FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF IFUGAO

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO THE HUDHUD PRACTICE AT

DIFFUN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER 1

Rationale
The Hudhud consist of narrative chants traditionally performed by the
Ifugao community, which is well known for its rice terraces extending over the
highlands of the Northern Island of the Philippine archipelago. It is practiced during
the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals. Thought to
have originated before the seventh century, the Hudhud comprises more than 200
chants, each divided into 40 episodes. A complete recitation may last several days.
Bimohya, M., (2007), the younger Ifugaos of today have successfully
integrated themselves to the new trends and technology of the present times. We see
less youngsters helping out in the field, their attention having been lured by other
interest and other worlds. They are proud to sing that they come from the land of
Alim and Hudhud, but if one goes around asking what the Hudhud is, many would
just say it is a n old song, but they do not know what the song is all about or how to
sing it.
Globalization made some of the practices forgotten and that is happening to
hudhudpractice. The changes made many of the Ifugao switches to other economic
endeavors. Upland farming has been replaced by more profitable livelihood
activities. Indigenous farming practices like the rice terraces are now being
relegated and slowly being forgotten. Neglecting the rice terraces negatively affects
the hudhud because Hudhud is linked to the manual harvesting of rice. Because of
technology we see less youngsters helping out in the field. The young Ifugaos are
proud to say that they came from the land of Alim and Hudhud (Ifugao), but if one
goes around and asking what the hudhud is, many say that it is an old song or chant,
but they do not know what the song all about and how to sing it. So the Ifugao
elders are alarmed by the lack of knowledge, appreciation for and interest in the
Ifugao culture especially in the younger generation’s part of learning-reciting and
performing the chant. Dulay, M., (2013)
Leah Enkiwe-Abayao (2003), thus, Ifugao students learn about Shakespeare
but remain ignorant of their own epics. They study mathematics and the Egyptian
pyramids are but do not know how their own ancestors built the spectacular
mountains of pajaw (rice terraces). They learned Western poems but not their oral
traditions that have been inscribed in their famous ambahan poetry.
This research focuses on one of the traditional practices of the Ifugao which
is the hudhud and especially its significance and essence to the young generation of
the Ifugao. The hudhud is chanted among the Ifugao only during three occasions:
hudhud di page or the harvesting and weeding of rice, hudhud di nate or hudhud for
the vigil on the death of a person who die in a natural way and bogwa or
exhumation rite it is the hudhud for the wake of the dead. Hudhud is not just a
chant, it is rich in source of values. Social responsibility is the dominant core value
among the ifugaos as reflected in the Hudhud and the least emphasized is
spirituality.
In this context, the researchers want to conduct this study at Diffun National
High School as it is where the Ifugao students mostly found. Hence, this study will
be conducted to determine the factors affecting the level of awareness of Ifugao
Senior High School Students to the Hudhud practice of Ifugaos.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Profile of the • Assessment on  Information on the
respondents the factors extent of the
 Level of affecting the identified factors
awareness of level of that affect the
the respondents awareness of level of awareness
in Hudhud ifugao senior of the Ifugao
practice of high school senior high
Ifugao students to students in
Hudhud practice hudhud practice as
• Dissemination of influence by
questionnaires to identified
the respondents variables.
• Interpretation of
data collected
from the
respondents

Feedback

Paradigm of the Study

The paradigm is expressive of the systems approach in the accomplishment of any

given task. This is a system which is imperative of the interactions of all system
components in which each component contribute to the whole and the whole to each part.
The components are:
Input
The elements are the respondents’ profile which includes age, sex, and ethnicity.
Moreover, one of the factors under investigation is the factors that affect the level of
awareness of ifugao students in Hudhud practice.
Process
Inorder to gather the needed data for this study, survey questionnaires will be
disseminated to the respondents; and these will beused in assessing the factors affecting the
level of awareness in the Hudhud practice. Thereafter, interpretation of data will be
conducted.
Output
It is expected that in this study, the factors that affect the level of awareness of the
ifugao senior students in the hudhud practice will be determine. From this, they will
become aware on their culture. Once the factors affecting their awareness are identified, it
is anticipated that they will be able to preserve and perform their cultures from all cost. Can
build a strong foundation of learning that cultivate a sense of appreciation for culture and
prepare the ifugao students to be pro-active advocates of cultural diversity.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically this study looks up to answer the following questions.
1. What is the profile of the respondents relative to the following:
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex

2. What are the factors that affect the Level of Awareness of the Ifugao students to the
Hudhud practice in terms of:
2.1 Family factor?
2.2 Peer Factor?
2.3 Cultural Factor?
3. Is there a significant different on the factors that affect the Level of Awareness of
the Ifugao students to the Hudhud practice when they are grouped according
to their profile?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The herein statement serves as the hypothesis of this study.
There is no significant difference in the factors affecting the level of awareness of
the Ifugao Senior High School Students on the Hudhud practice in DNHS.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This research is focused on the factors that affect the level of awareness of the
Ifugao Senior Students on the Hudhud practice. The respondents are the Ifugao Senior
High School Students. This research paper is conducted in Diffun National High School,
Diffun Quirino. School year 2019-2020.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research enable to answer the question, what are the factors affecting the level
of awareness of Ifugao senior high school students of Diffun National High School on
hudhud practice, and their level of awareness to this Practice. The results of this study will
benefit thefolowing:
Students- The result of this study will provides information and helps the student to have
knowledge about the Hudhud and to be aware of this practice.
Teachers- This will give them better understanding to deal with the Ifugao students and
understand some of the culture and tradition of Ifugao.
Community- This research will serve as a guide to future researchers who want to conduct
a similar study.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
For a clear and comprehensive approach to the study some of the key terms used are
herein defined either in their operation usage or as lifted from authorities.
Awareness-is the state or ability to perceive, to feel or to be conscious of events, objects,
or sensory patterns.
Culture-is where they values kinship, family ties, religious and cultural beliefs
DNHS-or Diffun National High School is where the researchers will conduct their research
paper
Factors- a circumstances, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome
Globalization-it made some of the practices forgotten and that is happening to hudhud
practice
Hudhud-is the practice of the Ifugao People that consists of narrative chants and
ispracticed during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals
Practice-it is the actual application or use of an idea, belief of the Ifugaos on the Hudhud
Tradition-the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation of the
Ifugao
Ifugao- land of Alim and Hudhud
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related literature

This chapter aims to provide strong foundation to this study which contains gathered
research works of different literature and references by the researchers. It covers the review of
relevant literatures which is explained accordingly. These are presented to determine the
connections of various findings and theories in relation to the independent and dependent
variables.
Eversince 2001, when it was recognized by UNESCO as a “Masterpiece of the oral
and intangible heritage of humanity”, Hudhud is at the center of interest of UNESCO,
NCCA, National Museum, National Commission on Tribal Rituals and Practices, as well as
Ifugao intellectuals. Hudhud contests are being organized, to a lot of joy of the aged
people. Hudhud is a form and manner of chanting stories among the Ifugao people.
Michele Dulay (2013), The IfugaoHudhud: Its People Knowledge of it, revealed the
reason for the very little knowledge about the Hudhud. A male respondents, was asked if he
thinks that most of the ifugaos are aware and knowledgeable of the Hudhud and why, and
he answered “Yes, they are aware that we have our hudhud as a part of our culture but they
are not knowledgeable because now most, especially the young are not interested in
listening. They prefer to stay and chat with their peer group than to stay with the oldies and
listen to boring songs and storytelling. That is what I observed”. And also a 72-year old
widow who hails from Kiangan and who is a mun-abbuy (choristers) said: “Most of the
Ifugaos are not aware and knowledgeable because they seldom witness the performance of
the different chants. It is the Hudhud, which they only witness during Ifugao day and it is
done every year. Not all municipalities participate and when they chant, it is only good for
10-15 minutes, which mean not all the episodes are being chanted. There is no enjoyment
on performing… as of today there are few actual performances of hudhud during harvest in
the wake and in the bogwa, adi mat handi (unlike before)”.
According to UNESCO (2001), the Hudhud consist of narrative chants traditionally
performed by the ifugao community, which is well known for its riceterraces extending
over the highlands of the northern island of the Philippines Archipelago.
Peralta, J. (2013). The movement of people into the area from different adjoining
areas, including people from different ethno-cultural stock or the intermixture had effects
on the beliefs systems of the Ifugao same to their practices. Ifugao literature is rich in
values as reflected on their songs, narratives, chants and folktales. They are rich in cultural
wonders, and its people must continue to embrace their heritage of pride and greatness.
And the conversion of the Ifugao to Christianity weakened their traditional culture.
The hudhud is linked to the manual harvesting only of tinawon or indigenous rice, which is
now mechanized. The few people who know all the epics are now old, and young people
are not inclined toward the practice of this tradition. (NCCA, 2015)
 Enkiwe-Abayao, L., (2003) Indigenous knowledge and learning systems have long
been recognized as indispensable components of indigenous peoples’ education, but formal
educational systems usually neglect this indigenous knowledge. Thus, Ifugao student learn
about Shakespeare but remain ignorant of their epics such as the Hudhud and Alim. They
study mathematics and Egyptian pyramids are but do not know how their own ancestors
built the spectacular mountains of pajaw (rice terraces). And she also added that today,
many indigenous people in the Philippines who have gone through the formal Western
Education system can hardly trace their ethnic identity. Even at the tertiary-level,
indigenous students know little about their culture, practices and history. Some teachers try
to integrate local knowledge in the curriculum but many of them are handicapped by the
lack of knowledge and teaching strategies. Gone are the times when culture can be seen
and lived in its pristine and original form; today the idea of purely preserving cultures is
largely imagined and only reinforces the marginalization of cultures.
According to Dulawan, L.S., (2005), Dulawan combined the pride of belonging to
the culture of Kiangan, universally regarded in Ifugao as the central place, most prominent
culturally and ritually, with deep Catholic religiosity.
According to Guerero (2013), the Hudhud chants hail from the mountainous
Cordillera region in Northern Philippines, more popularly known for their world-renowned
Ifugao rice terraces. Key in understanding the Hudhud chants is to see its relation with and
its influences on the immediate cultural landscape.
Culture can affect how we perceive the actions of others. In a global environment
the ability to communicate and socialize effectively can be a challenge. Even when both
parties speak the same language there can still be misunderstanding due to ethic and
cultural differences. Without the ability to communicate and socialize to each other, there
would be chaos. That is why most of the ifugao students make circle of friends and yet
adapt some traditions and forget theirs in order to have friends. They believe that
communication that is based on cultural understanding is more possible to prevent
misunderstanding cause by personal prejudices.
According to UNESCO (2000), Hudhud is known as masterpiece of oral and
intangible heritage of humanity, an initiative that strengthens the call for humanity to widen
its concept of cultural heritage by bringing in the intangible aspects as being essential
components of cultural diversity.
Treating the hudhud as “pure entertainment” is a step back to an outdated
simplifying approach to epics and away from the anthropological one, well-developed in
Philippine folklore studies of the second part of the 20 th c. [cf. Manuel 1963; Jocano 1964;
Magos 1990 et al.].
 CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology
This chapter presents the required methods and procedures that the researchers
obtain in the implementation of the study.
Research Design
A descriptive research design will be used in this study. Descriptive research is
aimed at casting light on current issues or problems through a process of data collection
that enables them to describe the situation more completely than was possible without
employing this method. In its essence, descriptive studies are used to describe various
aspects of the phenomenon. In its popular format, descriptive research is used to describe
characteristics and/or behaviour of sample population.
Locale of the Study
The focus of this study is addressed at Diffun National High School, Diffun, and Quirino. It
was conducted among the Senior High School Ifugao students.
Sampling procedure and sample
The procedure used in collecting data of the research contains preliminaries and actual
process.
The preliminaries consist an assurance permits from the School head and class
advisers to accept the collecting of data and requesting the participation of the respondents.
The real procedure was administration on floating questionnaires to the respondents, the
researchers-themselves facilitated the answering of questionnaires.
The researchers are using the non-probability sampling. It is a sampling technique
where the sampling is gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the
population equal chances of being selected. It is where the researchers select samples based
on the subjective judgement of the researchers rather than random selection. So the
researcher chooses only Ifugao senior student as respondents.
Data Gathering
The researchers are using survey questionnaires as an instrument where the
distribution of questionnaires to the respondents is needed. In order to gather the necessary
data, the researcher utilized the descriptive method, using the quantitative approach.
Data Analysis
The researchers will examine the profile of the respondents such as age and sex.
They will also examine the level of awareness of the respondents which are the Ifugao
senior students towards Hudhud practice. They will determine what are the different factors
that affect the level of awareness of the Ifugao senior students towards Hudhud practice
that will help the respondents to recognize their weaknesses or threats in performing
towards Hudhud practice. They will get the average of their answers in the questionnaire
that is floated and analyzed for the result and discussion. And they will give the conclusion
and recommendation for the students, teachers and to the future researchers to understand
the importance of Hudhud practice to Ifugaos.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO THE
HUDHUD PRACTICE IN DIFFUN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Greetings!

In fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 2, we are asking for your permission to accomplish
this questionnaire that seeks to answer the problems of our research. Hence, we also assure that the data
and information that we will be gathered will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Our deepest gratitude of your cooperation and participation.
Thank you.

- The Researchers

I. RESPONDENT’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Direction: Please provide the needed information below. Put a check inside the parenthesis that
corresponds to your answer. Please supply necessary data in the spaces provided for.

Age: ________
Sex: Male
Female

II. INFORMATION PROPER

Direction: Please read carefully and put a check on the rate of your level of awareness on Hudhud
practice. In assessing your fully awareness, use the scale provided below.

Point Description
4 Strongly Agree
3 Agree
2 Dis- agree
1 Strongly Dis- agree
What are the factors that affect the Level of Awareness of the Ifugao students to the
Hudhud practice in terms of:

A. FAMILY FACTOR

4 3 2 1

1. I was taught by my parents about Hudhud practice.

2. I grew up in the place where we don’t practice any Ifugao

practices.

3. I grew up in a community where there are Ifugaos.

4. I grew up in a broken family.

5. I live with my grandparents.

6. I am not doing the beliefs of our elders.

7. I am not ashamed that I possess an Ifugao genes.

8. I am interested when my families are doing this kind of practice.

9. I am proud to be an Ifugao.

10. I and my family believe in this kind of practice.

B. PEER FACTOR

4 3 2 1

1. I am influenced by the beliefs of my non- Ifugao friends.

2. I am sharing my beliefs to my friends.

3. I encourage my friends and fellow students to respect the culture

and traditions of the Ifugaos.

4. I confidently share my knowledge about the Ifugao culture and

traditions to my friends and schoolmates.
 5. I am not ashamed that some of my friends are Ifugao.

6. I encourage my Ifugao friends to join in every program of this

practice.

7. I listen to my Ifugao friends when they are sharing their practice.

8. I am impress to the culture of my Ifugao friends.

9. I want to expose the Ifugao culture to my friends.

10. I together with my friends believe in Hudhud practice.

C. CULTURAL FACTOR

4 3 2 1

1. I only participate when there is a celebration.

2. I participate in any Ifugao activities in our place.

3. I grew up full of knowledge about Ifugao practices.

4. I believe that performing Hudhud is a reason why the rice

terraces is said to be the world heritage site.

5. I am aware of Hudhud practice.

6. I am aware that there are different roles between young ones and
old ones in performing Hudhud.

7. I am comfortable to do any activities related in Ifugao traditions.

8. I am proud on watching our elders that performs our traditional

songs and dances.

9. I actively participate in any program and occasions showing our

culture and traditions as Ifugaos.

10. I am proud in participating in any cultural activity.