41423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Gider SuperStructure Design Example -LRFO - Structures -Brges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration LRFD Steel Girder SuperStructure Design Example Bearing Design Example Design Step 6 Table of Contents Check Compressive Deflection Desian Step 6.8 - Check Shear Deformation Dasign Stop 6.8 - Check Rotation or Combined Compression and Rotation Dasign Stop 6.10 - Check Stability Design Step 6.1 - Obtain Design Criteria For this bearing design example, an abutment bearing was chosen. It was decided that the abutment would have expansion bearings. Therefore, the bearing design will be for an expansion bearing Refer to Design Step 1 for introductory information about this design example. Additional information is presented about the design assumptions, methodology, and criteria for the entire bridge, including the bearing design. The following units are defined for use in this design example: K = 10001b ks! = For bearing design, the required design criteria includes: 1. Longitudinal and transverse movement 2. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical rotation 3. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical loads Most of the above information is typically obtained from the superstructure design software output, which is the case for this bearing design (fist trial of girder design): DLsery = 784K Service | limit state dead load LLgery = 110.4 Service | limit state lve load (including dynamic load allowance) ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6.clm 1a4/1423, 656PM —__LRFO Stel Grd SuperStucture Desgn Example -LRFD - Sutures - Bages & Stctues - Federal Highway Adminsraton Bae = 0.0121rac Service | iit stato total rotation about the transverse axis (See Figure 6-1) Pagq = 67.8k Strength limit state minimum vertical force due to permanent loads (used in Design Step 6.12) Design Step 6.2 - Select Optimum Bearing Type Selecting the optimum bearing type depends on the load, movement capabilities, and economics. Refer to STable 14,6.2-1 and SFigure 14.6.2-1 for guidance on selecting the most practical bearing type. For the abutment bearing design, a steo-rinforced elastomeric bearing was sclected. Ifthe loads were considerably larger, pot bearings, which ere more exponwive than slewomori bearings, would be en option s1462 Design Step 6.3 - Select Preliminary Bearing Properties, Once the most practical bearing type has been selected, the preliminary bering properties must be defined. The bearing properties are obtained from the Specifications, as wells from past experience. The following preliminary bearing properties were selected: ‘Bearing Pad Configuration Pad length (bridge longitudinal direction: | pag = (din Pad width (bridge transverse direction): YWaaq = 15in Elastomer cover thickness: yeayar = 0.25in Elastomer internal ayer thickNe8S° hyterma) = 0.375in Number of steel reinforcement layers: Netiayers = ¢ Stoel reinforcement thickness: hysint = 0.11 96ir Material Properties, S14.7.6.2 & S14.7.5.2 Elastomer hardness: Hanorea, = SC Elastomer shear modulus: ¢ _ 9. Q95ks STable 14.7.5.2-1 Elastomer creep deflection at 25 years divided by the instantaneous deflection: Cy = 0.2 STable 14.7.5.2-1 Steel reinforcement yield strength: F,, — 5(|¢s, ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm ana41423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Gider SuperStructure Design Example -LRFO - Structures -Brges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration Design Step 6.4 - Select Design Method (A or B) For this design example, Method A willbe used. Method A usually results in a bearing with @ lower capacity than a bearing designed with Method B, However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control. Method A is described in S14.7.6, while Method B is described in $14.7.5, 0147.51 Design Step 6.5 - Compute Shape Factor ‘The shape factor for individual elastomer layers i the plan area divided by the area of perimeter free to buige S147.618 814.751 For steel reinforced elastomeric bearings, the fllowing requirements must be met prior to calculating the shape factor: 1. All internal layers of elastomer must be the same thickness. 2. The thickness of the cover layers cannot exceed 70 percent of the thickness of the internal layers. S14.7.6.1 & S14.7.5.1 From Design Step 6.3, al internal elastomer layers are the same thickness, which satisfies Requirement 1. The following calculation verifies that Requirement 2 is satisfied: 0.70 -Hrinternal = 9.26in Hreavar = 0.25in OK For rectangular bearings without holes, the shape factor for the ith layer is S1475.1 tw 2hitL + W) ‘The shape factor for the cover layers is then: Load Wpad ive 1 aa 2-Hreaver (Lpad + Waa) Scoy = 14.48 The shape factor for the intemal layers is then: Lpaa: “pac. n= ee 2-Hrirtemat (Lpad + Wad) Sint = 9.66 ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm ans41423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Gider SuperStructure Design Example -LRFO - Structures -Brges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration Design Step 6.6 - Check Compressive Stress The compressive stress check limits the compressive stress inthe elastomer at the service limit state as follows: s14763.2 og 1.0kS/M 55 < 1.0.6.$ The compressive stress is taken as the foal reaction at one of the abutment bearings forthe service limit state divided by the elastomeric pad plan area. The service limit state dead and live load reactions are obtained from the Opis superstructure output, The shape factor used inthe above equation should be forte thickest elastomer layer. Service | limit state dead load: DL sony = 784K Service | limit stat lve load (inckuding dynamic oad allowance) LLgen = 1104 5, - Disew+tLLsery °*" (Lpaa:Wpaq) G5 = 0.899k5 1.0-G-Sint = 0.917ks OK ‘The service average compressive stress due to live load only will also be computed at this time, It will be needed in Design Step 6.11. Agi sd from Opis superstructure output the service limit state live load value was ob! oy = ;_ttsew (Lpaa:Wpaa) o, = 0.526ks Design Step 6.7 - Check Compressive Deflection ‘The compressive deflection due tothe total load at the service limit stat is obtained from the following equation 14.7533 1 8 = Zephy For this design example, the instantaneous compressive strain was approximated from CTable 14.7.5.3.9-1 for 50 durometer reinforced bearings using a compressive stress of 0.899 ksi and a shape factor of 9.66. eint = 0.04 CTable 14.7.6.3.3-1 ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm ans41423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Gider SuperStructure Design Example -LRFO - Structures -Brges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration The instantaneous deflection is then Sinst = 2-€int rcover + 8-€int-Hrinterma $1475.33 Bint = 0.140ir The effects of creep should also be considered. For this design example, material-specific data is not available. ‘Therefore, calculate the creep deflection value as follows: STable 14.7.5.2-1 Screep = Ca-Sinst Bereep = 0.035ir The total defection is then: Stotal = Sinst + Screep Btota = 0.175in The initial compressive deflection in any layer of a sleel-reinforced elastomeric bearing at the service limit state without dynamic load allowance shall not exceed 0.07h,, $14.7.6.3.3 In order to reduce design steps, the above requirement will be checked using the deflection calculated for the service limit state including dynamic load allowance. If the compressive deflection Is greater than 0.07h,, then the deflection without dynamic load allowance would need to be calculated. Sintitayer = €int Hrinteral Sintttayer = 0.015ir 0.07hrintemal = 0.02Bir 0K Design Step 6.8 - Check Shear Deformation The shear deformation is checked to ensure that the bearing is capable of allowing the anticipated horizontal bridge movement. Also, the shear deformation is limited in order to avoid rollover at the edges and delamination due to fatigue caused by cyclic expansion and contraction deformations, The horizontal movement for this bridge design ‘example is based on thermal effects only. The thermal movement is taken from Design Step 7.6 for the controlling movement, which is contraction. Other criteria that could add to the shear deformation include construction tolerances, braking force, and longitudinal wind if applicable. One factor that can reduce the amount of shear deformation is the substructure deflection. Since the abutment height is relatively short and the shear deformation is relatively small, the abutment deflection will not be taken into account. ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm 6341423, 658 PM LLRFO Stee! Girder SuperStructure Design Example -LRFD - Structures - Bridges & Structures - Federal Highway Administration S14.7.6.3.4 C14 7.6.3.4 The bearing must satisfy: fit 2-Ae hr = 2-Hrcaver+ 8-hrintema het = 3.50in Acontr = 0.626ir ftom Design Step 7.6 for thermal contraction yy = 1.2 forthe service limit state STable 3.4.1-1 & $3.41 As = ¥tu-Acont Ag=0.76in 2.Kg = 1.53in 3.50in = 1.63irK Design Step 6.9 - Check Rotation or Combined Compression and Rotation Since Design Method A was chosen, combined compression and rotation does not need to be checked. The rotation ‘check ensures that no point in the bearing undergoes net uplift and is as follows: S14.7.6.3.5 — og 2 056.5 ie 25% (associated wih rotation about transverse axis) ri n 814.7.6.3.54 and wh? 82" 032 086-8 952 (associated with rotation about longitudinal axis) had om 5 = 0.809ks The service rotation due to the total load about the transverse axis was taken from Opis: nips: trwa dot govbragelilus_dsé. cfm ens411423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Gide SuperStrucure Design Example -LRFO - Structures -Brges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration gy = 0.0121 rad 814.7.6.3.5d AJA consttontaeane For spans aver approximately 100 feet, itis good engineering practice to include an additional 0.005, radians of rotation about both pad axes to account for construction tolerances. The number of interior layers is n=8+05+0& Lpaa_)? _ S5x oK 0.5.6. Sint | — 0.859Ks Hrinternal? (8+ 1] The service rotation due to the total load about the longitudinal axis is negligible compared to the service rotation about the transverse axis. Therefore, the check about the longitudinal axis will be assumed to be negligible and is not computed in this bearing design example. Design Step 6.10 - Check Stability ‘The total thickness of the pad shall not exceed the least of L/3 or W/3. 814.7.6.3.6 Woad 5.00ir ‘The total thickness of the pad based on the preliminary dimensions is: htotal = 2-Arcover + 8-Orinternal + Nstayers-Hreinr htotai = 4.5764 ir OK Design Step 6.11 - Check Reinforcement The thickness of the steel reinforcement must be able to sustain the tensile stresses induced by compression in the bearing. The reinforcement thickness must also satisfy the requirements of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications. S14.7.6.3.7 S14.7.5.3.7 For the service limit state: ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm m341423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Gide SuperStrucure Design Example -LRFO - Structures -Brges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration 3hmax Os hs = Fy Himax = hrintema Max = 0.375in 65 = 0.899ks Fy = 50ks 3h SE 5 ee Fy hreint = 0.1196in OK For the fatigue limit state: 2hmax SL, s Sal AFTH From Design Step 6 6, the service average compressive stress due to live load only is oy = 0.526ks AF Ty = 24.0ks STablo 6.6.1.2.5-3 2-hmaxeo Senet § 0.0164in APTH hreint = 0.1196ir 0K Design Step 6.12 - Design for Anchorage The bearing pad must be secured against transverse horizontal movement if the factored shear force sustained by the deformed pad at the strength limit state exceeds one-fifth of the minimum vertical force due to permanent loads, Peg. S14.7.64 Pay = 67.8 taken from Opis output ‘The maximum factored shear force sustained by the deformed pad at the strength limit state is obtained from Design Step 7.6, adding wind on superstructure and wind on live load. The maximum shear force will occur when wind is taken at 0 degrees ‘The shear force due to wind on superstructure is taken from Table 7-1: WS = 30.69K ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm ans41423, 658 PM LLRFO Stee! Girder SuperStructure Design Example - LRFD - Structures - Bridges & Structures - Federal Highway Administration ‘The shear force due to wind on live load is taken from Table 7-2: WL = 6.00k The controling shear force is either from Strength Ill or Strength V: Factored shear force per bearing for Strength Il: yws = 140 STablo 3.4.1-1 Yue = 0.00 STable 3.4.1-4 (yws:-WS+-yw-WL) Vwindstel = = Vuinastril = 8.596 Factored shear force per bearing for Strength V: Yws = 040 STable 3.4.1-1 ye = 1.00 STable 3.4.1-4 (rvs WS +ywe-WL) 5 Vwindsty Vuindstry = 3.66 Use: Ving = max{Vwindstril, VwindstrV) Vmax = 8 59K 41 Peg = 13.56 3 Psa Since the maximum shear force at the strength limit state does not exceed one-fifth of the minimum vertical force due to permanent dead loads, the pad does not need to be secured against horizontal movement. Design Step 6.13 - Design Anchorage for Fixed Bearings nips: trwa dot govbragelilus_dsé. cfm ons471423, 658 PM LRFO Stee! Gider SuperStucture Desgn Example -LRFD - Structures -Briges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration The abutment bearings are expansion in the longitudinal direction but fixed in the transverse direction. Therefore, the boarings must be restrained in the transverse direction. Based on Design Step 6,12, the expansion bearing pad does not need to be secured against horizontal movement. However, based on $3. 10.9.2, the horizontal connection force in the restrained direction cannot be less than 0.1 times the vertical reaction due to the tributary permanent load and the tributary ive loads assumed to exist during an earthquake. In addition, since all abutment bearings are restrained in the transverse direction, the tributary permanent load can be taken as the reaction at the bearing. Also, ygq is assumed to be zero, Therefore, no tributary live loads willbe considered. Ths transverse load will be used to design the bearing anchor bolts for this design example. $14.83. 83.10.92 3.44 For the controlling girder (interior) Dlsery= 784K The maximum transverse horizontal earthquake load per bearing is then’ Heq = 0.1-DLsen, Heq = 7.84K ‘The factored shear resistance of the anchor bolts per bearing is then: $14.8.3.1 & 86.13.27 Assume two 5/8" diameter A 307 bolts with a minimum tensile strength of 60 ksi: S643 Rp = 0.48-Ap-Fyp: Ns! for threads excluded from shear plane 86.13.27 4) = 0,6€ resistance factor for 307 bots in shear $654.2 Ro (0.626in)? 4 Ap = 031in? Fup = 60ks Ng = 2 (number of bolts) ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm 101341423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Girder SuperStructre Design Example -LRFO - Structures - Bridges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration Rp = 0.48-Ap-Fup Ne Rn = 17.67K 1 = bg-Ry Rr = 11.49K Rr 2 Heo OK ‘Once the anchor bolt quantity and size are determined, the anchor bolt length must be computed, As an approximation, the bearing stress may be assumed to vary linearly from zero at the end of the embedded length to its maximum value at the top surface of the concrete. The bearing resistance of the concrete is based on S5.7.5. $14.8.3.1 &C14.8.3.1 bpPa = 4p:0.85-fe-Aqm" S575 ob-Pn® Stessprg = a Stessarg = bp-0.85-f-m" Assume: 1) = (),7£ (conservative assumption) dbp = 0.76 for bearing on concrete 55.54.21 Stressprg = oy:0.85-(4lei)-mn Stresspyg = 1.78ks The total transverse horizontal load is: Heg = 7.84 ‘The transverse load per anchor bolt is then: Hea Pibot = —>~ Papo = 3.92k Using the bearing stress approximation from above, the required anchor bolt area resisting the transverse horizontal load can be calculated, ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm nia41423, 658 PM LRFD Steel Gider SuperStructure Design Example -LRFO - Structures -Brges & Structures - Federal Highway Adminstration Pinot Ape ot (== +0 2 Ay =439in? ‘Ay Is the product of the anchor bolt diameter and the length the anchor bolt is embedded into the concrete pedestal/beam seat. Since we know the anchor bolt diameter, we can now solve for the required embedment length At embed = T595in Lembea = 7.03ir Individual states and agencies have their own minimum anchor bolt embedment lengths. For this design example, a minimum of 12 inches will be used. Use: Lemme = 12 Oir Design Step 6.14 - Draw Schematic of Final Bearing Design © cir gongtuina ai) 18.0 in 1 iT i i i i ! soo 8 4. 2 Le peaing = i B| Gransverse 7 ©) axis) ! i i i i i ! Pad wicth _______ PR Figure 6-1 Bearing Pad Plan View ups tha. dot gowibridgelalus_ds6 cfm saaLLRFO Stee! Girder SuperStructure Design Example -LRFD - Structures - Bridges & Structures - Federal Highway Administration 443,058 PM 0.25 in thickness (Typ. - top & bottom layer) 9. Stoel rein layars @ 0.1196 in. thicknass each 0.378 in. thioknoss (Typ. - intorral layare) & Figure 6-2 Bearing Pad Elevation View 586" Diameter ‘A307 Bolt U ye) a t= 6 & a Ble 2 Figure 6-3 Anchor Bolt Embedment << previous Contents next >> y Adminstration | 1200 Naw Jersey Avenus, SE | Washington, DC 00 nips: trwa dot govbragelilus_dsé. cfm 1913