2
Psychological Assessment
Name of the Year & Psychometric Properties
Author(s) Purpose of tool Factors/Dimensions
Assessment Revisions Reliability Validity
The current version of the
test (WAIS-IV, 2008) is
composed of 10 core subtests
categorized under four index
• Introduced in
scores representing major
1955 as a
components of intelligence:
revision of • To measure
Verbal Comprehension Index The WAIS correlated
the intelligence in adults
(VCI), Perceptual Reasoning Over a two-to-twelve- highly with the
Wechsler– and older
Index (PRI), Working week period, the test- Stanford-Binet IV
Bellevue adolescents.
Memory Index (WMI), retest reliabilities test (0.88) and had
Weschler Intelligence • To address
Processing Speed Index ranged from 0.70 (7 high concordance
Adult Scale (1939). David weaknesses in
(PSI). Two broad scores, subscales) to 0.90 (2 with various
Intelligence • WAIS-R Weschler Stanford-Binet
which can be used to subscales). Inter-scorer measures: memory,
Scale (WAIS) (1981) • For educational
summarize general coefficients were very language, dexterity,
• WAIS-III planning and
intellectual ability, can also high, all being above motor speed,
(1997) placement with
be derived: Full Scale IQ 0.90. attention, and
• WAIS-IV older adolescents
(FSIQ), based on the total cognitive ability.
(2008) and adults.
combined performance of the
[current
VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI;
version]
General Ability Index (GAI),
based only on the six subtests
that the VCI and PRI
comprise.
Standard • To measure general The Standard Progressive • Internal consistency
• First SPM scores
Progressive John C. human intelligence Matrices test was constructed – with an alpha
published in correlated between
Matrices Raven and abstract to measure the eductive coefficient of 0.92
1938. 0.74 and 0.84 with
(SPM) reasoning. component of g as defined in • split halves – 0.81
3
• “Parellel” • Regarded as a non- Spearman’s theory of • test-retest – 0.69 Full Scale IQ of
form of SPM verbal estimate of cognitive ability. The booklet WAIS-R.
(1998) fluid intelligence. comprises five sets (A to E)
• Standard of 12 items each (e.g., A1
Progressive through A12), with items
Matrices within a set becoming
Plus (1998) increasingly complex,
requiring ever greater
cognitive capacity to encode
and analyse information.
The MMPI-2 has 10 clinical
scales that are used to
indicate different
psychological conditions
namely hypochondriasis, MMPI is a widely
• Designed as an adult
• First depression, hysteria, known test primarily Studies indicate a
measure of
published in psychopathic deviate, reliable with the white satisfactory
psychopathology
Minnesota 1943. masculinity-femininity, middle-class and those convergent validity
Starke R. and personality
Multiphasic • MMPI-2 paranoia, psychasthenia, who are severely for MMPI using
Hathaway structure.
Personality (1989) schizophrenia, hypomania, disturbed. The MMPI’s Eysenck Personality
& J. C. • To help mental
Inventory • MMPI-2-RF and social introversion. test-rest reliability is Questionnaire,
McKinley health professionals
(MMPI) (2008) MMPI-2 also includes recorded as .50 to .80 Depression Anxiety
evaluate people with
• MMPI-3 validity scales which are: L where the first scale, Stress Scales, and
psychiatric
(2020) scale (lie), F scale Hypochondriasis, has SCL90.
disorders.
(psychological disturbance), the highest reliability.
K scale (defensiveness), Fb
scale (inattentiveness), VRIN
scale (inconsistency), and
TRIN scale (biases).
4
• Abstractedness:
Imaginative versus
practical
• Apprehension: Worried
versus confident
• First
• Dominance: Forceful
published in
versus submissive
1949. The mean test-retest
• Emotional stability: Calm
• Second reliability for the Many studies have
• To provides a versus high-strung
edition Primary Factor scales found high
measure of normal • Liveliness: Spontaneous
(1956) over a two-week and correlations between
personality. versus restrained
• Third edition two-month period are trait scores for 16PF
• To be used by • Openness to change:
(1962) 0.80 and 0.70 scales and those of
psychologists, and Flexible versus attached
16 Personality • Five respectively. The other well-known
other mental health to the familiar
Factor alternative Raymond internal consistency- personality
professionals, as a • Perfectionism: Controlled
Questionnaire forms of the B. Cattell. reliability averages inventories (i.e., the
clinical instrument versus undisciplined
(16PF) fourth 0.76. Reliability Personality Research
to help diagnose • Privateness: Discreet
edition were coefficients for the Form, the California
psychiatric versus open
released Global Factor scales are Psychological
disorders, and help • Reasoning: Abstract
between higher, because they are Inventory, and the
with prognosis and versus concrete
1967 and aggregates of several NEO Personality
therapy planning. • Rule-consciousness:
1969. positively correlated Inventory).
Conforming versus non- Primary Factors.
• Fifth edition
conforming
(1993)
[recent] • Self-reliance: Self-
sufficient versus
dependent
• Sensitivity: Tender-
hearted versus tough-
minded
5
• Social boldness:
Uninhibited versus shy
• Tension: Inpatient versus
relaxed
• Vigilance: Suspicious
versus trusting
• Warmth: Outgoing versus
reserved
The Hamilton Rating Scale
for Depression (HAM-D) is
the most widely used Concurrent validity
• First with a diagnosis of
clinician-rated scale for the
published in depression, based on
assessment of depression
1960. Structured Clinical
To rate the severity of severity in patients who were
• First revision Retest reliability for the Interview for DSM-
their depression by already diagnosed with a
(1966) Hamilton depression IV (SCID-I/NP
HAM-D probing mood, feelings depressive disorder. Levels
• Second of depression according to scale ranged from 0.81 Depression Module).
Hamilton of guilt, suicide
revision Max HAM-D: to 0.98: internal Convergent validity
Depression ideation, insomnia,
(1967) Hamilton reliability ranged from was established
Rating Scale agitation or retardation, • Not depressed: 0–7
• Third 0.46 to 0.97; and inter- through strong
(HDRS) anxiety, weight loss, • Mild (subthreshold):
revision rater reliability ranged correlations with
and somatic symptoms 8–13
(1969) from 0.82 to 0.98. several measures of
in adults. • Moderate (mild): 14–
• Fourth distress (e.g.,
18
revision hopelessness, desire
• Severe (moderate):
(1980) for hastened death,
19–22
suicidal ideation).
• Very severe (severe):
>23
• First To quickly assess the The BPRS consists of 18 Inter-rater reliability for Divergent validity is
Brief John E.
published in patient’s psychiatric items measuring the the scales ranges from questionable and the
Psychiatric Overall &
1962. symptoms prior, during, following factors: anxiety, 0.56 (tension) to 0.87 tool, therefore, should
6
Rating Scale Donald R. or following a emotional withdrawal, (guilt feelings and not be used to
(BPRS) Gorham. treatment. conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory differentiate
guilt feelings, tension, behaviour). Inter-rater diagnosis.
mannerisms and posturing, reliability for overall Convergent reliability
grandiosity, depressive scores ranges from 0.67 is up to 0.93. The tool
moods, hostility, to 0.95. The internal can differentiate
suspiciousness, hallucinatory consistency-reliability between inpatient and
behaviour, motor averages 0.46. outpatient
hyperactivity, populations.
uncooperativeness, thought
content, blunted affect,
concern, excitement, and
disorientation.
Convergent validity
of BHS was
established with the
General Health
The internal reliability
Questionnaire-12 (r =
coefficients are
0.724), Patient Health
The Beck Hopelessness Scale reasonably high
Questionnaire-9 (r =
(BHS) is a 20-item self- (Pearson r = 0.82 to
To measure an 0.749) and Rosenberg
Beck report inventory designed to 0.93 in seven norm
• Published in Aaron T. individual's attitudes Self-Esteem Scale (r
Hopelessness measure three major aspects groups), but the BHS
1974 Beck about their long-term = -0.727). The BHS
Scale (BHS) of hopelessness: feelings test-retest reliability
future also exhibited
about the future, loss of coefficients are modest
satisfactory
motivation, and expectations. (0.69 after one week
discriminative
and 0.66 after six
concurrent criterion
weeks).
validity through its
ability to reflect
higher hopelessness
scores.
7
References
• https://www.statisticssolutions.com/free-resources/directory-of-survey-instruments/wechsler-adult-intelligence-scale-fourth-edition-wais-
iv/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_dL1Hw7mqq1tKtHV81wU1O.sa87TrlfWRHQiTt1H_wgM-1630858505-0-gqNtZGzNAlCjcnBszQel
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale
• https://www.verywellmind.com/the-wechsler-adult-intelligence-scale-2795283
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven%27s_Progressive_Matrices
• https://talentlens.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Ravens_SPM_Reliability_Validity.pdf
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350289709_Standard_Progressive_Matrices_SPM_Validity_and_Reliability
• https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-03139-005
• https://www.statisticssolutions.com/free-resources/directory-of-survey-instruments/minnesota-multiphasic-personality-inventory-
mmpi/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_a3x8m.QPOVL2QFF_qN8rejrIpT10i3YQZUhQYTZMP00-1630862591-0-gqNtZGzNAlCjcnBszQil
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16PF_Questionnaire#16PF_global_and_primary_factors
• https://www.verywellmind.com/cattells-16-personality-factors-2795977
• http://career.iresearchnet.com/career-assessment/sixteen-personality-questionnaire-16pf/
• https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2163
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Rating_Scale_for_Depression
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987780/
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• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_Psychiatric_Rating_Scale
• https://www.psychtools.info/bprs/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Hopelessness_Scale
• https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ianhc/international-archives-of-nursing-and-health-care-ianhc-2-056.php?jid=ianhc
