Session : 2022-2023
Topic: RedOx Reactions
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MR. NADEEM ANSARI ANUPRIYA KASHYAP
(PGT, CHEMISTRY) Class-11th A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from efforts of any student, the success of any project
depends largely on the engagement and guidelines of many others. I
takes this opportunity to express my gratitude towards the peoples
who have been instrumental in successful completion of this project.
l expresses deep sense of gratitude to almighty GOD for giving
me strength for successful completion of the project.
l expresses my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant
encouragement while carrying out this project.
I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals
who contributed in bringing this Project up to this level, who
continues to look after me despite my flaws.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary, The
Principal, Sobtis Public School MRS. GUNJAN SAHNI Ma’am, who is
continuously motivating and extending her helping hand to us.
I am overwhelmed to express my Thanks to the Administrative
Officer for providing me an Infrastructure and moral support while
carrying out this project in school.
My sincere thanks to. MR. NADEEM ANSARI Sir, Master In-
charge, A guide, Mentor who critically reviewed my project and
helped in solving every problem, occurred during implementation of
the project.
The guidance and support received from all the members who
contributed for the project, was Vital for the success of the project.
am grateful for their constant support and help.
Name of the student
ANUPRIYA KASHYAP
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
ANUPRIYA KASHYAP Student of class XI ‘A’ has undertaken a project
on
“Redox Reactions”
Under my guidance and supervision.
This project is in partial fulfilment for award of Senior secondary
exam. To the best of my knowledge
This work so far has not been carried on by anyone else.
This project is found worthy and helpful as final project-report
for the subject Chemistry of class 11th A.
MR. NADEEM ANSARI MRS. GUNJAN SAHNI
(PGT, CHEMISTRY) (PRINCIPAL)
TABLE OF INDEXES
1. INTRODUCTION
• DEFINATION
• OVERVIEW
2. TERMINOLOGY
• OXIDATION
• REDUCTION
• REDOX REACTION EXAMPLES
3. OXIDATION NUMBER
• RULES FOR ASSIGNING OXIDATION NUMBER
4. BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS
• OXIDATION NUMBER METHOD
• HALF-REACTION METHOD
5. SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
Redox reactions describe all chemical reactions in which atoms
have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed.
This can be either a simple redox process, such as the oxidation
of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by
hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or a complex process such as the
oxidation of sugar (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of
complex electron transfer processes.
OVERVIEW
Oxidation-reduction reactions are also known as redox
reactions. It is a class of reactions that include:-
• formation of a compound from its elements
• all combustion reactions
• reactions that generate electricity
• reactions that produce cellular energy
Two chemical reactions always occurring at the same time are
known as oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
Chemical reactions involving the change in the oxidation
number of the atoms that are involved in the reaction are called
redox reactions.
The valency of the atom carrying the sign that represents the
nature of the charge denotes the oxidation number.
•
Oxidation reactions mainly occurs either due to loss of
hydrogen atoms or electrons, or gain of oxygen or an increase in the
oxidation state.
Reduction reactions mainly occur due to gain of hydrogen
atoms or electrons, loss or oxygen or a decrease in the oxidation
state.
TERMINOLOGY
The Term ‘RedOx’ Comes From The Two Concepts Of
Reduction And Oxidation. It Can Be Explained In Simple Terms:-
• Oxidation
It is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state
by a molecule, atom, or ion. Oxidizing agent is the species doing
the oxidization.
• Reduction
It is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by
a molecule, atom, or ion. Reducing agent is the species doing
the reducing.
Fig.1
Redox Reactions Examples
A few redox reactions that are commonly known
are:-
• The formation of hydrogen fluoride involving the oxidation of
hydrogen and reduction of fluorine is an example of redox
reaction:-
H2 + F2--> 2HF
H2 --> 2H+ + 2e- (Oxidation reaction)
F2+ 2e- `->` 2F- (Reduction reaction)
• Reaction between Potassium permanganate and Sodium
sulphite :-
2 KMnO4 + 3 Na2SO3 + H2O → 2 MnO2 + 3 Na2SO4 + 2 KOH
• Rusting or tarnishing reaction: Oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) by
hydrogen peroxide and an acid:-
2 Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2 H+ → 2 Fe3+ + 2 H2O
• Cellular respiration involving oxidation of glucose to carbon
dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• An acid and a base involved in the redox reaction
3 CuS + 8 HNO3 → 3 CuSO4 + 8 NO (g) + 4 H2O
Oxidation Number
Oxidation number (O.N.) is also known as oxidation state. It’s some
specifications are:-
• It is defined as the charge the atom would have if electrons
were not shared but were transferred completely.
• For a binary ionic compound, the O.N. is equivalent to the ionic
charge.
• For covalent compounds or polyatomic ions, the O.N. is less
obvious and can be determined by a given set of rules.
Rules for Assigning an Oxidation Number
General Rules
• For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O2 ): O.N. = 0
• For a monatomic ion: O.N. = ion charge
• The sum of O.N. values for the atoms in a molecule or formula
unit of a compound equals to zero. (equals to the ion’s charge if
it is a polyatomic ion)
Rules for Specific Atoms or Periodic Table Groups
1. For Group 1A(1): O.N. = +1 in all compounds
2. For Group 2A(2): O.N. = +2 in all compounds
3. For hydrogen: O.N. = +1 in combination with nonmetals O.N. = -1
in combination with metals and boron
4. For fluorine: O.N. = -1 in all compounds
5. For oxygen: O.N. = -1 in peroxides O.N. = -2 in all other compounds
(except with F)
6. For Group 7A(17): O.N. = -1 in combination with metals,
nonmetals (except O), and other halogens lower in the group
Balancing Redox Equations
When balancing redox reactions, make sure that the number of
electrons lost by the reducing agent equals the number of electrons
gained by the oxidizing agent.
For Balancing, Two methods can be used:-
• Oxidation number method
• Half-reaction method
Oxidation number method
Steps to be followed for using this Method:-
1. Assign oxidation numbers to all elements in the reaction
2. From the changes in O.N., identify the oxidized and reduced
species
3. Compute the number of electrons lost in the oxidation and gained
in the reduction from the O.N. changes
4. Multiply one or both of these numbers by appropriate factors to
make the electrons lost equal the electrons gained, and use the
factors as balancing coefficients
5. Complete the balancing by inspection, adding states of matter
Using the oxidation number method to balance
the following equations:
a) Al(s) + H2 SO4 (aq) →Al2 (SO4 )3 (aq) + H2 (g)
Solution(a):-
Step 1. Assign oxidation numbers to all elements
Step 2. Identify oxidized and reduced species
• Al was oxidized (O.N. of Al: 0 -> +3)
• H2 SO4 was reduced (O.N. of H: +1 -> 0)
Step 3. Compute e- lost and e- gained
• In the oxidation: 3e- were lost from Al
• In the reduction: 1e- was gained by H
Step 4. Multiply by factors to make e- lost equal to e- gained, and use
the factors as coefficients
• Al lost 3e- , so the 1e- gained by H should be multiplied by 3.
Put the coefficient 3 before H2 SO4 and H2 .
Al(s) + 3H2 SO4 (aq) →Al2 (SO4 )3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Step 5. Complete the balancing by inspection
2Al(s) + 3H2 SO4 (aq)→ Al2 (SO4 )3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Half-reaction method
Steps to be followed for using this Method:-
1. Divide the skeleton reaction into two half-reactions, each of which
contains the oxidized and reduced forms of one of the species
2. Balance the atoms and charges in each half-reaction
–> Atoms are balanced in order: atoms other than O and H, then
O, then H
– >Charge is balanced by adding electrons
• To the left in reduction half-reactions
• To the right in oxidation half-reactions
3. If necessary, multiply one or both half-reactions by an integer to
make the number of e- gained equal to the number of elost
4. Add the balanced half-reactions, and include states of matter
5. Check that the atoms and charges are balanced
Using the half-reaction method to balance the
following equations:
a) ClO3 - (aq) + I- (aq) →I2 (s) + Cl- (aq) [acidic]
Solution(a):-
Step 1. Divide the reaction into half-reactions
Step 2. Balance atoms and charges in each half-reaction
• Atoms other than O and H
• Balance O atoms by adding H2O molecules
• Balance H atoms by adding H+ ions
• Balance charge by adding electrons
• Step 3. Multiply each half-reaction by an integer to
equalize number of electrons
ClO3 - (aq) + 6H+ + 6e- → Cl- (aq) + 3H2O(l) x 1
3[2I- (aq) → I2 (s) + 2e- ] x3
Step 4. Add the half-reactions together
Step 5. Check that atoms and charges balance
→ Reactants (Cl, 3O, 6H, 6I, -1)
→ Products (Cl, 3O, 6H, 6I, -1)
• ClO3 - is the oxidizing agent
• I - is the reducing agent
SUMMARY
Oxidation–reduction reactions, commonly known as redox
reactions, are reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from
one species to another.
The species that loses electrons is said to be oxidized, while the
species that gains electrons is said to be reduced.
We can identify redox reactions using oxidation numbers,
which are assigned to atoms in molecules by assuming that all bonds
to the atoms are ionic. An increase in oxidation number during a
reaction corresponds to oxidation, while a decreases corresponds to
reduction.
