Basic Algebra IR and Algebraic N@LES Manipulation Notation and Terminology in Algebra 1, In algebra, letters (e.g. x, y, ab, 2, etc) are used to represent numbers and unknown values called variables. 2. Mathematical statements like x + 3y, 32, + 2x ~3, are known as algebraic expressions. 3. An algebraic expression involves numbers, variables, and operational signs such as +, ‘The + and — signs in an algebraic expression separate it into terms and are used similarly as in + arithmetic. For example, (@ a +b=c means that the sum of two numbers, represented by a and b, is equal to the number represented by c. (i) 2x - y = z means that the difference of two numbers represented by 2x and y is equal to the number represented by z. 4. Other notations of algebraic terms are shown below, (a) axb=ab (b) 4xasda © axa=a (©) (3a)’ = 3a x 3x 3a =F xa = 21d Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 53Representation of Mathematical Relationship using Algebra 5. Mathematical relationships in the form of word statements can be translated into algebraic expressions as shown in the table below. 1 | Add 5xto2y xt 2y 2 | Subtract 2x from x? #2 3 | Product of three consecutive numbers with the smallest ‘number being represented by n. n(n + 1)(n +2) 4 | Cube of the variable a divided by the product of 3b and ¢ he 6. An algebraic expression is made up of different parts. Consider the expression x? + 2x ~ 3y + 4 and refer to the table below. 541 Topic 4 In algebra, a letter that represents a x and y are variables. ‘number is called a variable. Its value can be varied. Coefficient | The number that is multiplied to the 2 | Lis the coefficient of x*in x* variable, 2x | 2 is the coefficient of x in 2x ~3y_| =3 is the coefficient of y in ~3y Term A term can be a number, a variable or 2°, 2x, -3y and 4 are terms. the product or quotient of numbers and variables. ‘There are 4 terms in the expression aa ; 42x By 44, Addition and subtraction separate terms from one another. Constant | A constant is a term with a fixed 4 is a constant term. numerical value. Its value does not change. Degree | The degree of an algebraic expression is | Since the highest index is 2 as the highest index observed in the terms of | observed in.x7, the degree of the the expression. expression is 2. Polynomial | A polynomial refers to an algebraic xf + 2x ~ 3y +4 is a polynomial expression consisting of one or more terms. A polynomial is usually arranged either in ascending or descending order with respect to the degree of the terms. arranged in the descending order. i ; | |+ More examples of algebraic expressions are shown in the table below, Brey +2 3 2 3x” has the coefficient 3 and 2 has the coefficient 1. Bab +4ed -Se-6 |4 2 3ab has the coefficient 3, 6 ded has the coefficient 4 and —Se the coefficient -5. 3pq 1 2 3pq has the coefficient 3. Nil dy - 4 2 3 -2x’y has the coefficient -2. -4 ‘Alinear expression is an algebraic expression where the degree of the expression is 1 while ‘a quadratic expression is an algebraic expression where the degree of the expression is 2 For example: + 3x~4y +5 is a linear expression in x and y + xt~ xy +2y* is a quadratic expression Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions i 8. Since the variable in an algebraic expression represents an unknown value, the algebraic expression } can be evaluated by replacing or substituting the variables in the expression with the given numerical } values. i 1 Example: Evaluate the value of 2x ~ 3xy + 5 when x = 2 and y = 3. Solution: 2x — xy +5 = 2(2) - 3(2)3) +5 4-18 +5 9 ab veel Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 55Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions 9. Addition or subtraction of algebraic terms is done by adding or subtracting of variables of the same kind known as the like terms. Examples of like terms are 3x and 5x, 2y and ~7y, xy and 4xy. Variables that are not like terms are known as unlike terms. Examples of unlike terms are 3x and 3y, 2p" and x'y. Examples: (@) 2a+4a=6a (b) 8x 2x = Gr (© 2g -Sh+3g-h=2g+3¢-Sh—h @) 3p-3k- 1p +k =3p—7p + k-3k =5g- 6h 4p - 2k Important notes: @ a+b=b+a (Cumulative Law) @) a-beb-a Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions 10. In performing multiplication and division, coefficients and variables of the respective terms are gathered and multiplied or divided on their own. Examples (a) 4m x 3m = 12m? ) 4p) xq = -4pq a oy Ase (©) -20°b x 3ab = — 64°b' @ seh Important note: ‘The product resulted from the multiplication of algebraic terms a and b is written as ab. @ ab=a-b = a(b) or (a)b or (a)(b) =axb Gi) ab = ba (Commutative Law) Expansion of Algebraic Expressions I, When brackets appear in an algebraic expression, the rules and priorit performed follows the BIDMAS rule which is used in arithmetic as well (@® Simplify the expressions within the brackets first. s by which operations are Example: (2a + 5a) x 3ab 561 Topic 4 4Gi)_ If an expression in bracket is being multiplied by a constant number or a variable, each term within the bracket must be multiplied by this constant number or variable when the bracket is removed, a(b +c) = ab + ac (Distributive Law) ; Example: 2(a + 3b ~ 2c) = 2a + 6b - 4c When an expression consists of more than one pair of brackets, simplify the expression within the innermost pair first before proceeding to the outermost pair. Example: 2[5e ~ 3(c ~ 2)]= Se ~ 3¢ + 6) 22e+ 10) =4e+20 Simplification of Linear Algebraic Expressions with Fractional Coefficients 12. A linear algebraic expression with fractional coefficients can be viewed as an algebraic term with fractional coefficient or an algebraic fraction that involves an algebraic expression in its numerator 4 Dee and with an integral denominator. For example, z | 13. Brackets can also be used in algebraic fractions. For example, 14, Addition ot subtraction of algebraic fractions is done by taking the LCM of all the denominators of the algebraic fractions as the common denominator before proceeding with the addition or subtraction. Factorisation ' 15. Factorisation is the process of writing an algebraic expression as a product of two or more other | algebraic expressions. It is the reverse process of expansion, Example: Since expanding a(b +c) = ab + ac, therefore factorising ab + ac = a(b + ¢) 16. To factorise an algebraic expression completely, take out the greatest common factor(s) of the terms | otherwise the factorisation is incomplete. j Example: Factorise dax + 12ay completely. { Solution: ax + 12ay = da(x + 3y) where 4a is the greatest common factor of the two terms. Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation \57W@6RK=D exaMpies 1 Expressing Mathematical Relationships Algebraically example } Write down an algebraic expression for each of the following statements. (a) Subtract twice the variable p from the product of 6p and g. (b) Multiply the square of r by 6g (©) Add the cube root of the product of x and y to 2b (@) Ifa class has x boys and the number of girls is thrice that of the number of boys, find the total number of students in the class. 1 (©) If Peter's age is x years old and Joe is 7 years older than Peter, find the sum of their ages 10 years later. i (©) Find the area of a rectangle of length hs cm and its width is $cm shorter than \ | its longth. ‘ | @ 5p pencil costs $s, find the cost of 2 pencils. |) Ian apple costs (+ + 10) cents and an orange costs 2y cents, find the total cost of a apples and b oranges. solution | ® 4-2 4 (b) 6qr? } © %+ (@) Number of students 43x (Leave your answer in the ax simplest possible form.) (©) Sum of ages = (x +10) + (x+7+10) (Brackets can be used to group, = (2x+27) years old. the terms in a particular } expression. It helps to organise ) the workings.) | | | ©) Area of rectangle = ih ~ 5) em? 4 \ i ‘ \ 981 Topic 4 texample solution (g) "Cost of 2 pencils (The unit, dollars ($), can be omitted in the workings for clarity.) (h) Total cost = a(x +10) + 2by (Remember to write the brackets when necessary to obtain the correct expression eg. ax +10 # a(x +10) Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions Given that x = 2,y = —1 and z= 5, evaluate each of the following expressions. (@ te 2242 ) G30 +3 3 5x-(2y) © @x+2y-20-y @ Ser 3 27-2 a (@) Te- $24 2=7Q- Z)+ AV 4-3-2 (Note: 2-1 () 5-643 ©) Gx + 2y— 2x ~ y)? = (G2) + 21) - (2 - CA)" = (6-2-5241) (Note: 1) = 1) @ Ox 5@)-Gecpy 22 Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 59examplad solution 601 Topic 4 Addition and Subtraction of Linear Expressions (a) Find the sum of Sh ~2k+ p, 4k 3h ~ 3p and 7p ~ 2k + h. (b) Simplify the following. ( 3(m- 3p) — S(2p + Sm) (i) Ta ~ 2[3(5a ~ 6) - 2(4a- by] (a) (Sh- 2k + p) + 4k~3h— 3p) + (Tp - 2k +H) h—3h+h—2k + 4k—-2k+ p—3p+7p (Group like terms) hh + Sp ) @ Aen 3p~ 3G 4m) Apply Distributive Law to expand “3 groups of (m ~ 3p)’ and ‘the = 3m — 9p - 10p - 25m negative of 5 groups of (2p + Sm)*.) 3m—25m—9p-10p (Group like terms) = 22m — 19p (ip, Ta 2880) 2801 Remove the immermost brackets fst by applying the Disteibutive Law to = Ta~2(15a~3b~8a +26) expand negative of 2 groups of (Ja ~ b)'.) =7a~ 14a +2b (Group like terms) groups of (Sa ~ by’ and tive of 2 groups of (4a - 5)") =a +2example | solution Satie) Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions ‘Simplify the following. (a) 2p'q x 5q'r + 4pr* 35x7y" 2802)" © FS Ae (@) 2p'q x Sa’r + = 10p’a'r 4pr A “ (reduced to lowest terms) 2802)" T0xy 28y'ct 10x EEE Simplification of Linear Algebraic Expressions with Fractional Coefficients Express the following as fractions with a single denominator. 4 @) 3 © Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 61solution 621 Topic 4 3Qx-3) , S@e=3) Oo 5 13 (LCM of $ and 3 is 15) 3@x—3)+ 5-3) (Combine into a single fraction a before removing the brackets.) = S429+52=15 (gp pty pistributive Law.) (Group like terms) @) 2245 Sx=3 _SQx+5)_26x-3) 10 To (LEM of 2 and 5 is 10.) = 5(2x+5)~2(6x-3) (Combine into a single 10 fraction before removing the brackets.) = WELIS—VA+6 (apply Distributive Law) 10 1 1 a3 1 (©) 2-7) FO-G = F2x—T)— 5-6) (LCM of 3 and 9 is 9) = 32x=1)=14-6) Combine into a single fraction before removing. the brackets.) (Apply Distributive Law.) 14 3x O23 3 3 = S=(1+3x) (Combine into a single fraction before 2 removing the brackets.) _ 6-1-3 (Apply Distributive Law.)(Combine the numerator into a single © = fraction.) | =% yd Sa, G3 % 3q (Multiply by the reciprocal of 5 | divide by common factors.) = 35 | § Factorisation \ exampl | | | Factorise each of the following expressions completely. i (@ 3x-12 (b) 4be - 20ab j (© 3mx- 12am + 15m (@) 2cx + Bxy = 18cx* | (© 3a(2p 4) + 62p - 4) (© Sm(1 ~ 2x) - 20x ~ 1) ‘ nyt hy + Sx 45k (h) 3an~ 6ak ~ 24ky + 12ny ) solution (@) 3x-12=3@-4) (hb) 4be = 20ab = 4b(c - Sa) (Take out common factor 4b.) (©) 3mx — 12am + 15m = 3m(x — 4a + 5) @) 2ex-4 Bry 18a = 2x(e + dy ~ 9ex) i (©) 3a(2p - q) + 6(2p - q) = (2p - q3a + 6) (Take out common factor Qp-9)) = 3(2p— ga+2) (Take out common factor 3.) i ) Sm(1 ~ 2x) - 20-1 sm(L = 2x) + 2(1 ~ 2x) (Note: ~ 22x ~ 1) = (1-23) | = (1 = 2x)(Sm + 2) (Take out common factor | (= 2)) (a) ay + ky + 5x + Sk= yx +R) + SGx-+ &) (Take out common factors y and 5.) +H(-+5) (Take out common factor (& + 4).) i Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 63en solution 641 Topic 4 (h) 3an—Gak ~ 24ky + 12ny = Ba(n ~ 2k) + 12y(n — 2k) (Take out common factors 3a and 12y.) = Ga + 12y)(n ~ 2) (Take out common factor (a ~ 24).) = 3(a + dy) ~ 28) (Take out common factor 3.) ‘Translate Real-Life Situations into Algebraic Expressions Ina burger eating contest, the champion ate double the number of burgers as the second runner-up and 12 more burgers than the first runner-up. If the champion ate x burgers, find the total number of burgers eaten by all the three winners, in terms of x, where x represents the number of burgers eaten by the champion No. of burgers eaten by second runner uj Ly cosony one ype o vale ie-e ive i hs question, in each algebraic expression otherwise mentioned.) ‘No. of burgers eaten by first runner up = x ~ 12 Toate. ott = (fe) + (= 12) +6) Gs ane wed woop 5 the terms into their respective Sx-2 2 expressions to help organise the workings.)Write down an algebraic expression for each of the following statements, (@) Add the sum of 3p and square of q to 10 () Subtract twice the difference of a and b from y ifa > b. (©) Multiply the positive square root of pq by 2k, (@)_ Five less than one-third of the product of ab. (©) Subtract the sum of Sn and b from the division of 3e from 2p. (Thrice the value of r increased by half of & (g) The total value of m 20-cent coins and n 2-dollar notes in dollars Write an algebraic expression for each of the following. (a) The product of three consecutive integers, of which p is the middie integer. (b) The cost of r em-of cloth in dollars at $1.80 per m. (© A number which is 10 less than the reciprocal of a number 37. (@ The cost of 2 dozen eggs in dollars if the total cost of m eggs is $d. (©) The total time taken by a bus that has covered a distance of (p + q) km ata speed of kwh, Evaluate each of the following expressions. (a) 3x7 = dye + 2?, when x= -2, y= —1 and ) © Spsagesn wienpe-tgn2.r Simplify the following (a) -8a+7b-a-2b (b) 2a + Sb - 2a 3b) (©) 3x4 2%x-3)- (2x -5)- 2x43 @ 427-30-m+ py) {e) 4a—3[2(b- 3a + 1) -2(a- 2b - 2)) Uae oO afegoxn] Simply each of the following expressions. (a) Ta-a? -5b—2a—b + 30° (b) 3a ~ 2ab + 76) — a(Sa ~ 3b) + (©) 6r~(x—3y) #3¢- 49) (@ 5a~ (20-6) ~32a~b)] 3 L © Fa+n-Fa-d 1 2 © 5 Re-6)~ 5%) (®) 2a~ {4a + [b- 3(a~ 26)]} (bh) 15x~ {9x ~ [8y - 202 - 39)]} Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 65(a) What polynomial must be added to 8. Factorise the following completely. (4a? — a) to give (3a - 4)? (@) 42+ 12 (b) From what polynomial must (4x?— 2x + 1) (b) 1(e~2y) + al2y—2) be subtracted to give (x* + x)? (©) am + 2an ~ 146m - 28bn @ 6r—95 + 1515 — 107° Expand and simplify the following. (©) 3K 4k 6kh + 8h (a) Gxy(3x - 2y) (© fla-b)+ gH ~a) (b) —L1mn(3m- 5) @ 12x'n? + 92m? ~ 3x°m (©) Sa(a~ 4b) ~ 35(2a~ 7b) (hy) xr-4)— 2048 () ~Sxyelay ~ 2y2) + Syel2r'y yz + x2) INTERMEDIATE 9. 10. nL. 2 Factorise each of the following expressions completely. fa) 4x7 + 12r'y + 207"? (b) 8y'z + 12yz” - By - 122 (© 4ar’= 36 -12bx" +a (@)_Gm(3x — 2y) + 8n(2y ~ 3x) Evaluate each of the following expressions. (@) 2x-y+ Yy,whenx=5 and y=-8. 4, when p = (b) par — 7, when p= 5 (©) @be ~ ea ~b), when a= (ahs 0s-n-26-35-3 om (4-700), (b) Subtract 2(x° — 5x2 + 6x — 2) from the sum of (3x ~ 8x? + Sx + 15) and (4x + 7x 11). (© Given that A = 32° + 4x4 ~ Tx + 5, B = 2x? ~ 4x4 and C = 7x7 ~ 4x" + 13, simplify C - (A + B), giving your answer in ascending powers of x, Express the following as fractions with a single denominator. @ : a _ ee » 1-2) - ae a Wert 20-4 @ 2-382» @ dtd x7 1-285. ‘0 1S 661 Topic 41B. 14. 15 16. a7. 18. 19. Simplify the following. © © At a petrol station, x litres of petrol cost 194 cents. (a) Find an expression for the amount of petrol that can be bought for Sp. (b) A car with y litres of petrol can cover a distance of 100 km. For a journey of 45 km, find an expression for (@ the amount of petrol required, Gi) the petrol cost in dollars, for the journey, ‘The perimeter of a rectangle is (10x + 4) cm. Given that the length of one side of this rectangle is (2x + 1) em, find (a) _an expression, in terms of x, for the length of the other side, (b) the dimensions of the rectangle if the perimeter of this triangle is 49 em. (a) Atrader buys p pencils at Sy each and sells them at 4 for $q. Find an expression for his total profit, (b) Arrich man left a sum of $x for his wife and four children. His wife received Sy and the remaining sum was distributed equally among his children, Write an algebraic expression for the amount received by each child (a) A hawker bought x eggs at p cents per dozen from a supplier. She sold them for s cents each. Find, an expression, in terms of x, p and s, forthe profit, in cents, that she made, (b) If Wendy takes 2 minutes to walk 500 m, find the time taken in minutes for her to walk x km. Pamela has x dollars, Sally has k dollars and Joyce has 3 times of what Pamela and Sally both have. If they shared their money to buy a present and received a change of $5, write down an expression for the price of the present. ‘A student buys 5 books at $x each, n books at $15 each and 8 books at $2x each. Simplify your answer 4s far as possible, find an expression in terms of n, x, for @ the total number of books, the total cost, in dollars, of the books, the average cost, in dollars, of a book. Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 6721. 22, 23. Four children brought some cookies to a gathering. Amy brought h cookies each of mass 15 g. Eliza brought p cookies each of mass 20 g while both David and Sam each brought m cookies each of mass 12 g. Write down an expression, in terms of h, p and m for (@) the total number of cookies brought to the gathering, (b) the average mass of each cookie. On te fit joes cyst vee 1 km nx mies On We scones, he ame ei travelled for y hours at the same average speed as on his first journey. Express, in terms of x and y, the total distance travelled in km for both journeys. A fruit dealer bought 20 cartons of oranges with 120 oranges per carton and 15 cartons of mangos with 96 mangos per carton. The cost of each orange is p cents while the cost of each mango is q cents. He packed the oranges and mangos into baskets where each contains 5 oranges and 3 mangos. Each basket is sold for (12p + 5g) cents. (@) Write down the total cost of the fruits in terms of p and of q in dollars (©) Calculate the profit, in dollars. he would receive from selling all the baskets. Figure 1 shows a rectangle ABCD with AB = 6y cm and a perimeter of (8x + 12y) cm. Figure 2 shows a triangle XYZ with XY = 6x em and YZ = Sy om. x law c ee Figure 2 (a) Find an expression for the length of BD. (b) Which figure has a larger area? Explain your answer. Mrs Tan bought some fruits from a supermarket. She bought x apples and some pears. There are 4 more pears than apples. (@) Write down, in terms of x, an expression for the number of pears that she bought, (©) Each apple costs 35 cents and each pear costs 25 cents more than the cost of 2 apples. Express, as simply as possible, in terms of x, the total cost in dollars, of the fruits that Mrs Tan bought.26. 27. 28, 29. (@) Given that x is an even number, express, in terms of x, the product of the next two odd numbers. ()) An approximate method to convert a temperature ftom Celsius (°C) to Fahrenheit (°F) is to multiply the temperature in Celsius by 2 and then add 30. () Write down a formula expressing F in terms of C. (i) Find the temperature in Fahrenheit for a temperature of 23.5 °C. ‘An examination for a subject consists of 3 sections. The minimum total score required to pass the examination is (12+ 7y) marks. Michael scores (3x — 2y + 9) marks and (x + Sy ~ 5) marks in the first two sections. (@) Find Michael’s total score in the first two sections. (0). Find Michael's score in the third section if he just passes the examination. (©) Factorise the result in (b) ‘The diagrams below show a rectangle and a triangle. The measurements are in cm. y 3x x+y (a) Which of the two figures above has a greater perimeter? Give & simple explanation with clear workings. (b) Calculate the value of y if the difference in the perimeter of the two figures is 6 em, (©. Hence, find the perimeter ofthe triangle when x = 4 William bought 36 pencils at p cents each and 60 rulers at q cents each. He divided them equally into individual packs where each pack contains 3 pencils and 5 rulers. He then sold each pack for (3p + 64) cents (Find the total number of packs of pencils and rulers. t) Write an expression in terms of p and q for her total cost. (ii) Write an expression in terms of p for her total sales if each ruler cost 10 cents more than each pencil. (a) Evaluate 2c(3x ~ Sy), given that xz = -3 and Syz= 6 (b) @_Factorise mx ~ mx. (ii) Hence, evaluate 1234 x 0.5678 ~ 234 x 0.5678 without using a calculator. Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 6930. 31. 32. Express each of the following as a single fraction. 28. 4-3) 169x"3y_ ASay ® xed 3x+12 ® B6y'c! * 26x ~ Bz fiom? bef — ef © Von * on Oi — Bf Zxy , 3x! + © completel jo completely. (b) The ratio of the price of a mango to the price of an apple is 3 : 1. Given that a mango and an apple can be bought at $3.60. Express the number of apples that can be bought with y dollars. (@) Factorise James is at the supermarket with a 20-dollar note to shop for his groceries. The price list of the items that he wishes to buy is shown below. Price List 1. 1 bottle of apple juice for $a, 2. 1 dozen of eggs for $b. 3. 1 loaf of bread for $0.4a. He bought 2 bottles of apple juice, 6 eggs and 2 loaves of bread. (@) Write down the amount he has to pay for the eggs in terms of b. (b) Write down the total amount he has to pay for all the groceries in terms of a and b. (© Ifa= $2.50 and b = $3.20, find the change he will receive after paying for all the groceries (a) Expand and simplify 3x(5 - x) - ((2x”- 3x) - (Gx — 4)), (b) Evaluate 2014? - 2013 x 2014 without a calculator. 1g 3g e (a) Express as a single fraction in its simplest form. (b) There are five consecutive odd numbers. If the largest number is x, (@®) write down the middle term in terms of x, (ii) find the sum of the numbers if the middle term is 25. 70 Topic 4/\DVANCED 38. 36. 37. 1 ara 2. (@) Simplify 3r-5 (b) Ifa = 2x, x= 2b and x = c, express a(a ~ b) + x(c + ) + 3x in terms of a In the diagram below, ACIG is a rectangle made up of 4 smaller rectangles with areas 10ax, 4bx, 18by and 4Say. Lines BH and DF intersect at F and all dimensions are in em. (a) Find the area of rectangle ACIG. D , (b) Factorise your result in (a), A 6 (©) Find the lengths of AD and EF, . A0ae ane . expressing your answer in terms of a, b,x and y. E 45ay 18by c J ‘The following table shows the prices of the different tickets sold for a concert, Stall seat Sx Circle seat S(2x ~ 30) Premium seat | S@x - 20) VIP seat $250 ‘A company purchased 15 Stall seat tickets, 8 Circle seat tickets, (Sn ~ 2) Premium seat tickets and 2n VIP seat tickets. (@) Write and simplify an expression, in terms of x, n, for (® the total number of tickets purchased, ii) the total cost, in dollars, of the tickets, ii) the average cost per ticket. (b) Explain, with clear workings, Premium seat and VIP seat tickets. it is possible for the company to purchase an equal number of Basie Algebra and Algebraic Manipulation | 7138, ABCD is a rectangle and F is a point on BC. A (6-8) Given that AD = (6x — 8) cm, EC = (4 — x) cm and the perimeter of the rectangle is (12 ~ 8) em, find in terms of x, an expression for (a) BE, (b) the area of trapezium ABED. 5 E @=» Tam now able to * use letters to represent numbers and variables +b,d@'=ax a, 3a)’ = 3a x 3a x 3a, * interpret algebraic notations such as ab = a x b, & sya3xy, 553 1 -3)220rb x@- ) 7 xed) + express basic arithmetic processes algebraically + evaluate algebraic expressions + add and subtract linear expressions + simplify tinear expressions, which may involve brackets or fractional coefficients + factorise algebraic expressions by extracting common factors + translate simple real-world situations into algebraic expressions 721 Topic 4