adult aquatic differentiation diplontic embryo external fertilization haplontic Internal fertilization life cycle organ terrestrial tissue Refers to grown or mature animals or plants. ‘Something which lives in or pertains to water. An aquatic organism lives in water. A process changing cells or organisms from a generalized to a more specific or specialized condition. It often involves a reduction of the ability to reproduce or divide, and is usually not reversible. Atype of life cycle in which meiosis produces gametes and the bulk of the life cycle 15 passed as a diploid. Adults are diploid An early stage in the development of an animal or plant. | Atype of mating pattern in which eags and sperm are released into the water after the mating partners come near one another. Fertilization occurs outside the body of the female Alife cycle in which metosis occurs shortly after fertiization, and most of the life cycle is passed as a haploid A mating pattern in which the male and female come close together and the male introduces the sperm into the body of the female where fertilization occurs The idee that organisms reproduce from adult, to gametes, and back to adult again in a cycle or cyclical pattern, A group of tissues with @ specific function in a part of the body. ‘Something which occurs on the land or refers to the land. | A group or mass of cells having a common functionLIFE CYCLES ‘Two basic types of life cycles occur in the large group of organisms we collectively call animals. The simplest animals have a life cycle in which the animal occurs in haploid form. Itis termed a haplonticlife cycle. ‘Species having this simplest kind of life cycle are usually isogamous or anisogamous. Haplontic cycle. Metosis occurs shortly after fertilization in a haplontic life cycle. Only the fertilized egg. or zygote. is diploid. The haploid Gaughter cells formed by meiosis may themselves eventually act as gametes; however, It is more common for the daughter cells to undergo asexual reproduction by means of mitosis before sexual reproduction occurs again. Most of the life cycle of a haplontic species Is passed in the haploid form. Only the structurally simple organisms Pass most of their life cycle in haploid condition. Even though the active cells in the population are haploid, meiosis does result in genetic variation within the population. Meiosis will also result in the maintenance of plus and minus strains of gametes. [A Maplonti Life CycleDiplontic cycle. Most animals have a different kind of life cycle. Structurally complex animals occur as diploids during most of the lif] cycle. Only the gametes occur in the haploid state All of the rest of the life cycle is diploid. This kind of life cycle is termed diplontic The basic difference between a haplontic life cycle and a diplontic life cycle is the timing of meiosis. Mefosis occurs in the fertilized egg in a haplontic life cycle. and meiosis occurs only when gametes are produced in a diplontic life cycle. Thus, meiosis is related directly to reproduction itself in a diplontic life cycle. Animals that are diplontic usually produce eggs or sperm. They are cagamous. A diplontic life cycle is shown here. Notice that most of the life cycle Is passed as a diploid All vertebrates, including man, have a diplontic life cycle. spsem x Be @ v0 ~ a haploid 2a diploid Ne rae A Dptonte La cysie zroyai iMETHODS OF FERTILIZATION In all animal groups if fertization is to occur. the sperm must have water to fuse with the egg. The nature of the sperm's movement requires a fluid in which to swim. Sperm can move only in water. Water is important to the ego also to prevent it from drying out. ‘The need of eggs and sperm to be in water has led to two basic pattems of mating. In external fertilization, mating partners come close to one another in natural bodies of water such as ponds. streams, lakes. or oceans. They then release eggs and sperm into the water where the eags are fertilized. Eggs and sperm are usually released in large numbers, and few of the fertilized eggs develop or survive. Most aquatic organisms (those that live in water) have this kind of mating pattern. So do a few other groups including amphigtans. External ferulization is not an efficient method of reproduction. It requires a great excess of eggs and sperm and wastes many gametes The second kind of fertilization is called internal fertilization. In this mating pattern the individuals come into physical contact. By various means the males transfer sperm directly to the reproductive system of the females. Fertilization occurs vathin the body of the female. Internal fertilzation enables the internal tssues of the female to provide the moisture needed by the sperm so It can swim and reach the egg. Internal fertilization Is the most common means of fertilization in terrestrial and dwelling) animals. A few aquatic animals Including some kinds of fish have internal fertilization.DEVELOPMENT The development of the zygote is a very complex process in multicellular animals. The zygote undergoes many cell divisions, goes through various stages of development, and over a period of time, becomes a mature adult. which can live Independently. Some animals live apart from the parents from the time the egg is fertilized or from the time of birth. Stil others, such as birds or mammals, require a great deal of care from the parents. How much care have you required from ‘your parents? The zygote develops into an embryo (an early stage of development in an animal or plant). The growth and development leading to the embryo and finally to the adult is based on mitosis. Each daughter cell produced In mitosis has the same genetic information as the parent cell; that is, all of the cells of an animal carry the same genetic information. All of your cells have the same genetc information. Individual neurons, bone cells, skin cells, muscle cells, liver cells, and other cells have the same genetic information contained within them.Differentiation. Cells in the body of an animal are quite cifferent fram one another in size, shape, and function despite the common genetic information they contain. Changes occur in animals as they grow and develop. The function of certain cells or groups of cells becomes more and more specialized adapted for a specific function}. The specialization of cells becomes increasingly irreversible with time. The increasingly specific functions and physical characteristics cells come to have is known as differentiation. A cell which is differentiated has one or more specific functions and has a specific form. Differentiation often involves a partial or complete loss of ability to divide to produce more cells. When they do divide, they usually produce another cell of the same kind. For example, bone cells do not give rise to the cell type which lines the mouth. Neurons of the brain and spinal cord have totally lost the ability to divide. They are highly specialized or differentiated cells Animals retain a few cells in the body that are not as differentiated as the others. These cells serve to help in the process of healing after injury or disease. The Lord has provided a mechanism for the maintenance of life by providing cells for this purpose.The process of cell differentiation Is not well understood. We do know It involves the " ning off" of some of the genetic Information in the cell, Although a number of theories exist, we are not clear how differentiation Is accomplished. The differentiation process begins with the very first cell division after the formation of the zygote. As differentiation proceeds uring the multitude of cell divisions required to form a new animal, the resulting specialization of cells causes the development of fissues and organs. A tissue is a mass of specialized cells which have some specific purpose ar function, An organ Is a body part composed of one or mate kinds of tissues organized for a specific purpose or function. Your heart, brain, and stomach are examples of organs. The specialized groups of cells within them, such as muscle or netve cells, are tissues. The presence of tissues and organs permits great variation in animals. it also increases efficiency within the bodies of animals. The differentiation of ceils into tissues and organs permits different parts of the body to carry out special functions needed by the whole individual