IMRAD

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General structure of a research article
● Title
● Abstract
● Keywords

● Introduction
● Methods
● Results and Discussion

● Conclusion
● Acknowledgments
● References
● Supporting Materials

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Effective manuscript titles

Attract reader’s Contain fewest Adequately describe

attention possible words content

Do not use technical

Are informative but Identify the main
jargon and rarely-
concise issue
used abbreviations

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Authorship

Good listing principle

• First author
• Corresponding author

Poor listing principle

• Ghost authorship
• Gift authorship

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Keywords
Article Title Keywords
● Are the labels of the manuscript
“An experimental Solar collector;
● Are used by indexing and study on supercritical CO2;
abstracting services evacuated tube solar energy; solar
solar collector thermal utilization
● Should be specific enough to give using supercritical
someone a very quick idea about CO2”
your paper’s content
● Avoid words with broad meaning
● Should use only established
abbreviations (e.g., DNA)

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Abstract
Summarize the problem, methods, results and conclusions in a
single paragraph

Make it interesting and understandable

Make it accurate and specific

• A clear abstract will strongly influence whether or not your work is considered

Keep it as brief as possible

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The process of writing – building the article

Title, Abstract, and

Keywords
Conclusion Introduction

Methods Results Discussion

Figures / Tables (Your Data)

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Outline of a Scholarly Article
Introduction
● Literature Review: Empirical (Situationer, Background) and Theoretical (Historical Antecent,
“Gap”)
● Statement of the Problem/Objectives of the Study and its Significance (theoretical or practical
implications)
● Definition of Terms
Method
● How the Research was Done
● Data
● Analytical Tools
Results and Discussion
● What answers were found?
● Interpretation of the Results (What does it mean?)
● Implications for the Field of Study and Sustainable Development Goals (Recommendations)
Source: https://libguides.ccga.edu/researchbasics/imrad

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Introduction
Provide a
Address the
brief context
problem
to the readers
Identify what
Identify the the work is
solutions and trying to
limitations achieve
Provide a
perspective
with the
nature of the
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Introduction: Introduction contains a
7th edition APA succinct description of
(2020, p. 138- • issues being reported. Frame the importance of the
problem. Consider the various concerns on which your
139) issue touches. To provide a situationer, you can use the
analytical frameworks of PESTLE, SWOT and BCG,
among others.
• their historical antecedents. Convey to the reader the
scope of the problem, its context, and its theoretical or
practical implications. Describe any key issues, debates
and theoretical frameworks, clarify barriers and
knowledge gaps, and show how your work builds on what
has already been accomplished in the field.
• the study objectives. Clearly state and delimit the ais,
objectives and goals of your study. Make explicit the
rationale for the fit of your design in relation to your aims
and goals. Describe the goals in a way that clarifies the
appropriateness of the methods use.

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Introduction
To show your extensive knowledge of your
field, introduction should contain
● Current situation or prevailing practice
● Summary of existing research on the subject
● Problem statement, research question/objective,
hypotheses
● Theory (if relevant)
Introduction should explain and summarize
● what we know, and what we are uncertain about
Introduction should ask questions, clarify,
compare, contrast, etc. Everything you write here
must relate to your research question.

Source: https://sokogskriv.no/en/writing/the-imrad-format.html#introduction
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Introduction

● Explains why research is important or necessary.

Steps:
1.Describe the problem or situation that motivates
the research
2.Discuss the current state of research in the field
3.Reveal the “gap” or problem in the field
4.Explain how the research is a solution to that
problem or gap
5.If the study has hypotheses, present at the end of
the Introduction
● https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/writing-an-imrad-report

HRD
 ● Describe how the problem was studied
● Include detailed information
● Do not describe previously published
procedures
● Identify the equipment and materials used
● Ethics Committee Approval
➢ Experiments on humans and animals must
follow applicable ethics standards
Method ➢ Approval of the local ethics committee is
required and should be specified in the
manuscript, covering letter, or the online
submission system
➢ Editors can make their own decisions on ethics

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Method: 7th edition
APA (2020, pp. 142-
144)

● Inclusion and Exclusion

● Participant
Characteristics (socio-
demographic profile)
● Sampling Design
● Data Collection
● Instrumentation,
including tests for
reliability
● Analytical Tools
Source: https://getthematic.com/insights/customer-survey-
design/

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Data and Method

How was the study conducted?

● Includes information on the sample, population, methods
and procedures, analytical tools (statistical, qualitative),
equipment, research instrument
● Explain sources of information (primary, secondary)
● “gold standard” of this section. It should enable readers to
duplicate the study
● Section includes sub-headings. Data and Method.
● Usually written in the past tense
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Results
● Include only data of primary importance
● Use sub-headings to keep results of the
same type together
● Be clear and easy to understand
● Highlight the main findings
● Feature unexpected results
● Provide statistical analysis, whenever
applicable
● Include illustrations and figures
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Discussion ● Interpretation
● Most important section
● Make the discussion correspond to the results
and complement them
● Compare published results with your own
Be careful not to use the following
● Statements that go beyond what the results
can support
● Non-specific expressions
● New terms not already defined or mentioned in
your paper
● Speculations on possible interpretations based
on imagination

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Conclusion

Provide
Be clear justification for
the work

Explain how your work Suggest future

advances the present
state of knowledge experiments

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Acknowledgments

Advisers Financial Proof- Suppliers

supporters readers and who may
and funders typists have
donated
materials

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References

APA 7th Edition

● Do not use too many references

● Always ensure that you have fully absorbed the material you are
referencing
● Avoid excessive self-citations
● Avoid excessive citations of publications that come from the
same region or institute
● Conform strictly to the style given in the Guide for Authors

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THANK YOU!

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