Name:- BIPRAJIT

SAHA
Class:-XI
Section:-D (Science)
Admission No:-16561
Subject:-BIOLOGY(044)
Topic:-Mitosis
Name of the Mentor:-Mr. Ajay Acharjee

1
 APPARATUS AND
MATERIALS REQUIRED
(A)
The materials required for the experiment to
examine the process of mitosis in animal cell
are as follows:-
(I) Permanent slide of grasshopper
blastula (or whitefish blastula).
(II) Compound Microscope.

Page No.05

2
 OBSERVATION
(1)
The process of mitosis is almost
similar in all organisms and takes
place in the following steps.
(A) INTERPHASE
In this phase the cells remain
inactive. This is the longest period
of cell division. The cells prepare
for division in this phase. There are
Page No.12

3
four basic steps of mitosis.
(I) PROPHASE

(a) The nucleolus starts to fade and

chromatin condenses to form
chromosomes.
(b) Spindle fibres start to develop.
(c) The chromosomes are compact.
(d) The nuclear envelope breaks
down.

Page No.13

4
(III) ANAPHASE
(a) The chromatids start moving
towards the poles as the spindle
fibres start shortening.

Page No.15
5
 (B)
The materials required for the experiment to
examine the process of mitosis in plant cell are
as follows:-
(I)Onion Bulbs
(II)Glacial acetic acid
(III)Ethanol
(IV) 2-4%acetocarmine/aceto-orcein stain
(V)N/10 HCL
(VI)Spirit lamp/hot plate
(VII)Slides
(VIII)Cover slips
(IX)Blotting paper

Page No.06
6
 (X)Molten wax/nail polish
(XI)Compound microscope

Page No.07
7
 (2)
The stages of mitosis can be divided into two
parts:
(I) Division of nucleus (Karyokinesis)
(II)Division of cytoplasm (Cytokinesis)

(A ) INTERPHASE
(a)It is the resting stage of the cell in which
the cells do not divide.
(b)During this stage the nucleic acid or DNA
is duplicated.
(c)Under the microscope, a cell in interphase
has a nucleus filled with chromatin threads in
a diffused manner along with the nucleolus.
Page No.19

8
 (B) KARYOKINESIS
The phase of karyokinesis I plant
cell can be divided into four parts
which are described below:-
(I) PROPHASE
(a) The diffused chromatin starts condensing
and are visible as distinct chromosomes with
sister chromatids.
(b)The nucleoli may or may not be visible.
(c)In late prophase, the nuclear membrane
starts disintegrating and first sign of spindle
fibres appearing is visible.
Page No.20
9
 (II) METAPHASE
(a)The nuclear membrane
completely disappears.
(b)The chromatids are aligned in
the equatorial plane of the cell
(metaphase plate).

Page No.21

10
11
 Page No.25
12
13
(IV)TELOPHASE
(a) The chromosomes are present
at the poles.
(b) Nuclear membrane and nucleoli
reappear.
(c) Chromosomes begin to
decondense.

Page No.16
14
15
 (B) CYTOKINESIS
(a) This is the phase in which division
of cytoplasm takes place.
(b) It may begin at the anaphase stage itself.
(c)In animal cells the cell wall starts pinching
towards the centre of the cell. This pinch
develops a cleavage furrow which extends till
the centre.

Page No.17
16
17
(II) METAPHASE
(a) All the chromosomes align in
the centre of the cell at the
metaphase plate.
(b) The kinetochores of the
chromosome are attached to the
microtubules from the pole.

Page No.14

18
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that .“Biprajit Saha" student of
class-XIth “Science" 'D' has successfully
completed their Biology project on “Mitosis"
under the guidance of "Mr.Ajay Acharjee".

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
19
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to our school management as well as
to my Biology teacher Mr. Ajay Acharjee who
gave me a golden chance to do this wonderful
project on “Mitosis", which also helped me
doing a lot of research. Also, I came to know
about so many new things and I am really
thankful for them.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finishing this
project not only for my marks but also to
increase my knowledge.

Once again thanks to all who helped me during

this investigatory project report work.

Page No.01

RATIONALE BEHIND THE

PROJECT
20
Being a student of Science in Class-XI, a person is
having various sorts of scientific questions in his /her
curious mind and that's what I am having. On
interacting with the term 'mitosis' I came to know about
the somatic cell division of various organisms may be
unicellular or multicellular. I came to know about
various types of mitotic divisions and replication of cells
from their parental cell. I came to know about the
reasons we can grow, heal wounds and replace
damaged cells. I also knew about the process of growth
in the vegetative parts of the plant like root tip, shoot tip
etc. I came to know about various things which I may
not express in terms of words.
The project report is the reflection of my learning from
the choosen topic. I hope that I have given my full
potential in completing this project report.

Page No.04

INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
21
(1)Acknowledgement 01
(2) Introduction 02-03
(3)RATIONALE BEHIND THE 04
PROJECT
(4)APPARATUS AND MATERIALS 05-07
REQUIRED
(5)METHODOLOGY 08-11
(6)OBSERVATION 12-25
(7)CONCLUSION 26
(8)BIBLIOGRAPHY 27
(9)SELF DECLARATION OF THE STUDENT 28

22
23
Page No.18

24
(III) ANAPHASE
(a)Anaphase begins with the pulling
away of chromatids (now called
chromosomes) towards the poles.
(b)The chromosomes look like the
shape of alphabets 'V','J' or 'I'
depending on the position of the
centromere.
(c)All the chromosomes move at
the same speed .This stage lasts
only a few minutes.
Page No.22
25
26
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I, Biprajit Saha of class-XI-D (Science)
hereby declare that I have completed my
investigatory project report successfully by
the help of some books and beneficiary
websites which are mentioned below:-

(i) Lab Manual Biology For Class 11 (2020

Edition)by Ruchi Yadav (VK Publications)
(ii)BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS 11 (NCERT)
(iii) www.indeed.com
(iv) www.indiaassignmenthelp.com
(v) www.studocu.com

Page No.27

27
SELF DECLARATION OF THE
STUDENT
I hereby declare that my Investigatory Project Report
titled “MITOSIS" is a bonafide record of the project work
which I have submitted to Sri Krishna Mission School,
Agartala is my authentic work.This project report has not
been copied, duplicated or plagiarised from any other
paper, journal, document or book and has not been
submitted to any educational institute or otherwise for the
award of any certificate or recognition.
This is an authentic piece of work and incase there is any
query regarding the same, I shall be held responsible for
answering any queries in this regard.

Page No.28

28
 CONCLUSION
 Mitosis is the process of nuclear
division, which occurs just prior to cell
division, or cytokinesis. During this
multistep process, cell chromosomes
condense and the spindle assembles.

Page No.26

29
INTRODUCTION
I am presenting an investigatory project assignment like
on the topic of “MITOSIS". In this project I have tried to
give all the important things and information about project.
A project is an activity that help us to improve our planning
and critical thinking ability.
In this project report contains
1.MITOSIS IN ANIMAL CELL
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell (the
mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters)
that are genetically identical to itself. In the context of the
cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division process in
which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is split into two equal
sets of chromosomes. It is a way of making more cells that
are genetically the same as the parent cell. It plays an
important part in the development of embryos, and it is
important for the growth and development of our bodies as
well. It produces new cells, and replaces cells that are old,
lost or damaged.
Page No.02
30
 (IV)TELOPHASE
(a) The chromosomes reach the
end of the poles and the
condensed chromatin expands.
(b) A nuclear envelope starts
reforming around each clump of
daughter chromosomes and the
nucleoli reappears.

Page No.23
31
..

METHODOLOGY
(A)
(I) First of all, we need to obtain a slide of
grasshopper blastula for observing stages of
mitosis in an animal cell.
(II) Secondly, we need to examine the slide
under a compound microscope.
(III) Finally, we need to draw and note down
the observations in our notebooks.

32
 Page
No.08

(B)
(I)Firstly, we need to place a few medium
sized onion bulbs on the mouth of glass
tubes or beakers filled with water such that
only the base of the onions touches the
water. Then, leave them as such for 3-6
days until roots are seen growing.
(II)Secondly, we need to cut 2-3 long roots
from the base and transfer them to freshly
prepared fixative of glacial acetic acid and
ethanol (1:3).Then, leave the roots in the
fixative for 24 hours.
(III)We need to take one or two roots on a
clean slide on a watch glass. To these roots
add 2-3 drops of aceto-carmine
33
 Page No.09

or aceto-orcein stain.
(IV)Then, we have to place the slide/watch
glass on a hot plate or warm it slightly on
spirit lamp for 5-10 minutes. Care should be
taken that the stain does not dry up.
(V)Now, we need to cut the root tips (2-3
mm) and place it on a glass slide. Then,
discard the remaining portion of the root.
(VI)Then, we need to put a drop of water on
the root tip and carefully place the coverslip
on it avoiding air bubbles.
(VII)Then, we need to place the slide in
between the fold of blotting paper while
holding the coverslip properly.
(VIII)With the help of a blunt end of a
34
 Page
No.10

pencil, we need to lightly tap the coverslip

to squash the meristematic tissue of the
onion root tip and spread as a thin layer.
(IX)Finally, we need to seal the margins of
the coverslip with molten wax.
(X)At last, we have to observe the slide
under a compound microscope first at
lower magnitude of 10X to find the area of
dividing cells and then at higher
magnification of 40X.

35
 Page
No.11

(B) CYTOKINESIS
(a)In plants, the cytoplasm divides by
formation of a cell plate.
(b)The formation of cell plate starts in
the middle of telophase.
(c)It forms at the centre and extends
outwards towards the margin, ultimately
dividing the cell into two daughter cells.

36
 Page No.24

2.MITOSIS IN PLANT CELL

In each cycle of cell division, two
daughter cells are formed from the
parent cell. The cell is also known as
equational cell division because the
chromosome number in the parent
cell and daughter cell is the same. In
plants, mitosis leads to the growth of
vegetative parts of the plant like root
tip, stem tip, etc.

I have given all the information in this

project by consulting books.

37
 Page no-03

38