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Hacker Reading-Chapter 1

The Pueblo Indians lived in the Four Corners region of the United States for over 1000 years. They originally lived in individual homesteads where they farmed and created crafts, but during severe droughts in the 11th-12th centuries they moved into the canyons and built large multi-family dwellings. After migrating to the canyons, their civilization became more communal in order to maximize productivity with less land for farming. Trees play an invaluable role in reducing air pollution in cities. While trees do emit chemicals as byproducts of metabolism, these are not pollutants but include oxygen and scents. However, in the presence of significant man-made pollution like car emissions, tree

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786 views2 pages

Hacker Reading-Chapter 1

The Pueblo Indians lived in the Four Corners region of the United States for over 1000 years. They originally lived in individual homesteads where they farmed and created crafts, but during severe droughts in the 11th-12th centuries they moved into the canyons and built large multi-family dwellings. After migrating to the canyons, their civilization became more communal in order to maximize productivity with less land for farming. Trees play an invaluable role in reducing air pollution in cities. While trees do emit chemicals as byproducts of metabolism, these are not pollutants but include oxygen and scents. However, in the presence of significant man-made pollution like car emissions, tree

Uploaded by

hà phùng
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Major Cultural and Environmental Influences: Discusses the historical and cultural influences of the Pueblo Indians and details the environmental roles of certain activities and compounds.

1.

The Pueblo Indians ( tộc người da đỏ) were a major cultural influence
(ảnh hưởng văn hóa lớn) in the United States’ Four Corners region for
one thousand years. Initially, the civilisation (cộng đồng) was based in
individual homesteads (ấp trại riêng lẻ) in the Colorado Plateau’s
highlands, where its members farmed and developed various handicrafts,
such as pottery (gốm) and blankets (chăn mền). However, during the 11th
and 12th centuries the Pueblo moved into the neighbouring canyons (hẻm
núi lân cận) and built the massive multifamily dwellings (ngôi nhà lớn có
nhiều gia đình sống chung) from which their names are derived.
Archeologist Kristen Kuckelman believes this occurred after persistent
droughts (hạn hán dai dẳng) made farming on plateau (cao nguyên) lands
impossible. She believes that the region’s inhabitants (cư dân) moved into
the valleys (thung lũng) because they were less impacted by the droughts.
After they migrated, they had to learn how to produce food more on less
land, so they implemented (triển khai, thực hiện) a system of agricultural
cooperation (hợp tác xã nông nghiệp) that eventually led to specialism.(sự
chuyên môn hóa). Once they settled in the cayons, the civilisation became
increasingly more communal (cộng đồng) in order to maximise the
returns (sản lượng) on its labour.

2. We know that trees and other vegetation play an invaluable role in


reducing air pollution in cities. Not so long ago, in the early 1980s,
chemists discovered that trees produce emissions. This prompted the then
U.S President Ronald Reagan to falsely declare (công bố), ‘trees cause
more pollution than automobiles do’. This, of course, caused people to
speculate (phỏng đoán) that trees were harmful, despite the facts that the
words “emission” and “pollution” are not synonymous and that the
president's remark was not accurate. While it is true that trees and plants,
like all living things, emit chemical substances as byproducts (sản phẩm
phụ) of their metabolisms (sự trao đổi chất), these emissions are not a
threat, but instead include the oxygen we breathe and the various
chemical compounds that give flowers and shrubs (cây bụi) their fresh
and fragrant (hương thơm) in the presence of significant amounts of man-
made pollution, like that caused by the emissions of automobiles, that
plants and trees release volatile (dễ bay hơi) organic hydrocarbon. But
when they do, they can become participants in the formation of such
ground-level ozone (tầng ozone mặt đất) pollution as photochemical
(quang hóa) smog.

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