= yo or S st tiorrace FOLLOWER (xfer - inverting ) output voltage follows the input voltage, V, be ss to'Vin. _The potential at node A is V,,. As V; ifcuit is also known as buffer circuit with high input impedance and ee output impedance.wg, NOTNRmmeeuccencnenencocusoonenae SET SPDER OR SUMMING AMPLIFIER Operational amplifiers can be OF More input signals, Such a “types of summing amplifiers summing amplifier. In thi amplifiers are explained. used as adder circuits whose output is the sum of two summing amplifier. There arc two such as inverting summing amplifier and non-inverting i i erting § 2 ection, both inverting and non-inverting Summing 4.5.1 Inverting Summing Amplifier Figure 4.8 shows’an inverting summing amplifier with two inputs Vj, and V2. Wo input resistors R, and R3, and a feedback resistor R,. Assume operational amplifier co, R= is an ideal one. Therefore, A and V; = 0. Hence. Fig. 48 Inverting summing amplifier The current flows through R, is MY ate R ‘The current flows through Ry is Vo-Va -Vo-0_ Va h= 7 Ry R, The current flows through Ry is Var¥, 0-Y_ Me BR OR, oe Re: Ry Ry yy Applying KCL law at node A, we can write thal Thus the output voltage is the average of the two input voltages V, and V3. When R, = Ry = 2R,, output voltage will be V,,4.5.2 Non-invert; erting Su; miming A non-invertin; : verting summin with owo inputs V; and Ve amplifier resistors Ry a 2 two i rn vand Ry, and a feedhen r tor Rris shown in Bj dback, Assume, the voltage at j 'B. 4.9. (-) input terminal vo ing, voltage at non-inverting amd the terminal is also V,. +) input Apply KCL law ! aw at no write de A, we can or, My or. Vy= 4 R i . 7 he non-inverting operational amplifier with resistors R-and R has output vi lifier with resistors Ry as ve (1428 pire we Ly = [It IVa pipeck apply rhe’ | Then, the output voltage can i + V,= (+) ES R + The above expression is a non-iny' WA, = Ry = R =Ry the ourrnt voll hows an adder circuit 22 ko, Re 4,5. Figure 4.10 s ne Ry = = Output voltage V,- Assam be expressed as Amplifier oltage ew eet x pb Lee C Cc wrod re 1 R, verted weighted sum of ing age is equal (0 vith Vy puts. vj=Vit Ve = -2.V. Determine the = EV, Vp=[Link] V5 7K w | kQ, Ry= 2 RQ and R= +VWouRy, VaSEEN | nh 2 Wy A | —~-OVg vor ath 4A a ENS L + Fig. 4.10 Solution The ouput voltage of inverting amplifier is R R R, v, =~ |—y+—v, +“, wee (Fedde, 47 47 47 = -( x14 x24 (-2) |v ( 2 1 2 ¢ ») = -7.05 V 4,6 Figure 4.11 shows an operational amplifier circuit with R, = 1 kQ, Rp = 2 kQ, and R,= 10 kQ. Derive the output voltage V, expression in terms of V, and V2. R YM y 7 J R; Ve “A Fig. 4.11 Circuit of Ex. 4.6 Solution The output voltage of amplifier can be expressed as = -{ 10x10" 2p, , 10x10? 7 fe) FT ito? SSR oxo 2 MF OOMifference amplifier. In this circuit voltage i is applied to oper (OP-AMP-A) with a gain to OP-AMP-B with difference between \’ tional amplifier-A 1. Output of OP-AMP-A is V,,, and Vyvoltages are applied 1 = 1. Then output voltage of OP-AMP-B will be the “lf Q 2 S z= 5 > i ~oOP-AMP-8 Fig. 4.15 Difference amplifier using two OPAMPs The output voltage of OP-AMP-A is If R-= Ry, V,, = -V, o The output voltage of OP-AMP-B is V,I R/= Ry= Ry V,= As Vy Vai ¥p — Vj, we can write V,, =CV)-Vy=Yy-¥, A typical differential amplitier with one operational amplifier Rr 4 is shown in Fig. 4.16. Assume eye a the differential voltage between inverting (-) and non-inverting Rig (4) terminals of operational Mensa err | amplifier is zero. Potential at A a and potential at B are same potential. So that V, = Vp. The nodal equation at node = Bis Fig, 4.16, Difference amplifier using Vp Vg=0 one OP-AMP or, Arp or. Vea Viger, ine o or. VaSVi Rar a YAR Vy Applying KCL at node A we can write hel ; V2=¥a ve - or, Fi iivaliageretl me RO OR 3 Ry Ry 42 lyon or, Ya ( “| a Vo “(i lay If Ry= Ro, the output voltage V, of va)This circuit is very useful to detect very small difference between two signals, aS R; 5 the gain mn can be considered a large value. For example, when R,= 100 kQ and Ry i =1 kQ and gain is 100, the difference potential (V,— V3) will be amplified by 100 times.