DIAGRAMS AND FLOWCHARTS –CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
INSTRUCTIONS: Date: 05/04/2023
1. Write the diagrams and flowcharts neatly with proper labeling in 100 page
unruled notebook
2. Submit your assignment to the respective table teacher on time
3. Clarify your doubts with concerned teacher
4. SUBMIT the assignment by 15/05/2023
1. Normal Pressures within cardiac chambers & Great vessels
2. Action potential - -ventricular muscle, Atrial muscle & SA Node (Pacemaker
potential)
Fast response AP Slow response AP
Occurs in Atrial and ventricular myocytes SA node and AV node
And Purkinje fibers
Phases Five phases: Three phases:
Depolarization (phase 0): Rapid Depolarization (phase 0): Slow upstroke
Early repolarization (phase 1) Phase 1 absent.
Plateau (phase 2) Phase 2 may be short or, absent.
Repolarization (phase 3) Repolarization (phase 3)
RMP (phase 4) RMP (phase 4): also known as prepotential
or, pacemaker potential phase.
RMP Myocytes: – 90 mV SA node: – 50 mV
Purkinje fiber: – 80 mV AV node: – 60 mV
Max amplitude +35 mV Approx. + 10 mV
of
phase 0
3. Ionic basis of Pacemaker & Ventricular action potential
4. Effect of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic stimulation on the SA Node
5. Refractory Period in Cardiac Muscle
6. Length Tension curve of Cardiac Muscle
7. Innervation of Heart
8. Conducting System of Heart
9. ECG
a. Einthoven’s Law: The relationship between the standard limb leads is such that the sum
of the electric voltages recorded in leads I and III equals the electric voltage recorded by lead II.
Lead II = Lead I + Lead III
b. Normal Electrocardiogram
c. Effect of electrolytes on ECG
d. ECG changes in Myocardial Infarction
10. Sequence of events during Cardiac Cycle
b. WIGGER’S DIAGRAM
c. Jugular Venous Pulse (JVP)
Waves Mechanism Type of abnormality Cause
‘a’ wave Atrial contraction Absent ‘a’ waves Atrial fibrillation
(Positive) Giant ‘a’ waves Cannon Right ventricular
waves hypertrophy
Complete heart block
C wave Bulging of closed tricuspid valve into No clinical significance
right atrium during isovolumetric
ventricular contraction produces a
positive wave in the JVP seen as c wave
x descent Downward pull of closed tricuspid Decreased or absent ‘x’ Tricuspid
(Negative) valve during rapid ejection phase of descent regurgitation
ventricular systole (Atrial Very prominent (rapid) ‘x’
relaxation) descent
Cardiac tamponade
V wave Venous return to the right Giant v waves Tricuspid
(Positive) atrium regurgitation
y descent Due to rapid flow of blood from the Rapid ‘y’ descent severe cardiac failure
(Negative) RA into RV during the first rapid
ventricular filling phase Slow ‘y’ descent Tricuspid stenosis
Cardiac tamponade
d. Left ventricular Pressure and Volume Loop
11. Factors affecting Cardiac Output
b. Effect of changes in myocardial contractility on the Frank-Starling curve
12. Organisation of vascular system
1 Great Arteries (Aorta) Windkessel vessels
2 Small arteries (Radial and Brachial Distributing vessels
artery)
3 Arterioles Resistant vessels
4 Capillaries Exchange Vessels
5 Veins Reservoir or capacitance
vessels
13. Phasic pressure, Velocity of Flow and Cross- sectional Area of the systemic
Circulation
14. Factors affecting Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
15. Cardiovascular centers involved in regulation of Blood Pressure (Basic Neural
Pathways involved in control of Blood Pressure)
16. Regulation of Blood Pressure
a. Baroreceptor Reflex Mechanism (Short term regulation of BP)
b. “Chemoreceptor reflex” mechanism: (Short term regulation of BP)
C. CNS ischemic response (Short term regulation of BP)
d. Renin Angiotension Aldosterone mechanism (Long term regulation of BP)
17. Applied Aspects- cardiovascular response to different condition
a. Effect of Exercise on mean arterial pressure
b. Effect of posture on Blood Pressure
c. Cardiovascular responses to Haemorrhage
d. Stages of SHOCK & pathophysiological mechanisms at each stage
18. Starling Forces acting across Capillary Membrane
19. Axon Reflex
