yemainthe same when adielectrit material fs | insettecl between the bletes ofthe cabaciter) Two charged metal spheres of tacit and 2R are tenpparty placed tceontact and then sebarcles| WWHthe surface of each, Wsitich Sphere Aaa the greater value fev the Pallewing_ @) charge. @ charge nai hy ©) tetent a @)electric Held and Gj enerq f stored - The potential difference actoss a cabnciter *is doubled. Hew clees each obthe Pollowin quanti ties associated with-lhe cabacitor ehan @) Capac Nee b} charge ¢) Held @) energy? an ak Grver a batkery , chews would yout conn eck two capacitors Cin series orin parallel) fthem to store the qrealz ©) otal chav ge(b) ‘lena 4g. capacttar is connectecl toa battery Tf we mere ib platr> father akart, Work will be.clone againat lhe eléttrostatic attraction belweh Liles Whal will Rapin lene wok ihe wil be the etek onthe enerqy-oflhe eabdditur } : Find the calfacthance betweenteminals Pand@ofthe fellowing-combinetion af four plates Thearea sf ench plate is A and sebarettion between the successiue jp lates isel. pl i ——— Hs _| 4 { Scanned with CamScannera wal SOLUT. ous CONCEPTUALS, ELECT geTATICS I \. |B e spheres til fe same capacitance C=4ues a are eharged-to the same otenteal acearding tothe relation a= fe th He will have-the same charge. Tnthe gap betweenthetive plates the electric fees dlueto the chat @ and @, are. Ey = @i/2e,4 and Ep= @2/26A - As these ftelda arein ofbaie | | directions and @,7@,,;the net electric field inthe geb betweenthe tipste 1 is €:€-Ep =@Qi-@2)/264 eee ithe palentl dif ite erence. between v fa ihe plates is Ve Ed = Sy°@ =@-@)\/2c C= Eh. | Yes A charged cabacttey can sul lectrical hen ci a an dleckrical Te is it cies oh {estial ch sce eo cell hal dlecteasing Orthe other-kand an elec supplies energy onvertin chemical energy into electrical ener yea a clita ea ntial di Terence, JShe cabacitance remains the saw | becuse eats | legend on edie fern a) She ca bacitytemains thesame.) No. (e)The e effecive ev entpaet increases . en equivalent totwo cabaciters, each eving- ame \arger epasitance one connected in: setles - A er the tun eonducters ave prrectas by-awire (res ectric erat a lows from the Conductor at higher renfiel to+ er jut rt anes e same betential. ‘Jhechat ce “itsel tton to heir eapacities lero he tw aire connec! ed in ie Mt stoves electric mea ' When adielectric material ¢; introduced between We ples s of the capacitor, itz capacitance. increases , uy the bol tentral leche i ~ kel eonetant , Acceording- tothe sacs ak 7G a incredsex . @) In shauingahe chattle divider in divect probation to eabacilis Wey, = W7e, = BYR. * Re = be -The sa ofr has Tig b) Charge dengity ©= VAR?) Si/sy = \a bere 2 : c\ In the case of 0 spherical contacto oe Set © 2%. aa = eg ge oe Ay Tytihe cae 3 2 ot a eee conductor Es = ree mete (rpe l= 2 e The” stored dlectric r \ iy Ki ae Demers aiven bye Us Kw 411@) Asthe capaci capacitor debends only. enils qeomety, twill Femain unch eniges y Dw o b) vec. cov hs clee Wav and qe fe) e's Va = 2y) 2bE, As EnV id) We =gel? VeQvy — As eee and VE2V ~Putgcry =au As Usdove Scanned with CamScanner